MG Invasive Species · Native Species VS. Exotic • Native –Species present in North America...

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An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University

Phil Woolery

Invasive Species


What are invasive species?

• Non-native organisms that cause or are likely to cause harm to ecosystems, commerce or human health when they invade a new environment.

Hillebrand Steve, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

European starling


Native Species VS. Exotic• Native– Species present in North America before

European settlement– Can be native to different part of the country,

but have been moved- black locust• Exotic– Not present before European settlement– Not all of these are invasive– Also non-native, alien, or introduced


How did they get here?

• Conservation- soil erosion, wildlife habitat

• Accidental- came with something else

• Ornamental-escapes


What makes them successful• High reproductive capacity• Effective seed dispersal• Competitive advantige• Tolerant of a variety of growing

conditions• Allelopathy - chemical warfare• Lack of natural enemies/controls• Disturbance or change in the

local ecosystem creating an invadable space


Invasion Map

Source: US Forest Service

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(Source: Southwest Montana Science Partnership’s Module on Plants and Pollinators)


Why should I care?

• Outcompete native species

• Kill native plants• Reduce wildlife

habitat• Alter ecosystem

processes• Increase costs• Increase in disease


US$ 120,000,000,000

Threat of invasive species

• Estimated US annual cost:

• No. 2 threat to environment

• Worldwide problem Soybean aphids

D ave V o egtlin

Asian long-horned beetle

M isso u ri D ep artm en t o f C o n servatio n sta ff

• Affects most ecosystems


Environmental damageEconomic costs

Threat to human health

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http://www.sgvmosquito.org/services_asiantiger.php

A Midwest street before and after EAB

Indiana Cost= $5.85 Million a year


Wildlife

• Native plants hosts for insects

• Insects as a food source for wildlife– 6,000-9,000

caterpillars to raise 5 birds www.allaboutbirds.org


Diseases

• Invasive shrubs improve tick habitat– Japanese barberry

• Increased amount of Lyme disease

Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org

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Types of Invasive Speciesh ttp ://w w w .im m u n o c lin .co m /in d ex.p h p /p ro d u cts/p rim aleu k in -b ro ad -sp ectru m -an ti-in fective-th erap y

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Eurasian watermilfoil

Colleen Gaynor

Emerald ash borer

The Native Plant Herald –Prairie Nursery

Garlic mustard

https://student.societyforscience.org/article/alien-carp-leap-scene

Asian carp

John Obermeyer

Brown marmorated stink bug

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonia_axyridis#/media

Asian lady beetle

Isaac Chellman

Mute swan

Yerpo

Feral hogsAn Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University

Invasive Plant Control• Expect to need 3-5 years to eradicate an

infestation– Expect re-infestation

• Common species• If nearby infestation

• Equipment sanitation/cleaning a must to prevent moving seeds around and aided spread of these plants

• Learn how to recognize new species and act quickly to control them


Control Techniques• Cut stump• Basal bark • Foliar treatments– Spot spray– Broadcast

• Physical removal–Mowing– Pulling


Cut Stump Treatment

• Used on any woody invasive plant, regardless of size

• Cutting down the woody plant and treating cut surface with a concentrated, systemic herbicide to prevent sprouting


Photo: Chris Evans, University of Illinois



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James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org


Cut Stump Treatments

• 50% solution of glyphosate (41%)• 17-25% solution of triclopyr (Garlon)• Treatment very soon after cutting surface

(ideally within 10 minutes)• Treat entire surface of small stems (less than

2” diameter) or outer 1” of larger stems• Treatment is most effective in mid to late fall


Basal Bark Treatments

• Apply herbicide directly to the stem of the woody plant–Make sure to cover all sides– Ground – 12” high

• Oil-based herbicide to aid in penetration through bark

• Triclopyr (17-25%) in oil with a dyeAn Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University

Steve Manning, Invasive Plant Control, Bugwood.orgc


Basal Bark Treatments

• Used on smaller stem woody plants• Quick and easy but does use more herbicide

than cut stump• Leaves plants standing – no slash problem

(cut tops of trees and bushes)


Foliar Treatments

• Useful for woody and herbaceous invasive plants

• Plants typical need to be photosynthetically active

• Use lower rates of herbicides• Potential for non-target impacts

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Foliar Treatments• A variety of herbicides can be used,

depending upon target species• Thorough coverage of leaves with herbicide• Don’t spray to point of runoff






Foliar Treatments

• Typical application– 1-3% glyphosate– 2-4% triclopyr– CHECK Labels and literature for more specific

rates and additional herbicide options– Young plants are more susceptible and can be

controlled using lower range of rates– Tends to work better later in the season for

woody plants


Need Active Foliage!



Mechanical Removal

• Mowing/cutting– Will not kill on its own– Used as part of

chemical control• Pulling

– Roots– Easier on small plants

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org

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Treatments Summary• Many options available for control• The best options depends upon the specific

conditions at the site and the target invasive species

• Treatments can be combined (cut stump larger stems and basal bark remaining small ones) to achieve desired results

• Always check label information for specificsAn Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University

Indiana Terrestrial Plant Rule• Enacted in 2019• Listed plant species will be Illegal to sell, trade, transport after April 2020 (44

species)• Includes

– Berberis thunbergii (Japanese barberry) – Celastrus orbiculatus (Asian bittersweet) – Coronilla varia (crown vetch) – Elaeagnus umbellate (autumn olive) – Euonymus fortunei (wintercreeper) – Hesperis matronalis (dame's rocket) – Ligustrum obtusifolium (blunt-leaved privet) – Lonicera japonica (Japanese honeysuckle) – Lonicera maacki (Amur honeysuckle) – Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) – Polygonum perfoliatum (mile-a-minute vine) – Reynoutria japonica (Syn: Fallopia japonica or Polygonum cuspidatum) (Japanese

knotweed) – Rhamnus cathartica (common buckthorn)


Invasive Shrubs

Richard Gardner, , Bugwood.org


Asian Bush Honeysuckle• Multi-stem bush 6-12

feet tall• Several species• Ornamental, wildlife• Stays green late• Edges, understory,

roadsides• Control– Mechanical, cut

stump, basal bark, and foliar

Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org

Richard Gardner, UMES, Bugwood.orgLeslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Troy Evans, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Bugwood.org


Rob Routledge, Sault College, Bugwood.org

Multiflora rose

• Wildlife habitat/ erosion

• Open areas, pastures, roadsides

• Can form impenetrable thickets

• Control– Mechanical, foliar,

basal bark, cut stump

Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org


Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.orgJohn M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org


Autumn olive• Large shrub up

to 20 feet• Conservation– Nitrogen fixing

• Forest, edges, open areas

• Control–Mechanical,

foliar, cut stump, basal bark




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Burning Bush• Ornamental• Lots of seed• Forest• Shades out

everything• Control

– Mechanical, foliar, cut stump, basal bark


Richard Gardner, UMES, Bugwood.org



Privet• Ornamental

– Border hedges• Woodlands/roadsides• Control

– Mechanical, foliar, basal bark, cut stump


Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.orgLeslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org


Japanese Barberry• Smaller shrub with

many thorns• Form thickets in

woods• Increase ticks• Control






European Buckthorn

• Deciduous shrub/small tree

• Black berries• Control


Paul Wray, Iowa State University, Bugwood.org


Jan Samanek, Phytosanitary Administration, Bugwood.org




Native Shrub Alternatives• Aronia - black chokeberry• Ilex verticillata -winterberry• Ceanothus americanus – New Jersey tea• Cephalanthus - buttonbush• Cornus sericea - redtwig dogwood• Diervilla• Fothergilla• Hydrangea aborescens - smooth hydrangea• Hydrangea quercifolia - oak-leaf hydrangea• Itea – sweetspire• Lindera - spicebush• Physocarpus – ninebark• Potentilla – cinquefoil• Rhus – sumac• Sambucus - elderberry• Viburnum


Invasive Vines


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Japanese Honeysuckle• Vine with semi

evergreen leaves• Climb and cover

trees and ground• Spread by birds• Control

– Mechanical, foliar, cut stump

Chris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.orgLeslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org




Oriental Bittersweet

• Vine/ ornamental• Forest or open

areas• Choke trees• Take over a forest• Control

– Mechanical, foliar, cut stump, basal bark Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org





Mile-a-Minute Vine• Annual vine• Can grow 25 feet in

a year• One population was

eradicated in Indiana

• Low mowing to prevent seed production

• Foliar herbicide




Kudzu• Perennial

vine• Climbs trees

or buildings• Limited by

cold weather• Chemical or

chemical and physical

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.orgPeggy Greb, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org



Alternative Vines

• Bignonia capreolata -crossvine

• Celastrus scandens –American bittersweet

• Lonicera sempervirens -trumpet honeysuckle

• Parthenocissusquinquefolia – Virginia creeper

• Wisteria frutescens –American wisteria

John Ruter, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org


Invasive Trees

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Tree of Heaven• Rapidly growing tree• Lots of seed, root

sprouts• Planted in urban

areas• Seen in urban areas,

roadsides, fence rows and open areas


basal bark


Richard Webb, , Bugwood.org

Robert Vidéki, DoronicumKft., Bugwood.org



Callery Pear (Bradford)• Ornamental• Original varieties

were sterile• Open fields,

roadsides• Control–Mechanical, foliar,


David Stephens, , Bugwood.org



Norway Maple• Large tree

– Crimson king• Shades out

everything else• Beginning to be a

problem in some areas



T. Davis Sydnor, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org






Native Tree Alternatives• Amelanchier – serviceberry• Carpinus caroliniana – American hornbeam• Cersis canadensis – redbud• Cornus alternifolia – pagoda dogwood• Crataegus phaenopyrum – Washington hawthorn• Halesia carolina – silver bell• Ostrya virginiana – hophornbeam• Stewartia • Acer rubrum- red maple• Acer saccharum- sugar maple


Invasive Ground Covers


Robert Vidéki, Doronicum Kft., Bugwood.org

Common Periwinkle-Vinca

• Ornamental Ground Cover

• Vegetative spread– Keep contained

• Control– Mechanical, foliar

Dan Tenaglia, Missouriplants.com, Bugwood.org


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Winter creeper

• Woody vine- ground and trees

• shade tolerant• Control

– Mechanical, foliar, cut stump

James H. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.orgChris Evans, University of Illinois, Bugwood.org

Ansel Oommen, , Bugwood.org


Native alternative ground covers• Arctostaphylos uva-

ursi – bearberry• Asarum canadense -

Wild ginger• Carex spp. – sedge• Maianthemum

racemosa – false Solomon’s seal

• Phlox stolonifera -Creeping phlox

John Ruter, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org


Other plants


Poison Hemlock• Biennial-flowers

during the second year

• Pastures, roadsides, ditches

• Toxic to animals and humans

• Pulling out plants• Foliar treatment in

rosette stage before flowering

John Cardina, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org

Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org


Purple Loosestrife

• Wetlands and ditches

• Crowds out native plants

• Reduces wildlife habitat

• Foliar herbicides


David Cappaert, , Bugwood.orgEric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org


Phragmites (common reed)• Found in wet areas-

ditches, ponds• Tall dense thickets• Shade out native

plants• Chemical control Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org

David Cappaert, , Bugwood.org


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Reed Canary Grass

• Grows 3-6 feet tall• Grows well in wet

areas• Mechanical control-

cutting and burning• Chemical control

John Cardina, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org


Mark Frey, The Presidio Trust , Bugwood.org


Japanese Knotweed

• 1800s ornamental• Found along

rivers/streams/wet areas

• Seeds/vegetative• Control– Foliar, cut stump






Garlic Mustard

• Herbaceous Biennial• Grows in the forest,

likes shade• Alters understory

habitat– Antifungal chemicals

• Control–Mechanical or foliar– Dispose of plants if

seeds have set





Insects• Can be hard to control or

eradicate• Mechanical control– Exclusion, removal

• Chemical control– Insecticides

• Biological control• Conservation,

augmentations, importation


Emerald Ash Borer• Native to Asia• Introduced in

Michigan• Kills ash trees• Insecticides to

protect trees

Eric R. Day, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org


Brown Marmorated Stink Bug• Native to Asia• Pest to fruit,

vegetable and other crops

• Overwinter in Houses

• Physical removal (indoors)

• Chemical control to protect crops

Kristie Graham, USDA ARS, Bugwood.org

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Gypsy Moth• Native to Asia• Accidental release

from silk production

• Feeds on various tree leaves-possible tree death

• Biological and chemical

Karla Salp, Washington State Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org


Japanese Beetle• Grubs feed on

grass roots• Adults feed on a

variety of plants• Physical removal

from plants• Physical barriers• Insecticide

treatments


Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org


Spotted Wing Drosophila• Native to Asia• Feeds on fruit

crops• Can lay eggs in

unripe fruit• Exclusion,

sanitation, cultural practices, insecticides

Hannah Burrack, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org

Hannah Burrack, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.orgHannah Burrack, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org


Asian Lady Beetle

• Discovered outside of New Orleans in 1988

• Feed on pests• Compete and reduce

diversity of native lady beetles

• Pest when overwintering in buildings

• Sealing buildings• Physical removal

Louis Tedders, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org


Insects- be on the lookout• Asian longhorned beetle• Spotted lanternfly

Asian longhorned beetle

Jo e B o ggs, Th e O h io State U n iversity .

Adult spotted lanternfly

The spotted lanternfly is an invasive pest, primarily known to affect tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima). It has been detected on many host plants, including apples, plums, cherries, peaches, nectarines, apricots, almonds, and pine. It also feeds on oak, walnut, poplar, and grapes. The insect will change hosts as it goes through its developmental stages. Nymphs feed on a wide range of plant species, while adults prefer to feed and lay eggs on tree of heaven (A. altissima).1 If allowed to spread in the United States, this pest could seriously harm the country’s grape, orchard, and logging industries.

Distribution and Spread

The spotted lanternfly is present in China, India, Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam. The insect was detected in Pennsylvania in September 2014. This was the first detection of spotted lanternfly in the United States.

Spotted lanternflies are invasive and can spread rapidly when introduced to new areas. While the insect can walk, jump, or fly short distances, its long-distance spread is facilitated by people who move infested material or items containing egg masses.

Damage

Both nymphs and adults of spotted lanternfly cause damage when they feed, sucking sap from stems and leaves. This can reduce photosynthesis, weaken the plant, and eventually contribute to the plant’s death. In addition, feeding can cause the plant to ooze or weep,

Pest Alert Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServicePlant Protection and Quarantine

Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula)

resulting in a fermented odor, and the insects themselves excrete large amounts of fluid (honeydew). These fluids promote mold growth and attract other insects.

Description

Adult spotted lanternflies are approximately 1 inch long and one-half inch wide, and they have large and visually striking wings. Their forewings are light brown with black spots at the front and a speckled band at the rear. Their hind wings are scarlet with black spots at the front and white and black bars at the rear. Their abdomen is yellow with black bars. Nymphs in their early stages of

development appear black with white spots and turn to a red phase before becoming adults. Egg masses are yellowish-brown in color, covered with a gray, waxy coating prior to hatching.

Life Cycle

The spotted lanternfly lays its eggs on smooth host plant surfaces and on non-host material, such as bricks, stones, and dead plants. Eggs hatch in the spring and early summer, and nymphs begin feeding on a wide range of host plants by sucking sap from young stems and leaves. Adults appear in late July and tend to focus their feeding on tree of heaven (A. altissima) and grapevine

1 In Pennsylvania, adult spotted lanternflies have also been found feeding and egg laying on willow, maple, poplar, and sycamore, as well as on fruit trees, like plum, cherry, and peach.

United States Department of Agriculture


Animals

Vladimir Dinets, University of Miami, Bugwood.org

Lee Karney, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Bugwood.org

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Feral hogs

• Escaped domestic pigs or wild boars

• Destroy crops• Destroy wildlife

habitat• Trapping best

control methodBilly Higginbotham, Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Bugwood.org


House Sparrow

• Native to Europe• Displace native birds• More common in cities• Clean out nests• Not protected

Greg Bartman, USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org


European Starling

• Introduced by Shakespeare enthusiasts

• Damage to agriculture

• Compete with cavity nesting birds

• Nest removal


Diseases

• Fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases that effect plants, animals, and humans.

• Often a problem because of no natural resistance Penn State Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Archives, Penn State University, Bugwood.org

USDA Forest Service -Northeastern Area , USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org


West Nile Virus

• Originally from Africa, found in New York in 1999

• Spread by mosquitoes

• Can Cause illness and death in humans, birds and other animals



Dutch Elm Disease• Fungal disease from

Asia• Infect vascular

tissues• Spread by beetles

and root grafts• Resistant varieties• Systemic fungicides

Penn State Department of Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Archives, Penn State University, Bugwood.org

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Butternut Canker

• Fungal disease of butternut

• Multiple small cankers• Will eventually kill the

tree• No treatments

Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org


Thousand Canker Disease• First seen in

Western US• Beetle and

fungus• Both have been

found in Indiana but not together Karen Snover-Clift, Cornell University, Bugwood.org

Joseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org


Boxwood Blight

• Fungal disease• Leaf spots and

brown patches• Stem Cankers• Protectant

fungicides• Resistant varieties


Sudden Oak Death• Disease that effects

oak and other species

• Common on rhododendrons, azalea, viburnum

• Can produce Foliar symptoms

• SanitationJoseph OBrien, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org


Aquatic Invasives

Michigan Sea Grant , University of Michigan and Michigan State University, Bugwood.org

Amy Benson, U.S. Geological Survey, Bugwood.org


Asian Carp

• Several species of carp escaped

• Outcompete native fish

• Prevent introduction

U.S. Geological Survey , U.S. Geological Survey, Bugwood.org

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Zebra Mussels

• Native to Eurasia• Introduced by

large ships• Outcompete

native species for food

• Can cover native mussels

• Prevent spread

Randy Westbrooks, Invasive Plant Control, Inc., Bugwood.org


Eurasian Water Milfoil

• Submerged aquatic plant

• Impairs recreation• Reduce fish and

wildlife habitat• Prevent spread• Chemical control

Graves Lovell, Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bugwood.org


Hydrilla• Submerged aquatic

plant that forms dense mats

• Lakes, streams and rivers

• Reduce habitat and recreation

• Prevent spread• Herbicides




Additional Resources• https://ag.purdue.edu/reportinvasive/• Alternatives to Invasive Ornamental Species

– https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ID/ID-464-W.pdf

• Indiana Invasive Species Council– https://www.entm.purdue.edu/iisc/

• Indiana Department of Natural Resources– https://www.in.gov/dnr/3123.htm

• CISMAs– http://www.sicim.info/cismas


Reporting

ag.purdue.edu/reportinvasive/An Equal Access/Equal Opportunity University

https://ag.purdue.edu/reportinvasive/

https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ID/ID-464-W.pdf

https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ID/ID-464-W.pdf

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Cooperative Invasive Species Management Area

• http://www.sicim.info/cismas

• Outreach• Training• Control efforts

http://www.sicim.info/cismas

MG Invasive Species · Native Species VS. Exotic • Native –Species present in North America...

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