Mgmt 445: Organizational Design and Change

Personal Change ProjectTarget & JustificationAlternate GoalInformationTopicsHelping-Hindering ForcesAction StepsEvaluation

Outline

Theories/Models of Behavior Change

trying to understand change

Characteristics of Effective Goals

S.M.A.R.T.

Exercise Prescription

F.I.T.T. Principle

Nutritional Considerations

Theories and Models

Health Belief Model

Transtheoretical Model

Relapse Prevention Model

Theory of Reasoned Action

Theory of Planned Behavior

Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory

Social Support

Ecological Approaches

Health Belief Model

Four Critical Areas:

severity of potential illness

person’s susceptibility to that illness

benefits of taking preventive action

barriers to taking action

Self-efficacy

Cues to action

Transtheoretical Model

5 Stages (continuum)

“readiness to change”

1) Precontemplation

2) Contemplation

3) Preparation

4) Action

5) Maintenance

Relapse Prevention Model

Anticipation of problems with adherenceneg. emotional or physiological stateslimited coping skillssocial pressureinterpersonal conflictlimited social supportlow motivationhigh-risk situationsstress

Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior

Behavior determined by person’s intention

attitude toward the behavior

influence of social environment

Theory of Planned Behavior

adds perceived control

opportunities, resources, skills

Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory

Change affected by

environmental influences

personal factors

attributes of the behavior itself

Self-efficacy (belief in capability)

Incentive to perform behavior (“+” > “-”)

Person must value outcomes/consequences

Social Support

Conceptualization/Measurement of Support

Instrumental

giving non-driver a ride to class

Informational

telling someone about a program

Emotional

phone call follow-up

Appraising

providing feedback/reinforcement

Ecological Approaches

Sociocultural and Environmental Influences

supportive environments

bike paths, parks, policy

Multiple levels

individual, organizational, governmental

Multiple settings

schools, worksites, health care

institutions, communities

S.M.A.R.T.

SpecificMeasurableAttainableRelevantTime-based

positive; realistic; performance-oriented vs. outcome-oriented

Short-Term and Long-TermShort-Term

help you stay on track

makes task seem easier

builds confidence

Long-Term

planning important

write it down

revisit, review, revise

Exercise Prescription

“F.I.T.T.” Principle

Frequencyhow often?

Intensityhow hard?

Timehow long?

Type (mode)what kind?

Exercise Prescription

What is your goal?aerobic fitness

competition, healthweight management

appearance, healthIs there a difference?

frequencyintensitydurationmode (type)

Frequency

Aerobic Fitness

3 sessions/week

Weight Management

5-7 sessions/week

variety

“accumulation”

Intensity

Aerobic Fitness50-80% VO2max

60-90% maximal heart rateWeight Management

lower is better?“fat burning zone”

total caloric expenditureregularity

Duration

Aerobic Fitness

20-30 minutes/bout

depends on purpose

competition

Weight Management

45-60 minutes/bout

total caloric expenditure important

Type (Mode)

Aerobic Fitness

specificity

running

cycling

Weight Management

large-muscle activities

weight-bearing

enjoyable

Nutritional Considerations

Nutritional Intake

quantity and quality

food pyramids

energy needs

Fads/Gimmicks/Quackery

“diets”

supplements

Intake vs. Expenditure

Intake

diet

Expenditure

basal metabolic rate

(resting metabolic rate)

physical activity

most variable component

Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate

Males

RMR (kcal/d) = 88.362 + [4.799 x (ht)] + [13.397 x (kg)] – [5.677 x (age)]Amer J Clin Nutr, 40: 168-182, 1984

Females

RMR (kcal/d) = 447.593 + [3.098 x (ht)] + [9.247 x (kg)] – [4.330 x (age)]Amer J Clin Nutr, 40: 168-182, 1984

Note: kg = bodyweight in kg; ht = height in cm; age = age in years

Estimating Resting Metabolic Rate

World Health Organization EquationsAge Range Equation SD

Males18-30 679 + [15.3 x (kg)] 15130-60 879 + [11.6 x (kg)] 164>60 487 + [13.5 x (kg)] 148

Females18-30 496 + [14.7 x (kg)] 12130-60 829 + [8.7 x (kg)] 108>60 596 + [10.5 x (kg)] 108

Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Energy and Protein Requirements. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1985.

Gary R. Brodowicz, Ph.D.ProfessorSchool of Community Health503.725.5119brodowiczg@pdx.edu

ON TRAC503.725.5128Exercise Physiology Laboratory260 Urban Center Building