Mexican Independence World Studies February 17. I. Mexico struggled for freedom Mexico’s...
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Transcript of Mexican Independence World Studies February 17. I. Mexico struggled for freedom Mexico’s...
![Page 1: Mexican Independence World Studies February 17. I. Mexico struggled for freedom Mexico’s independence movement was led by natives –Grows from the countryside.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032415/56649f095503460f94c1dec7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mexican Independence
World Studies
February 17
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I. Mexico struggled for freedom
• Mexico’s independence movement was led by natives– Grows from the countryside rather than the
cities
• In 1810 Father Miguel Hidalgo led peasants to march 200 miles– Gathered more and more people as they went
• Had 60,000 by the time they reached Mexico City• Creole landlords fled and Hidalgo declared an end
to slavery
– Spanish gather their forces against Hidalgo• Some one betrays him and he is executed
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September 16, 1810 – Grito de Dolores
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• Jose Maria Morelos takes up the cause after Hidalgo’s death– By 1813 controls most of Mexico
– Wanted democracy, taxation, land distribution• Creoles supported independence, but not
social reform• Augustin de Iturbide (Mestizo member of the
Spanish army) executed Morelos in 1815
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Morelos and Iturbide
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• In 1820 Spain’s government changed; creoles feared losing their privileges– Iturbide united creoles with the peasant
groups for independence• Declared independence in 1821• Iturbide tried to make himself emperor
twice, but was finally killed
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Turmoil and Change in Mexico
World Studies
February 17
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I. Caudillos dominated governments
• By 1830 there were 16 independent countries in Latin America– There were still social distinctions and
few rights for those at bottom
• Most countries were run by caudillos (military dictators)
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II. Mexican-American War
• Texas declared itself a republic– Unhappy with Mexico’s government
• More & more US settlers moved in, so the US backed Texas
• In 1846 the Mexican-American War begins– Ultimately Mexico loses nearly half its
territory
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Before Mexican-American War
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After Mexican-American War
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Remember the Alamo!
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III. La Reforma
• Began in 1855 under Benito Juarez.– Revised the constitution, took power
from the Catholic Church & made more land available to Mexicans
– Became president in 1861
– Spends most of his presidency fighting a civil war
– Dies in 1872 w/o accomplishing all of his reforms
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Benito Juarez
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IV. Porfirio Diaz
• A war hero; he rises to power in 1876 – Wins 7 rigged elections
– Harsh dictator
• Mexico developed substantially during his rule, but he allowed foreigners to build/own most of it
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• Poor remained very poor under Diaz– Often took out loans from hacienda
(plantation) owners• Peonage kept them trapped there because
it was impossible to pay back loans
– Few were ever educated, worked long days, had very poor health
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V. Mexican Revolution• In 1910 poor people started attacking &
killing rich landowners– Bunches of small groups w local leaders
• Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata
• Revolution focused on changing:– Foreign ownership of businesses– Wealth of Catholic Church– Working conditions in the cities
• Diaz fell, but no one had enough support to take his place
• Civil war continued for nearly a decade
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VI. Reform• In 1917 Venustiano Carranza took power
– Wrote up a constitution that addressed all the complaints of the people
• Then he ignored it & was mean– Rebellion continued and he was overthrown in
1920• Alvaro Obregon followed in late 1920
– He actually enacted the constitution– Land was redistributed, schools were
established, etc• Poverty and corruption continue, but
stability had arrived
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Carranza and Obregon