184 Scapegoat 6 Mexico DF / NAFTA

ed. Jurgen Schmandt, Frederick Williams, Robert H. Wilson, and Sharon Strover (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1990), 61.

26Salazar, “Expansión y reconversion económica,” 169.

27María Elena Gutiérrez Rentería, “Mexican Telecommunication Industry: Challenges and Opportunities in the Digital Age,” Journa l o f Spanish Language and Media 4, (2011): 60–61.

28David M. Walker, “Gentrification Moves to The Global South: An Analysis of the Programa de Rescate , a Neoliberal Urban Policy in México City’s Centro Histórico” (PhD diss., University of Kentucky, 2008), 116–125.

29Ibid., 29.

30Veronica Crossa, “Resisting the Entrepreneurial City: Street Vendors’ Struggle in Mexico City’s Historic Center,” In ternat iona l Journa l o f Urban and Regional Research 33, no. 1 (2009): 43.

31Nicolas Berggruen, “Return of the PRI in Mexico,” Nonprof i t Quar ter ly (Winter 2013): 56–58.

32“Mexico City’s Urban Sprawl,” CNN Bus iness 360 Future C i t ies , CNN.com, 27 January 2011, http://

business.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/27/mexico-citys-urban-sprawl.

33Ibid.

34Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes Dirección General de Transporte Ferroviario y Multimodal, “Sistema 3 del Tren Suburbano Chalco-Santa Martha-Constitución de 1917. Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México,” Secretar ía de Comunicac iones y Transpor tes , http://www.sct.gob.mx/filead-min/_migrated/content_uploads/LB_Sistema_3_del_Tren_Suburbano_de_la_Zona_Metropolitana_del_Valle_de_Mexico__Ruta_Chalco-Santa_M_01.pdf, and Noah Cruz Serrano, “Alista STC ruta del Tren Suburbano DF-Chalco,” El Universa l , 24 October 2012, http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciu-dad/113920.html.

35The Robbins Company, “Mexico City Metro Line 12,” Robbins , http://www.therob-binscompany.com/case-study/mx12.

36US Department of Commerce’s International Trade Administration, “Mexico’s Infrastructure Opportunities 2013–2018,” Expor t .gov : He lp ing U.S . Companies Expor t .

37Nicole Robinson, “Spending Heads South,” Tunnels & Tunnel ing In ternat iona l (November 2012): 19.

Gustavo Lipkau and Fabiola Torres Pacheco

Mexico City 1994-2014: Political Eco- nomy and InfrastructureThis project examines the political economic conditions of Mexico City over the last two decades—the years of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)—as a frame for understanding the infrastructural developments of the city. The chart traces political events (both federal and municipal), spatialized demographic growth (geo-statistical basic area), the nation’s economic growth (GDP), and the history of the emerging private social housing monopoly. Contrary to expectations, the city has lost density, resulting in a more disconnected and under-equipped city. This can be primarily explained by the de-regulation of the private social housing sector witnessed over the past decade.

... Political Economy and Infrastructure

185 Mexico City 1994-2014: ...

Gu

stav

o L

ipka

u a

nd

Fab

iola

To

rres

Pac

hec

o

186 Scapegoat 6 Mexico DF / NAFTA

... Political Economy and Infrastructure

187

Gu

stav

o L

ipka

u a

nd

Fab

iola

To

rres

Pac

hec

o

Simbología / Legend

Vialidad / Roads

Corriente de Agua / Watercourse

Cuerpo de Agua / Waterbody

Limite Municipal / Municipality

Area Verde / Green area

Tasa de crecimiento promedio anual /

Growth rate 1990 a 2010

Tasa Negativa / Negative

Baja 0.01–8.00 % / Low

Media 8.01–16.00 % / Medium

Alta 16.01–70.00 % / High

En Proceso / Processing

0 3.5 7 14 21Kms.

Fuente:Elaboración propia con base en cartografia y datos de población de 1990 y 2010 (INEGI)

Source:Based on cartography and population data from 1990 to 2010 (INEGI, National Institute for Statistics and Geography)

Mexico City 1994-2014: ...

Escala: 1 : 380,000

188 Scapegoat 6 Mexico DF / NAFTA

... Political Economy and Infrastructure

189

Gu

stav

o L

ipka

u a

nd

Fab

iola

To

rres

Pac

hec

o

Mexico City 1994-2014: ...

5“Emisiones de Infonavita componente privado”

1

2

3

4

UR

BA

NIZ

ED

AR

EA

O

191 Scapegoat190 Scapegoat 6 Mexico DF / NAFTA

Notes

1Censos de Población y Vivienda INEGI 1980, 1990, 2000, y 2010. Y, proyecciones 2020, CONAPO. / Population and Hous-ing Census, INEGI (National Institute for Statistics and Geography) 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010; CONAPO’s (National Population’s Council) 2020 Projections.

2 INEGI, Área urbana 1980, 1990 y 2000 Estudio “Estructura Urbana de la Ciudad de México” / INEGI’s Urban Area Studies from 1980, 1990, and 2000 “Mexico City’s Urban Structure Study” ( http://www-cpsv.upc.es/documents/structur-aUrbanadelaCiudad-deMexico.pdf)

3En base a AGEBS (Áreas Geo Estadísti-cas Básicas), INEGI 2010 / Based on an AGEBS (Basic Geo-Statistic Areas), INEGI 2010

4La Evaluación del PIB / The evaluation of the GDP, http://www.economia.com.mx/crecimiento_del_pib_de_mexico.htm

5Indicador de crecimiento del sector vivienda: Tabla Ilustrativa de inversions privadas / Indicator of growth of the housing sector: illustrative table of private investing

5“Emisiones de Infonavita componente privado”

192 Scapegoat 6 Mexico DF / NAFTA 193

Gu

stav

o L

ipka

u a

nd

Fab

iola

To

rres

Pac

hec

o

... Political Economy and Infrastructure

Mexico City 1994-2014: ...

PRE-

PRE-

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

NAFTA / TLCAN Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 Y15 Y16 Y17 Y18 Y19 Y20 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 Y25 Y26 Y27

Zedec Santa Fe ServiMet: Santa Fe Master Plan / Plan Maestro Bando Dos Citizen Participation Law / Ley de Participacion Ciudadana

TRANSPORTE COLECTIVO

1967 Initated / Se instituye Ibero Universidad Santa Fe Fonda Garufa, La Condesa 1st E. $ P2nd E. $ P3rd E. $ P

METRO / PESEROS 1970 Service begins / Comienza a dar servicio Light Rail / Tren Ligero Metro Linea A Metro Linea 8 Metro Linea B Metro Linea 12

1975 Delfines MetroBus (L1)

R-100 Initiated / Se instituye R-100 Stops / Se detiene R-100 Bankruptcy / Quiebra

THOROUGHFARES / EJES VIALES

1979 Construction / Construccion First "Segundo Piso" Urban Highways / Autopistas Urbanas

Vial Distributor Heberto Castillo

Zócalo Competition / Concurso Ecobici, EcoParq

Programa PRO Aire FARO de Oriente

Environmental monitoring network / Red de monitorao ambiental Ferroc. Cuernavaca Bike Road / Ciclovia ferroc. Cuernavaca

Centro Historico Trust + Found. / Fid. Y Fund Pedestrianization / Se peatonalizan Regina y Av. Madero

LERMA SYSTEM / SISTEMA LERMA

1950 Sistema Lerma Cutzamala System is modernized / Moderniz de Sistema Cutzamala

Programa Recarga de Acuíferos / Aquifer Recharge Program

TEXCOCO PROJECT 1969 Publication / Publicación Perinorte Water Recycling Plants are constructed / Construcción de Plantas Potabilizadora

Lago Nabor Carrillo Neza 86 Stadium / Estadio OHL Mexico, Aeropuerto Toluca Atotonilco Water Treatment Plant / PTAR

DEEP DRAINAGE / DRENAJE PROFUNDO

1975 Inauguration / inauguración Emisor Oriente Wastewater Tunnel / T.E.O.

Emisor Central maintenance

Bordo Poiniente Landfill Río de la Compañía Tunnel Bordo Poiniente closes / Se detiene

Autopista Del Sol Water Pumping Plants / Plantas de Bombeo de Agua Res

Outsourcing of La Venta-Chamapa Highway (Stage 0 of Circuito Mexiquense) / Arranca concesión Mexibus Viaducto Bicentenario (Norte)

Valle de Chalco Solidaridad Suburban Train is announced Bicentennial Cities Huehuetoca, Zumpango and Tecamac

AIRPORT / AEROPUERTO

SAHOP studies alternative airport Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares manifestaba: "Costo Economico de la saturacion del AICM

ASA NAICM cancelled T2 Competition announc. T2 Inauguration / Inauguracion

2000 - 2005 Los Héroes de Tecamac Ciudad Jardín, Neza

Inicia labores el T. C. M. Las Americas, Ecatepec

001 Landsat photo MX City 002 Landsat photo MX City 003 Landsat photo MX City

Warnings of risk of massive pollution of the aquifer / Avisos sobre el riesgo de contaminacion masiva del acuifero

Publication of / Publicación de 'Programa de ordenación de la zona metropolitana Del Valle de México (POZMVM)'

E Ezcurra. La Cuenca Chinampas - MegalOpolis Environmental Sustainability Agenda / Agenda de Sustenabilidad ZMVM

Eruviel Ávila

A. M. López Obrador /A. Encinas.

M. Ebrard Casaubón M. A. Mancera

A. Montiel Rojas E. Peña Nieto

C. Cárdenas / R. Róbles

GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF MEXICO / GOBERNADOR DE MEXICO

M. Camacho Solís M. Aguilera Gómez

O. Espinoza Villareal

M. Ramón Beteta I. Pichardo Pagaza E. Chuayffet C. Camacho Quiróz

MAYOR, MEXICO D.F. / JEFE DE GOBIERNO DE LA CIUDAD DE MEXICO

194 Scapegoat 6 Mexico DF / NAFTA

Glossary

27 Artículo Constitucional sobre la propiedad de las tierras y las aguas / National Constitution Article on water and land ownership

AICM Aeropuerto Internacional Ciudad de México / Mexico City’s International Airport

Bordo Poniente Relleno Sanitario / Landfill

Casas GEO Private housing company

CARSO Construction company (Carlos Slim Global Conglomerate)

CONAVI Comisión Nacional de Vivienda / National Housing Commission

D.F. Distrito Federal / Federal District

Eco Bici Public bicycle company (municipal government)

Eco Parq Parking meter company (municipal government)

EZLN Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional / Zapatista National Liberation Army

FARO Fábrica de Artes y Oficios / Public arts and crafts training and community centre

FOVI Fondo de Operación y Financiamiento Bancario de la Vivienda / Housing Bank Operation and Financing Fund

Homex Private housing company

ICA I ngenieros Civiles Asociados / Construction company INFONAVIT Instituto del Fondo Nacional de la Vivienda para

los Trabajadores / Workers’ Housing Fund National Institute

Metro Municipal subway system

Metro Bus Municipal bus system

Mexi Bus State of Mexico bus system

NAICM Nuevo Aeropuerto Internacional Ciudad de México / Mexico City’s New International Airport

Neza Abbreviation for Nezahualcóyotli, a large municipality in the east of the city

OHL Obrascon-Huarte-Lain, Spanish global construction conglomerate

PIB Producto Interno Bruto / Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

PROCEDE Programa de Certificación de Derechos Ejidales y Titulación de Solares / Social Land Certification Program

PTAR Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales / Residual Water Treatment Plant

R-100 Urban Bus Goverment Company

Rotoplast Mexican industrial water tank company

SAHOP Secretaria de Asentamientos Humanos y Obras Públicas / Human Settlements and Public Works Administration

SARE Private housing company

SEDESOL Secretaría de Desarrollo Social / Ministry of Social Development

SEDATU Secretaría de Desarrollo Agrario, Territorial y Urbano / Ministry of Agrarian Development and Urban Planning

SERVIMET Servicios Metropolitanos S.A. / Metropolitan Services Goverment Company

SHF Sociedad Hipotecaria Federal / Federal Mortgage Society

TCM Taller Ciudad de México (Facultad de arquitectura, UNAM) / Mexico City Workshop (Architecture Faculty, National University)

TEO Tunel Emisor Oriente / Eastern Output Tunnel

T2 Terminal 2 / Terminal 2, (City Airport)

UAM Universidad Autonome Metropolitana / Metropolitan Autonomous University

URBI Private housing company

Zedec Zona de Desarrollo Especial / Special Development Zone

ZMVM Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México / Mexico Metropolitan Zone

Silvia Ribeiro

The Agro- industrial Food Chain: Global Warming, Food Crisis and Trans-genic CornLike a serpent biting its own tail, the industrial food system—arguably the main cause of global climate change—was shaken by an incredibly poor harvest in the Summer of 2012, after an intense drought in the United States. Although harvesting was possible in some regions, many crops were unusable because the lack of water meant plants were unable to process synthetic fertilizers and thus became toxic and inedible. In the case of corn, food shortages were exacerbated because 40 percent of the corn produced in the United States is destined for ethanol production, feeding cars instead of people. Overall, the US is one of the largest corn, soy, and wheat exporters in the world, and 80 percent of global distribution of cereals is in the hands of four multinationals that monopolize supply in order to maximize profit. In Mexico, low production in 2012 contributed to an increase in food prices on the global market. The price of poultry, pork, and beef also increased because more than 40 percent

of cereal production in the world is used for the factory farming of confined animals. This is another of the absurdities of the agroindustry; it would be much more efficient to use cereals for human consumption, consume less meat, reduce the scale of animal farming, and feed animals through foraging. The confined industrial breeding of animals is the source of both food shortages and price increases, as well as epidemics such as avian and swine flu; these factors often exacerbate one another, as we have seen in Mexico, where a recent avian flu outbreak led to a spike in the cost of eggs. These are just a few symptoms of the transnational corporate food industry, which is also characterized by a lack of biodiversity, the heavy use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, and a dependency on fossil fuels.

Thus the two most significant planetary crises, the food crisis and the climate crisis, have the agro-industrial food production system as their main cause: from seeds and agriculture to livestock production and supermarkets, industry forms a chain that oppresses people and exploits countries—with Monsanto pulling firmly from one end and Walmart from the other.

The role that the industrial food chain plays in causing climate chaos is fundamental, but this reality is very different from the “facts” that corporate propaganda bombards us with. Most official studies, from the Stern Report in the UK to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), place industrial agriculture, with its monocultural plantations and synthetic inputs (pesticides, fertilizers, hybrid or transgenic seeds) as the cause of between 11–15 percent of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), third or fourth on the list of factors causing climate change.

This, however, does not account for the entire problem, as the agro-industrial food system is directly tied to important percentages of other primary causes of climate change, such as transportation, energy production, and deforestation. As the non-profit organization GRAIN has demonstrated, summing up these different factors, the agro-industrial food

Silv

ia R

ibei

ro

... Global Warming, Food Crisis and Transgenic Corn

195 The Agroindustiral Food Chain: ...