Mevw`cï cvjb€¦ · Mevw`cï cvjb LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY wm Gj wc †cÖvMÖvg †Kvm© †KvW t CLP...

Mevw`cï cvjb

wm Gj wc †cÖvMÖvg

†Kvm© †KvW t CLP 1301

(weGwRGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi M„ncvwjZ cïcvjb bvgK eB †_‡K msKwjZ)

K…wl I cjøx Dbœqb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Mevw`cï cvjb LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY

wm Gj wc †cÖvMÖvg

†Kvm© †KvW t CLP 1301

†jLK W. †gvt Avãyj nK †kL wRbvZ Avjx

Wv. Av b g Avwgbyi ingvb

msKjK Wv. Av b g Avwgbyi ingvb

m¤úv`bv cwil`

mfvcwZ W. Avey †nbv †gvt dvi“K

m`m¨

W. †gvt Avey Zv‡je W. †gvt kvn Avjg miKvi

†gvt miIqvi †nv‡mb †PŠayix W. Av b g Avwgbyi ingvb W. †gvt †gv‡k©`yi ingvb W. †gvt wejvj †nv‡mb

W. Avey mv‡`K †gvt †mwjg W. †gvt b~i“j Bmjvg

mvwe©K ZË¡veav‡b W. Avey †nbv †gvt dviæK

K…wl I cjøx Dbœqb ¯‹zj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Mevw`cï cvjb LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY K…wl I cjøx Dbœqb ¯‹zj cÖKvkKvj cÖ_g cÖKvk t 1998 cyb:cÖKvk t 2011 cÖKvkbvq cÖKvkbv, gy ªY I weZiY wefvM evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq MvRxcyi-1705 © evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq cÖ”Q` †gvt gwbiæj Bmjvg Kfvi MÖvwdKm Ave yj gv‡jK Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR Zzlvi KvwšÍ g„av gy`ªY ^ieY© wcÖ›Uvm©

18/26/4, ïKjvj `vm †ivW, XvKv-1100|

ISBN 984-34-5051-5

ORIGINAL PUBLICATION

HUSBANDRY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS (M„ncvwjZ cïcvjb) Written by: Dr. Md. Abdul Haque, Shekh Jinat Ali and Dr. A N M Aminoor Rahman. Edited by: Dr. A N M Aminoor Rahman. First Edition: December, 1996. Published by: Publishing, Printing & Distribution Division, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur-1705.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any means without prior permission of the copyright holder.

m~wPcÎ

BDwbU 1 Mevw`cïi ¸i“Z¡ 1-33

cvV 1.1 evsjv‡`‡k cïcvwLi Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï cwimsL¨vb ............................... 1

cvV 1.2 K…wl Kv‡R Mevw`cïi ¸iæZ¡ ............................... .......................... 5

cvV 1.3 Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b Mevw`cïi ¸iæZ¡ .................................................... 11

cvV 1.4 ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡b Mevw`cïi ¸iæZ¡ ............................................. 16

cvV 1.5 `vwi ª ~ixKiY I AvÍKg©ms ’v‡b Mevw`cïi ¸iæZ¡ 20

eënvwiK

cvV 1.6 Mevw`cï w`‡q wbR nv‡Z nvjPvl Kiv ............................................. 26

cvV 1.7 Miæi `ya w`‡q `B ev †h †Kvb GKwU Lv`¨ ˆZwi Kiv ........................... 30

BDwbU 2 Miæi - gwn‡li RvZ I êwkó¨ 31-56

cvV 2.1 †`kx Rv‡Zi Miæi êwkó¨ ............................................................ 31

cvV 2.2 we‡`kx DbœZ Rv‡Zi Miæi êwkó¨ .................................................. 39

cvV 2.3 msKi Rv‡Zi Miæi êwkó¨ 47

eënvwiK

cvV 2.4 †`kx Miæi êwkó¨¸‡jv Rvbv I LvZvq †jLv ...................................... 51

cvV 2.5 DbœZ msKi Rv‡Zi Miæi êwkó¨¸‡jv Rvbv I LvZvq †jLv .................... 54

BDwbU 3 gwnl, QvMj I †foviRvZ I êwkó¨ 57-86

cvV 3.1 gwn‡li RvZ I êwkó¨ ................................................................ 57

cvV 3.2 QvM‡ji RvZ I êwkó¨ ................................................................ 65

cvV 3.3 †fovi RvZ I êwkó¨ ................................................................. 73

eënvwiK

cvV 3.4 wewfbœ Rv‡Zi gwn‡li êwkó¨¸‡jv Rvbv I LvZvq †jLv ........................ 78

cvV 3.5 wewfbœ Rv‡Zi QvM‡ji êwkó¸‡jv Rvbv I LvZvq †jLv ......................... 81

cvV 3.6 †`kx Rv‡Zi †fovi êwkó¨¸‡jv Rvbv I LvZvq †jLv .......................... 84

BDwbU 4 evQyi cvjb 87-106

cvV 4.1 evm¯’vb I cwiPh©v ...................................................................... 87

cvV 4.2 evQy‡ii Lv`¨ ............................................................................. 91

cvV 4.3 evQy‡ii †ivMe¨vwa `gb ................................................................ 98

eënvwiK

cvV 4.4 evQy‡ii `vbvì Lv‡`ï wgkªY ˆZwiKiY .......................................... 103

BDwbU 5 Mvfx cvjb 107-126cvV 5.1 Mvfxi evm¯’vb I cwiPh©v ............................................................. 107

cvV 5.2 Mvfxi Lv`¨ .............................................................................. 112

cvV 5.3 Mvfxi ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z jvjb cvjb I †ivM cÖwZ‡iva eë¯’v ......................... 119

eënvwiK

cvV 5.4 Mvfxi `vbvì Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘ZKiY .......................................... 123

BDwbU 6 QvMj cvjb 127-163cvV 6.1 QvMj cvj‡bi myweavw` ................................................................ 127

cvV 6.2 QvM‡ji ev”Pv cvjb .................................................................... 133

cvV 6.3 QvM‡ji evm¯’vb I cwiPh©v ........................................................... 138

cvV 6.4 QvM‡ji Lv`¨ ............................................................................ 144

cvV 6.5 QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa `gb ............................................................... 150

eënvwiK

cvV 6.6 QvM‡ji ev”Pv‡K Lvwm evbv‡bv ....................................................... 160

cvV 6.7 QvM‡ji Rb¨ `vbv`vi Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv .............................................. 161

BDwbU 7 gwnl I †fov cvjb 165-188cvV 7.1 gwn‡li evm¯’vb, cwiPh©v I ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z jvjbcvjb eë¯’v ...................... 165

cvV 7.2 gwn‡li Lv`¨ ............................................................................. 170

cvV 7.3 gwn‡li †ivMe¨vwa `gb ................................................................ 175

cvV 7.4 †fov cvj‡bi myweavw`, †fovi evm¯’vb I cwiPh©v ............................... 179

cvV 7.5 †fovi Lv`¨ I †ivMe¨vwa `gb 184

BDwbU 8 Mevw`cï eë¯’vcbv 189-208cvV 8.1 Miægwnl‡K wewfbœfv‡e AvUKv‡bv c×wZ ........................................... 189

cvV 8.2 `vuZ †`‡L Miæ-gwn‡li eqm wbY©q Kiv ............................................ 193

cvV 8.3 `vuZ †`‡L QvMj I †fovi eqm wbY©q Kiv ....................................... 197

cvV 8.4 Mevw`cïi kvixwiK IRb wbY©q Kiv .............................................. 200

eënvwiK

cvV 8.5 wbR nv‡Z Miæ-gwnl‡K †kvqv‡bv ................................................... 202

cvV 8.6 wbR nv‡Z wewfbœ eq‡mi Miæi `vuZ †`‡L eqm wbY©q Kiv I LvZvq †jLv ... 203

cvV 8.7 wbR nv‡Z wewfbœ eq‡mi QvMj I †fovi `vuZ †`‡L eqm wbY©q Kiv I LvZvq †jLv .............................................................................

204

cvV 8.8 wbR nv‡Z GKwU Miæi IRb wbY©q Kiv I LvZvq †jLv ........................ 205

Z_¨m~Î 207-208

cvV wb‡ ©kbv

ÒMevw`cï cvjbÓ †Kvm©eBwU we‡klfv‡e K…wl I cjøx Dbœqb ¯‹zj Gi wmGjwc †cÖvMÖv‡gi QvÎ‡ì Rb¨ †jLv n‡q‡Q| Avcwb Rv‡bb, ~i wk¶vq wk¶‡Ki mve©¶wYK Dcw¯’wZ †bB| ZvB cv‡Vi †Kv‡bv KwVb welq †hb Avcbvi eyS‡Z Amyweav bv nq †mw`‡K „wó †i‡LB †Kvm©eBwU †jLv n‡q‡Q| †Kvm©eBwUi Avw½K I Dc¯’vcbv ZvB cÖPwjZ cvVëB †_‡K wKQyUv wfbœ ai‡bi| †h‡nZz mivmwi wk¶‡Ki mvnvh¨ QvovB †Kvm©eBwU Avcbv‡K wb‡R c‡o eyS‡Z n‡e, ZvB GwU Kxfv‡e co‡eb cÖ_‡gB Zv †R‡b wbb| G‡Z †Kvm©eBwU co‡Z I eyS‡Z Avcbvi myweav n‡e|

†Kvm©eBwUi iƒc‡iLv ÒMevw` cïcvjbÒ †Kvm©eBwU AvUwU BDwb‡U wef³| cÖwZwU BDwb‡U GKvwaK cvV i‡q‡Q| cvV msL¨v wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q BDwb‡Ui welqe¯‘i Ici wbf©i K‡i| BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv‡K Avjv`v K‡i mvRv‡bv n‡jI G‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU †hvMm~Î i‡q‡Q|

BDwb‡Ui f‚wgKv cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui ïiæ‡ZB i‡q‡Q GKwU f‚wgKv| f‚wgKvq BDwb‡Ui welqe ‘i D‡Ïk¨ Ges ¸iæZ¡ ms‡¶‡c Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| BDwbUwU‡Z Kx Kx welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q ms‡¶‡c ZviI D‡j−L i‡q‡Q| G‡Z Avcwb BDwb‡Ui ïiæ‡ZB †R‡b hv‡”Qb cv‡Vi g~j Av‡jvP¨m~wP Kx?

cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ j¶¨ Ki‡eb cÖwZwU cv‡Vi ïiæ‡Z GK ev GKvwaK mywbw ©ó D‡Ïk¨ †`qv Av‡Q| cÖwZwU D‡Ïk¨‡K †K› ª K‡iB cv‡Vi welqe¯‘ mnRfv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvV †k‡l cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q wK−bv Zv wb‡R wb‡RB g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb| GRb¨ cvV †k‡l ¯^g~j¨vqb cÖkœ A_©vr cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb i‡q‡Q| G‡Z Avcwb cvVwU KZUzKz eyS‡Z cvi‡jb Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

AvBK‡bi (Icon) eënvi cv‡Vi welqe ‘ ‡jv GK „wó‡Z ey‡S †bqvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i †Kvm©eBwUi wewfbœ RvqMvq wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖZxK ev AvBKb eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv †`‡L Avcwb mn‡RB welqe¯‘i Dc¯’vcbv Ges Avcbvi KiYxq Kx Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb| wb‡gœ G †Kvm©eBwU‡Z eëüZ wewfbœ ai‡bi AvBK‡bi A_© wb‡`©k Kiv n‡jv−

= co~b I j¶¨ Kiæb

= cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨

= Avewk¨K cvV/mvigg©

= Qwe †`Lyb

= Abykxjb/P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

= cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

= DËigvjv

= Z_¨m~Î

e· wjLb

cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wk¶Yxq Ask‡K AviI AvKl©Yxq K‡i cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ gv‡S gv‡SB Òe· wjL‡biÓ gva¨‡g Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| cªwZwU Òe· wjLbÓ g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q co~b Ges g‡b ivLvi †Póv Kiæb|

Abykxjb Avcwb cvVwU fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb wK−bv Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ cv‡Vi gv‡S †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv RvqMvq †`qv i‡q‡Q Abykxjb| Abykxjb¸‡jv Avcbv‡K mgvav Ki‡Z n‡e| Gme Abykxjb Avcbvi Ávb I `¶Zv e„w×‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|

mvigg© cÖwZwU cv‡VB mvigg© †`qv Av‡Q| mvigg© c‡o Avcwb wbw ©ó cv‡Vi welqe ‘ m¤ú‡K© AwZ mn‡RB aviYv wb‡Z cvi‡eb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb cÖwZwU cv‡Vi †k‡l Avcwb cvVwU KZUzKz eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Qb Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb| cvVwU fv‡jvfv‡e †evSvi ci cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ ‡jvi DËi †`qvi †Póv Kiæb| AZtci Avcbvi †`qv DËi BDwbU †k‡l †`qv DË‡ii mv‡_ wgwj‡q wbb| me¸‡jv DËi mwVK n‡j cieZx© cvV ïiæ Kiæb Ab¨_vq cvVwU cybivq co~b|

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb cÖwZ BDwb‡Ui †k‡l i‡q‡Q P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb| G‡Z msw¶ß I iPbvg~jK cÖkœ i‡q‡Q| G cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi ˆZwi Kivi †Póv Kiæb, hv Avcbv‡K cix¶vq fv‡jv djvdj Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| G‡¶‡Î Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨m~‡Îi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcbvi wUDU‡ii mv‡_I K_v ej‡Z cv‡ib| BDwb‡Ui me¸‡jv cvV fv‡jvfv‡e co‡j P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ ‡jv mgvav‡b †Kv‡bv Amyweav n‡e bv|

ORIGINAL PUBLICATION

HUSBANDRY OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS (M„ncvwjZ cïcvjb) Written by: Dr. Md. Abdul Haque, Shekh Jinat Ali and Dr. A N M Aminoor Rahman. Edited by: Dr. A N M Aminoor Rahman. First Edition: December, 1996. Published by: Publishing, Printing & Distribution Division, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur-1705.

LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY (Mevw`cï cvjb), Written by: Dr. Md. Abdul Haque, Shekh Jinat Ali and Dr. A N M Aminoor Rahman. First Adoption: July, 1998. Published by: Publishing, Printing & Distribution Division, Bangladesh Open University, Gazipur-1705.

CE¢eV 1 Nh¡¢cföl …l¦aÅ

CE¢eV 1 Nh¡¢cföl …l¦aÅ

Bj¡−cl S£h−e Nh¡¢cföl (Livestock) …l¦aÅ Af¢lp£jz fª¢bh£−a hý dl−el fö l−u−Rz Bj¡−cl ®c−n Nh¡¢cföl j−dÉ Nl¦, R¡Nm, j¢qo, ®is¡ ¢h−noi¡−h f¢l¢Qaz AeÉ¡eÉ ®c−n Nl¦, R¡Nm, j¢qo, ®is¡ R¡s¡J EV, N¡d¡, Ml−N¡n, ®O¡s¡ Hhw BlJ A−eL dl−el Nh¡¢cfö l−u−Rz Nªqf¡¢ma föl B¢c h¡p ¢Rm S‰−mz ®Le, L£i¡−h Hhw LMe Hph fö j¡e¤−ol p¡¢ædÉ m¡i Llm a¡l p¢WL C¢aq¡p S¡e¡ k¡u ¢ez a−h ®kV¤L¤ S¡e¡ ®N−R a¡l A¡−m¡−L hm¡ k¡u, B¢c j¡e¤oJ Hph föl p−‰ S‰−m h¡p Llaz aMeL¡l ¢c−eJ j¡e¤o Aæh−Ù»l SeÉ fö¢eiÑl ¢Rmz a¡l¡ j¡wp ire L−l r¤d¡ ®jV¡−a¡, Q¡js¡ f¢ld¡e L−l n£a J m‹¡ ¢eh¡lZ Llaz ¢qwpË S¿º J fÐ¡Lª¢aL c¤−kÑ¡N ®b−L BaÈlr¡l SeÉ Q¡js¡l a¡h¤ hÉhq¡l Llaz kMe fÐÙ¹l k¤N Hm j¡e¤o Ol-h¡¢s °a¢l Ll¡ ¢nMmz S‰m ®b−L fö ¢nL¡l L−l h¡¢s−a Be−a m¡Nmz H−a a¡−cl−L ¢LR¤V¡ h¡d¡l pÇj¤M£e q−a q−a¡z ®kje- fÐ¡Lª¢aL c¤−kÑ¡N, Tshª¢ø, ph ®j±p¤−j ¢nL¡l e¡ f¡Ju¡, S‰−m ¢qwpË S¿ºl Bœ²jZ CaÉ¡¢cz Hph Ap¤¢hd¡ c§l Ll¡l m−rÉ flhaÑ£−a j¡e¤o S‰m ®b−L S£h¿¹ fö d−l h¡¢s−a H−e ®hy−d l¡M−a¡ Hhw H−cl−L f¡me Ll−a¡z Hi¡−hC öl¦ q−u¢Rm h¡¢s−a föf¡mez jdÉk¤−N Lª¢o, f¢lhqZ Hhw M¡cÉ Evf¡c−e föl Ahc¡e fÐd¡e ¢Rmz haÑj¡e ¢nÒf ¢hfÔ−hl k¤−N Lª¢o, ¢nÒf, M¡cÉ Evf¡ce R¡s¡J °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe J BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡−e Nh¡¢cfö Ahc¡e l¡M−Rz Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L c¤d, j¡wp R¡s¡J e¡e¡ fÐL¡l EfS¡a âhÉ, ®kje- ¢nw, M¤l, Q¡js¡, fnj, Q¢hÑ, lš², cy¡a, q¡s, e¡¢si¤y¢s f¡Ju¡ k¡uz c¤d J j¡wp j¡e¤−ol M¡cÉ ¢q−p−h hÉhq©a quz EfS¡a âhÉ ®b−L e¡e¡¢hd fÐ−u¡Se£u p¡jNË£ fÊÙ¹¤a Ll¡ quz Bj¡−cl ®c−n Nh¡¢cfö HL¢V ¢hl¡V pÇfcz H pÇf−cl p¤ù¤ hÉhq¡l Ll−a f¡l−m Bj¡−cl haÑj¡e S¡a£u fÐLV pjpÉ¡pj§q, ®kje- ®hL¡l pjpÉ¡ J B¢j−ol Ai¡h pj¡d¡e Ll¡ pñh q−hz HR¡s¡J i¢hoÉ−a H−c−nl c¡¢lâa¡ c§l L−l Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L A¢dL q¡−l °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll¡ pñh q−h h−m Bn¡ Ll¡ k¡uz

H CE¢e−Vl ¢h¢iæ f¡−W h¡wm¡−c−nl Nh¡¢cfö J H−cl ®b−L Evf¡¢ca â−hÉl f¢lpwMÉ¡e, Lª¢o J M¡cÉ Evf¡ce, °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Hhw c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z Nªqf¡¢ma föl …l¦aÅ pÇf−LÑ a¡¢šÆL J hÉhq¡¢lLpq ¢hÙ¹¡¢la B−m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ q−u−Rz f¡W 1.1 h¡wm¡−c−n Nh¡¢cfö J Evf¡¢ca â−hÉl f¢lpwMÉ¡e

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- H−c−nl Nh¡¢cföl Aa£a J haÑj¡e AhÙÛ¡ hZÑe¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez föpÇf−cl p¤ù¤ hÉhq¡−l h¡wm¡−c−nl j¡e¤−ol LlZ£u ¢hou…−m¡ hÉ¡MÉ¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez H−c−nl Nh¡¢cfö J Evf¡¢ca â−hÉl f¢lpwMÉ¡e RL BL¡−l a¤−m dl−a f¡l−hez

h¡wm¡−c−n Nh¡¢cföl Aa£a J haÑj¡e AhÙÛ¡ Aa£−a h¡wm¡−c−n fÐ¡u ph h¡¢s−aC Nl¦, j¢qo, ®is¡ J R¡Nm f¡me Ll¡ q−a¡z H−cl j−dÉ ®h‰m R¡Nm R¡s¡ AeÉ ®L¡−e¡ föl S¡aC Eæa euz pe¡ae fÜ¢a−a ®c−nl j¡e¤o Hph föf¡me Llaz ab¡¢f aMeL¡l ¢c−e Hi¡−hC h¡wm¡−c−nl c¤d J j¡w−pl Q¡¢qc¡ ®jV¡−a¡z Hl fÐd¡e L¡lZ- Nh¡¢cföl pwMÉ¡ Lj b¡L¡u fkÑ¡ç fn¤ M¡−cÉl ®k¡N¡e pñh ¢Rmz Aa£−a ®cn£ S¡−al fö

pe¡ae fÜ¢a−a f¡me Ll¡ q−a¡z

®m¡LpwMÉ¡ Lj b¡L¡u Q¡¢qc¡ Lj ¢Rm Hhw fkÑ¡ç Q¡lZi§¤¢j f¡Ju¡ ®kaz npÉ Evf¡ce hÉhÙÛ¡u Nh¡¢cföl SeÉ O¡p Evf¡ce Ll¡ q−a¡z fkÑ¡ç fn¤ M¡cÉ plhl¡−ql SeÉ Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L ®h¢n Evf¡ce f¡Ju¡ ®kaz

haÑj¡−e Eæa S¡−al Nl¦l p¡q−kÉ ®cn£ Nl¦l S¡a Eæue Ll¡ q−µRz

haÑj¡−e h¡wm¡−c−nl ®p AhÙÛ¡ Bl ®eCz Øg£a SepwMÉ¡l B¢j−ol Q¡¢qc¡ ®jV¡−e¡ c¤l©q q−u f−s−Rz ®cn£ S¡−al Nh¡¢cföl j¡wp J c¤d ¢c−u haÑj¡e Q¡¢qc¡ ®jV¡−e¡ pñh q−µR e¡z g−m Nh¡¢cfö f¡m−e ¢h‘¡e J fÊk¤¢š²l fÐ−u¡N fÐ−u¡Se q−u f−s−Rz H E−Ÿ−nÉ h¡wm¡−cn plL¡l

Mevw`cï cvjb

®hn L−uL hRl B−N qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e J S¡¢pÑ S¡−al c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ Nl¦ H−e H−c−n ®cn£ Nl¦l S¡a Eæue Ll−Rez h¡wm¡−c−n Nªqf¡¢ma föl S¡a Eæu−el SeÉ ®j¡V 22¢V ®L¾cÐ Hhw 425¢V Ef−L¾cÐ B−Rz A¡j¡−cl ®c−nl fö h¡R¡C fÐ¢œ²u¡u Eæue OV¡−m H−cl Evf¡ce rja¡J m¡iSeL q¡−l h¡s¡−e¡ pñh q−hz

haÑj¡−e h¡wm¡−c−n fÐ¢ahRl 1.50 ¢j¢mue LjÑrj ®m¡L ®c−nl AbÑe£¢a−a ®k¡N q−µRz H−cl SeÉ L¡S clL¡lz ®c−nl Bh¡¢c S¢jl f¢lj¡Z j¡b¡¢fR¤ j¡œ 0.21 HLlz Hl pÇfÐp¡lZJ pñh euz HSeÉ clL¡l AÒf S¡uN¡u A¢dL Evf¡cez H m−rÉ ®c−nl föpÇfc ¢hl¡V i§¢jL¡ l¡M−a f¡−lz

®c−nl föpÇfc Eæu−el pñ¡he¡ Na hRl…−m¡−a fÐj¡¢Za q−u−Rz cn hRl B−N ®kM¡−e ®c−nl ®L¡b¡J ®hplL¡l£ fkÑ¡−u hÉ¢š²j¡¢mL¡e¡d£e HL¢V M¡j¡lJ ¢Rm e¡, haÑj¡−e ®c−n ®hplL¡l£ fkÑ¡−u hÉ¢š²j¡¢mL¡e¡d£e 30 q¡S¡l c¤‡ M¡j¡l N−s J−W−Rz f¡n¡f¡¢n Hph M¡j¡l J AeÉ¡eÉ pw¢nÔø ¢nÒf fÐ¢aù¡−e hý ®m¡−Ll LjÑpwÙÛ¡e q−u−Rz

haÑj¡−e A¡j¡−cl ®c−n ®hplL¡l£i¡−h 30,000 c¤‡ M¡j¡l ÙÛ¡¢fa q−u−Rz

föpÇfc Eæu−el g−m h¡¢oÑL fÐhª¢Ül q¡l f§−hÑl naLl¡ 3.0 i¡N ®b−L ®h−s 1995-H 9.0 i¡N-H cy¡¢s−u−Rz …−s¡ c¤d Bjc¡¢el f¢lj¡Z hR−l f§−hÑl 450 ®L¡¢V V¡L¡ ®b−L L−j 140 ®L¡¢V V¡L¡u cy¡¢s−u−Rz

plL¡l p¤ù¤ f¢lLÒfe¡, Eæa h¡S¡lS¡aLlZ hÉhÙÛ¡ J N−hoZ¡l j¡dÉ−j Eæa fÐk¤¢š² Eá¡he Ll−a f¡l−m H−c−nl föpÇfc Ac§l i¢hoÉ−a BlJ pñ¡he¡ju q−u JW−h h−m Bn¡ Ll¡ k¡uz

föpÇf−cl p¤ù¤ hÉhq¡−l H−c−nl j¡e¤−ol LlZ£u föpÇf−cl p¤ù¤ hÉhq¡−l ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢hou…−m¡ f¡me Ll−a q−hz kb¡- Nh¡¢cfö ¢h‘¡epÇjai¡−h f¡me Ll−a q−hz Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L fÐ¡ç EfS¡a âhÉ °h‘¡¢eLi¡−h pwNÊq J pwlrZ L−l hÉhq¡l Ll−a

q−hz Eæa M¡cÉ J fÐSee hÉhÙÛ¡l j¡dÉ−j A¢dL Evf¡cen£m Nh¡¢cföl pwMÉ¡ h¡s¡−a

q−hz ¢h‘¡epÇjai¡−h föf¡me L−l c¤d J j¡w−pl Evf¡ce h¡s¡−a q−hz LjÑpwÙÛ¡−el E−Ÿ−nÉ NË¡j ®R−s nql A¢ij¤M£ e¡ q−u Eæa fÐk¤¢š² hÉhq¡−ll j¡dÉ−j

m¡iSeLi¡−h Nh¡¢cföl M¡j¡l Ns−a q−hz fö ¢h−no‘−cl LaÑhÉ q−h H−c−nl f¢l−hn Ae¤k¡u£ p£¢ja pÇf−cl hým hÉhq¡−ll

j¡dÉ−j fö f¡m−e m¡NpC fÐk¤¢š² Eá¡hez ¢h−cn£ L¡W¡−j¡−L ýhý Ae¤plZ e¡ L−l fb ¢e−cÑne¡l SeÉ hÉhq¡l Ll¡ ®k−a f¡−lz

fö f¡me ¢hou ¢nr¡l ¢h¢iæ Ù¹−l pÇfÐp¡l−Z plL¡l−L BlJ avfl q−a q−hz föpÇf−cl p¤ù¤ hÉhq¡l Ll−a f¡l−m h¡wm¡−cnJ HL¢ce de£ q−u JW−hz

¢nr¡b£Ñ−cl SeÉ föpÇfc ¢houL ¢h¢iæj¤M£ LjÑpwÙÛ¡−el hÉhÙÛ¡ Ll−a q−hz Nh¡¢cfö J H…−m¡ ®b−L Evf¡¢ca cÊhÉ Hhw EfS¡a cÊhÉp¡jNË£ h¡S¡lS¡aLl−Zl

p¤hÉhÙÛ¡ Ll−a q−hz ¢hšq£e J i§¢jq£e ®m¡−Ll SeÉ G−Zl hÉhÙÛ¡ BlJ pÇfÐp¡lZ Ll−a q−hz N−hoZ¡l SeÉ B¢bÑL p¤−k¡Np¤¢hd¡ R¡s¡J N−hoZ¡ pÇf¢LÑa pLm h¡d¡ c§l£Ll−Z plL¡l

J SeNZ−L H¢N−u Bp−a q−hz N−hoZ¡l gm¡gm p¢WLi¡−h hÉhq¡l Ll¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ ¢e−a q−hz LªoL−cl fÐ¢nr−Zl hÉhÙÛ¡ Ll−a q−hz

Bj¡−cl ¢hf¤m Sen¢š² ¢h‘¡e¢i¢š−a föpÇfc m¡mef¡me Ll−a f¡l−mC fª¢bh£l ¢h¢iæ Eæa ®c−nl j−a¡ h¡wm¡−cnJ HL¢ce de£ q−u JW−a f¡l−hz

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq 2

evsjv‡`‡k Mevw`cï I Drcvw`Z `ª‡e¨i cwimsL¨vb

h¡wm¡−c−nl föpÇfc J EfS¡a cÊ−hÉl f¢lpwMÉ¡e h¡wm¡−c−nl föpÇfc J H−cl ®b−L Evf¡¢ca ¢h¢iæ EfS¡a âhÉ HM¡−e p¡l¢Zl j¡dÉ−j ®cM¡−e¡ q−u−Rz

p¡l¢Z 1 x Nh¡¢cföl f¢lpwMÉ¡e (¢j¢mue) J h¡¢oÑL fÐhª¢Ül q¡l

fÐS¡¢a p¡m p¡ÇfÐ¢aL 1960

(Lª¢o f¢lpwMÉ¡e) 1983-’84

(Lª¢o f¢lpwMÉ¡e) 1994-’95 (abÉ¢i¢šL)

h¡¢oÑL fÐhª¢Ül q¡l (%)

Nl¦ 18.96 21.50 23.39 0.08 j¢qo 0.46 0.57 0.80 3.20 R¡Nm 5.66 13.56 32.19 3.50 ®is¡ 0.48 0.67 1.09 3.00 j¤l¢N 15.58 61.09 134.28 6.70 qy¡p 4.52 12.62 13.57 1.50 SepwMÉ¡ 54.53 96.14 120.0 2.24

p¡l¢Z 2 x ®c−n c¤d J j¡w−pl haÑj¡e Evf¡ce J fÐ−u¡Se£ua¡l Ef¡š

fZÉ SefÐ¢a (fÐ¢a¢ce) phÑ−j¡V (h¡¢oÑL) phÑ−j¡V fÐ−u¡Se Evf¡ce fÐ−u¡Se Evf¡ce O¡V¢a O¡V¢al q¡l

c¤d 250 ¢j.¢m. 34.0 ¢j.¢m. 9.90 ¢j¢mue Ve

1.40 ¢j¢mue Ve

8.52 ¢j¢mue Ve

86.4%

j¡wp 60.0 NË¡j 12.6 NË¡j 2.63 ¢j¢mue Ve

0.46 ¢j¢mue Ve

2.18 ¢j¢mue Ve

83.0%

p¡l¢Z 3 x Q¡−ol SeÉ fÐ−u¡Se£u J fÐ¡ç fön¢š² Hhw fÐ¢ahRl Evf¡¢ca ®N¡h−ll HL¢V ¢qp¡h

Q¡−ol SeÉ fÐ−u¡Se£u fön¢š²

Q¡−ol SeÉ fÐ¡ç fön¢š²

h¡¢oÑL Evf¡¢ca ®N¡hl

4942.3 ®jN¡Ju¡V 1372.2 ®jN¡Ju¡V 80.5 ¢j¢mue Ve p¡l¢Z 4 x föpÇfc ®b−L h¡¢oÑL Evf¡¢ca, hÉhq©a J lç¡¢eLªa Q¡js¡l ¢qp¡h

Q¡js¡l Evp f¢lj¡Z (¢j¢mue hNÑ ¢jV¡l) ®c−n hÉhq¡l lç¡¢e ®j¡V

Nl¦ 2.411 10.38 12.855 j¢qo 0.251 --- 0.254 R¡Nm 0.157 1.671 1.837 ®is¡ 0.047 0.003 0.059 ®j¡V 2.866 15.005

* f¡yQ hR−ll Ns ¢qp¡h (1986-'87 ®b−L 1990-'91) Evp x A¡mj, ¢h. Hm. Bl. BC., p¡i¡l, Y¡L¡z p¡ljjÑ x Aa£−a ®cn£ S¡−al Nh¡¢cfö pe¡ae fÜ¢a−a f¡me Ll¡ q−a¡z haÑj¡−e ¢h−cn ®b−L Eæa S¡−al Nl¦ A¡jc¡¢e L−l a¡−cl j¡dÉ−j ®cn£ Nl¦l S¡a Eæue Ll¡ q−µRz haÑj¡−e H−c−n ®hplL¡l£i¡−h 30,000 c¤‡ M¡j¡l ÙÛ¡¢fa q−u−Rz g−m h¡¢oÑL fÐhª¢Ül q¡l f§−hÑl 3.0% ®b−L ®h−s 1995 p¡−m 9.0%-H Eæ£a q−u−Rz föpÇf−cl p¤ù¤ hÉhq¡l Ll−a f¡l−m h¡wm¡−cnJ HL¢ce de£ q−u JW−hz

K…wl I cjøx Dbœqb ¯‹zj 3

Mevw`cï cvjb

f¡−W¡šl j§mÉ¡ue 1.1

p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z föpÇfc Eæu−el g−m h¡wm¡−c−nl h¡¢oÑL fÐhª¢Ül q¡l 1995 p¡−m La ¢Rm?

L) 5.0% M) 9.0% N) 3.0% O) 8.0%

2z 1994-’95 p¡−m h¡wm¡−c−n Nl¦l pwMÉ¡ La ¢Rm?

L) 23.39 ¢j¢mue M) 22.38 ¢j¢mue N) 23.32 ¢j¢mue O) 20.45 ¢j¢mue

3z haÑj¡−e SefÐ¢a LaV¤L¤ c¤d Evf¡¢ca qu?

L) 30.0 ¢j.¢m. M) 35.0 ¢j.¢m. N) 34.0 ¢j.¢m. O) 40.0 ¢j.¢m.

4z 1986-'87 ®b−L 1990-'91 p¡m fkÑ¿¹ N−s h¡wm¡−c−n hÉhq©a Nl¦l Q¡js¡l f¢lj¡Z

La hNÑ ¢jV¡l ¢Rm? L) 2.400 ¢j¢mue M) 2.411 ¢j¢mue N) 2.321 ¢j¢mue O) 2.403 ¢j¢mue



f¡W 1.2 Lª¢o L¡−S Nh¡¢cföl …l¦aÅ

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- Lª¢oL¡−S Nh¡¢cföl fÐaÉr hÉhq¡l hm−a J ¢mM−a f¡l−hez d¡e j¡s¡C, BM j¡s¡C, O¡¢e V¡e¡ fÐiª¢a Lª¢ol p¡−b pÇf¢LÑa L¡−S föl hÉhq¡l

hZÑe¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez

j¡−W npÉ Evf¡ce R¡s¡J Nh¡¢cfö Hhw j¡R Q¡oJ Lª¢oL¡−Sl A¿¹i¤Ñš²z Lª¢ol p¡−b pÇf¢LÑa fÐ¡u fÐ¢a¢V L¡−S Nh¡¢cföl ¢LR¤ e¡ ¢LR¤ Ahc¡e l−u−Rz a−h j¡−W gpm Evf¡c−e Nh¡¢cföl Ahc¡e ph−Q−u ®h¢nz L¡lZ, h¡wm¡−c−nl pLm Lª¢o−k¡NÉ i§¢j k¡¢¿»L Q¡−ol Ad£−e Be¡ Bf¡aa pñh euz H−c−n fön¢š²−L H−Lh¡−l h¡c ¢c−u k¡¢¿»L Q¡−ol fÐQme Ll−a BlJ pju m¡N−hz a¡C Bjl¡ hm−a f¡¢l, H−c−n Lª¢o B−ul ¢pwqi¡NC ¢eiÑl Ll−R föpÇf−cl Jflz fª¢bh£l Eæuen£m ®cn…−m¡−aJ Lª¢oL¡−S fön¢š²l hÉhq¡l quz HL abÉ ®b−L S¡e¡ k¡u, Bj¡−cl ®c−n q¡mQ¡o, N¡¢s V¡e¡ CaÉ¡¢c h¡hc fÐ¡ç n¢š² Hhw ®N¡hl, Qe¡ CaÉ¡¢cl c¡j dl−m föpÇfc S¡a£u AbÑe£¢a−a fÐ¡u 15.0% Ahc¡e l¡−Mz

Lª¢o L¡−S föpÇf−cl ¢hl¡V Ahc¡e l−u−Rz

gpm Evf¡ce Ll¡l SeÉ ®kph L¡−S fÐaÉri¡−h fön¢š²l hÉhq¡l q−u Bp−R −p…−m¡ q−m¡- S¢j−a q¡mQ¡o Ll¡, npÉ−r−a npÉ ¢es¡¢e, föQ¡¢ma f¢lhqZ, S¢j−a ®N¡hl J L−Çf¡ØV p¡−ll hÉhq¡l fÐiª¢az

q¡mQ¡o H−c−n q¡mQ¡−ol L¡−S Nl¦ J

j¢qoC hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quz S¢j−a h£S hf−el f§−hÑ j¡¢V elj Ll¡l SeÉ Q¡o Ll−a quz HSeÉ h¡yn h¡ L¡−Wl °a¢l m¡‰m J jC hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quz p¡d¡lZa oy¡s h¡ j¢qo ¢c−u m¡‰m J jC V¡e¡ quz H−LC q¡mQ¡o h−mz oy¡s, j¢qo fÐiª¢a p¡d¡lZa q¡mQ¡−ol L¡−S hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quz A¡−NL¡l ¢c−e kMe L−ml m¡‰m ¢Rm e¡ aMe q¡mQ¡o pÇf§ZÑi¡−h Nh¡¢cföl Jfl ¢eiÑln£m ¢Rmz haÑj¡e k¡¢¿»L k¤−N S¢j Q¡o Ll¡l SeÉ VÊÉ¡ƒl h¡ L−ml m¡‰m B¢h×L¡l q−u−Rz ¢L¿º Mä Mä S¢j−a VÊÉ¡ƒl Q¡m¡−e¡ k¡u e¡z hÉ¢š²j¡¢mL¡e¡d£−e Ešl¡¢dL¡l p§−œ fÐ¡ç Mä Mä S¢jl pª¢ø quz Hph S¢j−a VÊÉ¡ƒ−ll f¢lh−aÑ föQ¡¢ma m¡‰−ml hÉhq¡l quz H¢nu¡l ¢h¢iæ ®cn, ®kje- i¡la, f¡¢LÙ¹¡e, h¡wm¡−cn, j¡m−u¢nu¡, C−¾c¡−e¢nu¡, ¢jnl fÐiª¢a ¢h¢iæ A’−m HMe fkÑ¿¹ VÊÉ¡ƒl A−fr¡ föQ¡¢ma m¡‰−ml fÐQme ®h¢nz

Bj¡−cl ®c−n oy¡s J j¢qo S¢j Q¡−o hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quz H−c−n 10.82 ¢j¢mue q¡−ml Nl¦ B−Rz N−hoZ¡ ®b−L S¡e¡ k¡u, HL¢V j¢qo fÐaÉq 5 O¾V¡ L¡S Ll−m 520 ®jN¡Ju¡V n¢š² hÉu qu Hhw ®L¡−e¡ ¢hl¢a R¡s¡C HLV¡e¡ L−uLO¾V¡ L¡S Ll−a f¡−lz HL−S¡s¡ hmc °c¢eL HL HLl S¢jl HL-aªa£u¡wn Q¡o Ll−a f¡−lz q¡−ml föl pwMÉ¡l Ai¡h j¡œ 7.85% q−mJ ®j¡V LoÑZ n¢š²l Ai¡h fÐ−u¡S−el a¤me¡u 40.8%z L¡lZ, fÐ¢a¢V föl n¢š² Evf¡ce rja¡ 0.25 qpÑ f¡Ju¡l ®b−L L−j 0.17 qpÑ f¡Ju¡−l cy¡¢s−u−Rz M¡cÉ J fÐSe−el SeÉ Eæaj¡−el oy¡−sl Ai¡hC Hl fÐLªa L¡lZz ®c−n 23.34 ¢j¢mue HLl Lª¢oi§¢jl SeÉ ®j¡V 4942.3 ¢j¢mue ®jN¡Ju¡V n¢š²l fÐ−u¡Sez ¢L¿º, Nh¡¢cfö J AeÉ¡eÉ Evp ®b−L f¡Ju¡ k¡u j¡œ 2922.4 ®jN¡Ju¡Vz HlflJ BlJ 2019.8 ¢j¢mue ®jN¡Ju¡V n¢š²l fÐ−u¡Se ®b−L k¡uz Ae¤n£me (Activity) x dl¦e, A¡fe¡l 5¢V j¢qo A¡−Rz fÊ¢a¢V j¢qo °c¢eL 5 O¾V¡ L−l L¡S Ll m phÑ−j¡V LaV¤L¤ n¢š² hÉu q h?

− −


Mevw`cï cvjb

¢Qœ 1 x Nl¦l p¡q¡−kÉ q¡mQ¡o Ll¡ q−µR fö ®b−L LaV¤L¤ n¢š² f¡Ju¡ k¡−h a¡ ¢eiÑl L−l ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢hou…−m¡l Jflz kb¡- föl °c¢qL °h¢nøÉ, ®c−ql NWe, JSe J S¡az föl M¡cÉ hÉhÙÛ¡fe¡ J ü¡ÙÛÉz Smh¡u¤, a¡fj¡œ¡ J BâÑa¡z ®S¡u¡m J jC−ul BL¡l, JSe J n¡l£¢lL NWe CaÉ¡¢cz

p¡l¢Z 5 x M¡j¡lfÐ¢a J HLlfÐ¢a Evf¡¢ca fön¢š² S¢l−fl HL¢V fÐ¢a−hce

M¡j¡−ll fÐLª¢a/Ù¹l

M¡j¡lfÐ¢a N−s n¢š² Evf¡ceL¡l£ föl pwMÉ¡

N¡¢sl hÉhq¡l (%)

fÐ¢a HL−l n¢š² Evf¡ceL¡l£ föl

oy¡s N¡i£ pwMÉ¡l Ns

i§¢jq£e -- -- -- -- fÐ¡¢¿¹L 0.00 0.33 100.0 1.46 ®R¡V 0.27 0.48 64.0 0.61 j¡T¡¢l 0.58 0.72 55.0 0.36 hs 1.60 0.98 37.0 0.32 pLm M¡j¡l 0.63 0.64 50.0 0.36

Evp x Ju¡¢qc (1985), fön¢š²l fÐ u¡Se£ua¡ ¢el©fe Sl£f fÐLÒf, ¢h.H.Bl.¢p., Y¡L¡z − föQ¡¢ma f¢lhqZ H−c−n NË¡j£Z f¢lhq−Z fÐd¡ea

Nl¦ J j¢q−ol N¡¢s hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quz

Lª¢ol p−‰ f¢lhqZ Ni£li¡−h pÇf¢LÑaz h£S, k¿»f¡¢a, p¡l fÐiª¢a j¡−W Be¡-®eu¡, gpm h¡¢s−a J h¡S¡−l ¢e−u k¡Ju¡ fÐiª¢al SeÉ f¢lhq−Zl fÐ−u¡Sez Hph L¡−Sl SeÉ fª¢bh£l

¢Qœ 2 x NÊ¡j£Z f¢lhq−Z Nh¡¢cfö



¢h¢iæ ®c−n Nl¦l N¡¢s, ®O¡s¡l N¡¢s, j¢q−ol N¡¢sl fÐQme B−Rz Eæuen£m ®c−n ®kph A’−m f¡L¡ l¡Ù¹¡ ®eC ®pM¡eL¡l j¡e¤o föQ¡¢ma f¢lhq−Zl Jfl f¤−l¡f¤¢l ¢eiÑln£mz f¡¢LÙ¹¡e, i¡la, B¢éL¡ J Blh ®cn…−m¡−a föQ¡¢ma f¢lhq−Zl hÉhq¡l hým fÐQ¢maz h¡wm¡−c−nl NË¡j¡’−m fÐQ¤l pwMÉ¡u j¢qo J Nl¦l N¡¢s ®cM¡ k¡uz Lª¢ol ¢h¢iæ L¡−S LªoL fÐd¡ea Hph N¡¢s hÉhq¡l L−lez L¡lZ- ®h¢nli¡N NË¡−j f¡L¡ l¡Ù¹¡ ®eCz c¢lâ LªoL ®h¢n j§mÉ ¢c−u ®j¡Vlk¡e i¡s¡ Ll−a f¡−le e¡z ®r−al BC−ml Efl ¢c−u föQ¡¢ma f¢lhqZ Q¡m¡−e¡ k¡uz

Lª¢ol AeÉ¡eÉ L¡−S föl …l¦aÅ j¡−W gpm Evf¡ce R¡s¡J Lª¢ol p−‰ S¢sa BlJ ¢h¢iæ dl−el L¡S B−R, ®kje- npÉ ¢es¡¢e, d¡e j¡s¡C, BM j¡s¡C, npÉ i¡‰¡−e¡ CaÉ¡¢cz H…−m¡−aJ Nh¡¢cföl hÉhq¡l q−u b¡−Lz npÉ ¢es¡¢e Nl¦l p¡q¡−kÉ j¡l¡L¡¢Q ®V−e

npÉ−r−al BN¡R¡ c§l Ll¡ k¡uz

npÉ−r−al BN¡R¡ f¢l×L¡l e¡ Ll−m n−pÉl r¢a quz BN¡R¡ f¢l×L¡l Ll¡l fÜ¢a−L ¢es¡¢e h−mz HSeÉ L¡W ¢c−u mð¡ ¢Ql¦¢el j−a¡ k¿» °a¢l Ll¡ quz ®cn£u i¡o¡u H¢V−L j¡l¡L¡¢Q h−mz jC J m¡‰−ml j−a¡C j¡l¡L¡¢QJ Nl¦ ¢c−u V¡e¡ quz a¡−a BN¡R¡ E−W B−pz L−uL¢c−el j−dÉC ®p BN¡R¡ ®l±−â ö¢L−u k¡u J j¡W BN¡R¡j¤š² quz

¢Qœ 3 x npÉ ¢es¡¢e−a Nh¡¢cfö

S¢j−a ®N¡hl p¡−ll hÉhq¡l S¢jl EhÑl¡n¢š² hª¢Ü−a l¡p¡u¢eL p¡−ll a¤me¡u ®N¡hl p¡l Ešjz

h¡wm¡−c−nl Lª¢oS¢j ¢ce ¢ce Ae¤hÑl q−µRz Hl L¡lZ q−µR A¯h‘¡¢eL j¡œ¡ J Ae¤f¡−a l¡p¡u¢eL p¡−ll hÉhq¡lz Lª¢oS¢jl EhÑl¡n¢š² ¢g−l ®f−a q−m Nh¡¢cföl ®N¡hl p¡l AaÉ¿¹ fÐ−u¡Sez H p¡l HL¢c−L ®kje j¡¢Vl p¡¢hÑL AhÙÛ¡ Eæa L−l AeÉ¢c−L A¢dL gpm O−l a¤m−a p¡q¡kÉ L−lz L¡−SC fÐ¢a¢V ®r−œC ®cM¡ k¡u, Lª¢o Eæu−e föpÇf−cl i§¢jL¡ Af¢lp£jz

®N¡hl ¢LR¤¢ce j¡¢Vl N−aÑ l¡M−m f−Q Ešj p¡−l l©f¡¿¹¢la quz HV¡ L¡−m¡ l−Pl J j¡¢Vl j−a¡ eljz H p¡l B¢cL¡m ®b−L haÑj¡eL¡m fkÑ¿¹ S¢jl EhÑla¡ hª¢Ü−a fÐbj ÙÛ¡e A¢dL¡l L−l B−Rz ö×L fc¡−bÑl ¢i¢š−a Bj¡−cl ®c−nl ®N¡h−l naLl¡ 1.40-2.0 i¡N e¡C−VÊ¡−Se, 0.90-1.0 i¡N gpgl¡p Hhw 0.70-0.80 i¡N fV¡¢nu¡j b¡−Lz HL Ve ®N¡h−ll ö×L fc¡−bÑ N−s 170 ®L¢S °Sh fc¡bÑ, 4.6 ®L¢S e¡C−VÊ¡−Se, 1.90 ®L¢S gpgl¡p J 1.50 ®L¢S fV¡¢nu¡j f¡Ju¡ k¡uz H−c−nl ®N¡j§−œ 0.04-0.9% e¡C−VÊ¡−Se, 0.13-0.40% fV¡¢nu¡j, 0.02-0.13% gpgl¡p b¡−Lz a−h Nh¡¢cföl ®N¡hl J j§−œl l¡p¡u¢eL NWe AhnÉC M¡−cÉl …Z¡…−Zl Jfl ¢eiÑln£mz h¡wm¡−c−n haÑj¡−e 80 ¢j¢mue Ve L¡yQ¡ h¡ 22 ¢j¢mue Ve öL−e¡ ®N¡hl Evfæ qu k¡ haÑj¡−el l¡p¡u¢eL p¡−ll 10%z


Mevw`cï cvjb

L−Çf¡ØV AaÉ¿¹ Eæaj¡−el p¡lz

L−Çf¡ØV h¡ BhSÑe¡ p¡l Nh¡¢cföl E¢µRø MsL¤V¡ ®b−L L−Çf¡ØV p¡l °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz L−Çf¡ØV AbÑ ®j¡V¡j¤¢V AfQen£m J c§NÑåq£e °Sh fc¡bÑ k¡ h¡u¤l Ef¢ÙÛ¢a−a Eš¡f pª¢øl j¡dÉ−j HL h¡ HL¡¢dL °Sh fc¡−bÑl ¢jnÐZ fQ−el fl Evfæ quz L−Çf¡ØV (compost) mÉ¡¢Ve nëz Nl¦-h¡R¤−ll E¢µRø M¡h¡−ll p−‰ BN¡R¡, LQ¤¢lf¡e¡, n−pÉl Ah¢nø¡wn ¢j¢nÐa L−l L−uL¢V Ù¹−l p¡¢S−u fQ¡−e¡ quz L−Çf¡ØV p¡l S¢j−a BcnÑ °Sh fc¡bÑ ®k¡N L−lz n¡Lnh¢S J g−ml Q¡l¡ S¾j¡−e¡l S−eÉC H p¡l h£Sam¡u hÉhq¡l Ll¡ Af¢lq¡kÑz SÅ¡m¡¢e L¡−S öL−e¡ ®N¡h−ll hÉhq¡l NË¡−j SÅ¡m¡¢e L¡−S hÉ¡fLi¡−h

öL−e¡ ®N¡hl hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quz öL−e¡ ®N¡hl Bj¡−cl NË¡j h¡wm¡u Lªo−Ll O−l Ešj SÅ¡m¡¢e ¢q−p−h hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quz H−c−nl Nl£h LªoL pÇfÐc¡u ¢ea¡¿¹ Ai¡h£z ®L−l¡¢pe ¢Lwh¡ L¡W ®Le¡l j−a¡ p‰¢a a¡−cl ®eCz AbQ Lªo−Ll h¡¢s−a Lª¢ol Be¤p¡¢‰L L¡S, ®kje- d¡e ¢pÜ, j¤¢s h¡ MC i¡S¡ fÐiª¢a−a fÐQ¤l SÅ¡m¡¢el fÐ−u¡Sez p¡d¡lZa öL−e¡ ®N¡hl, N¡−Rl öL−e¡ X¡mf¡m¡ ¢c−u a¡l¡ SÅ¡m¡¢el L¡S Q¡m¡uz HR¡s¡J Nl¦l ®N¡hl ®b−L h¡−u¡NÉ¡p °a¢l L−l SÅ¡m¡¢e ¢q−p−h Hhw Ah¢nø ®N¡hl p¡l ¢q−p−h hÉhq¡l Ll¡ k¡uz HM¡−e d¡e j¡s¡C, BM j¡s¡C, O¡¢e V¡e¡ fÐiª¢a Lª¢oL¡−S fön¢š²l hÉhq¡l pw−r−f B−m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ q−u−Rz d¡e j¡s¡C Nl¦l p¡q¡−kÉ d¡e j¡s¡C Ll¡

quz d¡e j¡s¡C−ul L¡−SJ fön¢š² hÉhq©a quz N¡R ®b−L d¡e R¡s¡−e¡−L d¡e j¡s¡C h−mz d¡e j¡s¡C L¡−S HL−œ A−eL…−m¡ Nl¦ hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quz H fÜ¢a−a j¡−W d¡eN¡R…−m¡ q¡a ¢c−u R¡¢s−u d¡eN¡−Rl ¢hR¡e¡ °a¢l Ll¡ quz ¢hR¡−e¡ d¡−el j¡TM¡−e HL¢V Nl¦ l¡M¡ quz I Nl¦¢Vl pw−N BlJ Nl¦ p¡¢lhÜi¡−h ®hy−d Rs¡−e¡ d¡−el Efl ®O¡l¡−e¡ quz j¡TM¡−el Nl¦¢V J−cl p¡−b B−Ù¹ B−Ù¹ O¤l−a b¡−L Hhw ph…−m¡ Nl¦−L Qœ²¡L¡−l O¤l−a p¡q¡kÉ L−lz Nl¦l f¡ ¢c−u c¢ma j¢ba q−u N¡R ®b−L d¡e Bm¡c¡ q−u B−pz

¢Qœ 4 x Nh¡¢cfö ¢c−u d¡e j¡s¡C

BM j¡s¡C Bj¡−cl ®c−nl hý LªoL BM Q¡o L−lez BM ®b−L …sJ Evf¡ce L−le, ¢h−no L−l, ®kph Hm¡L¡u ¢Q¢el Lm ®eCz BM ®b−L lp ®hl Ll¡l fÜ¢a−L BM j¡s¡C h−mz BM j¡s¡C−ul L¡−S Nh¡¢cfö hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quz



¢Qœ 5 x Nh¡¢cfö ¢c−u BM j¡s¡C

O¡¢e V¡e¡ H−c−nl LªoL−cl j−dÉ Lm¤ e¡−j HL pÇfÐc¡u B−R k¡l¡ ®amh£S ®b−L ®am Evf¡ce L−lez p¢lo¡, ¢am h¡ e¡¢l−Lm ®b−L ®am Evf¡ce Ll¡l SeÉ O¡¢e V¡e¡l L¡−S Nh¡¢cfö hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quz

¢Qœ 6 x Nh¡¢cfö ¢c−u O¡¢e V¡e¡

p¡ljjÑ x Bjl¡ pL−mC S¡¢e h¡wm¡−cn Lª¢o fÐd¡e ®cnz H−c−n Lª¢ol fÐd¡e Ahmðe Nh¡¢cföz Lª¢o Hhw Lª¢o pÇf¢LÑa L¡S, ®kje- q¡mQ¡o, d¡e j¡s¡C, BM j¡s¡C, O¡¢V V¡e¡, f¢lhqZ, ®ra ¢es¡¢e fÐiª¢a L¡−S Nh¡¢cfö hÉhq©a quz H−c−n Lª¢oL¡−S f¤−l¡f¤¢l k−¿»l hÉhq¡l HMeJ pñh qu ¢ez a¡C h¡wm¡−c−nl Lª¢oL¡−S föl hÉhq¡lC fÐd¡ez


Mevw`cï cvjb


p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z h¡wm¡−c−n q¡−ml Nl¦l pwMÉ¡ La?

L) 10.82 ¢j¢mue M) 5.82 ¢j¢mue N) 9.52 ¢j¢mue O) 8.75 ¢j¢mue

2z H−c−n Lª¢oi§¢j Q¡−ol SeÉ La ®jN¡Ju¡V n¢š²l fÐ−u¡Se?

L) 4942.3 ¢j¢mue ®jN¡Ju¡V M) 4912.3 ¢j¢mue ®jN¡Ju¡V N) 4952.3 ¢j¢mue ®jN¡Ju¡V O) 4932.3 ¢j¢mue ®jN¡Ju¡V

3z ®N¡h−l e¡C−VÊ¡−Se J fV¡¢nu¡−jl f¢lj¡Z kb¡œ²−j La?

L) 1.50-2.10% J 0.70-0.80% M) 1.40-2.00% J 0.70-0.80% N) 1.20-1.80% J 0.50-0.70% O) 1.40-2.00% J 0.60-0.70%

4z H−c−n p¢lo¡ ®amh£S ®b−L k¡l¡ ®am Evf¡ce L−le a¡−cl L£ h−m?

L) a¡a£ M) ®N¡u¡m¡ N) ®d¡f¡ O) Lm¤



f¡W 1.3 M¡cÉ Evf¡c−e Nh¡¢cföl …l¦aÅ

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- c¤d J j¡w−pl …Z¡…Z hm−a J ¢mM−a f¡l−hez c¤d J j¡wp Evf¡c−e Nh¡¢cföl …l¦aÅ hZÑe¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez fÐ¡¢ZS B¢jo Evf¡c−e ¢h−nÄ h¡wm¡−c−nl AhÙÛ¡e a¤−m dl−a f¡l−hez B¢j−ol O¡V¢a f§l−Z Bj¡−cl L£ LlZ£u a¡ hÉ¡MÉ¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez

®c−ql ruf§lZ, hª¢Üp¡de J ®cq NW−el SeÉ B¢joS¡a£u M¡−cÉl fÊ−u¡Sez c¤d J j¡wp B¢joS¡a£u M¡cÉz c¤d J j¡wp Bjl¡ Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L ®f−u b¡¢Lz a−h, qy¡pj¤l¢NJ Bj¡−cl j¡wp plhl¡q L−l b¡−Lz

c¤−dl …Z¡…Z c¤d BcnÑ M¡cÉz n¡mc¤−d ®l¡NfÊ¢a−l¡dL AÉ¡¢¾Vh¢X b¡−Lz c¤d−L BcnÑ M¡cÉ hm¡ quz h¡µQ¡ fÐp−hl fl ®b−L 3-4 ¢ce fkÑ¿¹ Evfæ Nh¡¢cföl c¤d−L

n¡mc¤d h¡ LmØVÊ¡j h−mz H−a M¢ZSfc¡bÑ, ¢iV¡¢je-H J ®l¡NfÐ¢a−l¡dL AÉ¡¢¾Vh¢X b¡−Lz ü¡i¡¢hL c¤−dl a¤me¡u LmØVÊ¡−j B¢j−ol f¢lj¡Z 3-5 …Z, Q¢hÑ fÐ¡u ¢à…Z Hhw M¢ZSfc¡bÑ J ¢iV¡¢je A−eL ®h¢n f¢lj¡−Z b¡−Lz a−h, h¡µQ¡ S¾j qJu¡l fl pj−ul p¡−b LmØVÌ¡−jl NWe f¢lh¢aÑa quz H c¤d f¡−e h¡µQ¡l ®f−V S−j b¡L¡ jm ®hl q−u k¡uz M¡h¡−l l¦¢Q B−pz j¡e¤o h¡ föl h¡µQ¡l nl£l ¢WLj−a¡ hª¢Ül SeÉ ®kph A¢a fÐ−u¡Se£u AÉ¡j¡C−e¡ AÉ¡¢pX clL¡l ®p…−m¡pq c¤−dl B¢j−o ph dl−el AÉ¡j¡C−e¡ AÉ¡¢pXC B−Rz E¢ác B¢j−o m¡C¢pe, ¢j¢bJ¢ee J ¢ppÚ¢V−el Ai¡h l−u−R ¢hd¡u h¡µQ¡−cl p¤ù¤i¡−h hª¢Ül SeÉ ¢eu¢ja c¤d f¡e Ll¡−e¡ E¢Qaz Ae¤l©fi¡−h, c¤−dl Q¢hÑ−a A¢a fÐ−u¡Se£u gÉ¡¢V AÉ¡¢pXpq (¢m−e¡¢mL J ¢m−e¡−m¢eL AÉ¡¢pX) AeÉ¡eÉ gÉ¡¢V AÉ¡¢pX…−m¡J B−Rz Nh¡¢cföl j−dÉ Bj¡−cl ®c−n c¤−dl SeÉ N¡i£, R¡Nm J j¢qo fÐ¢pÜz Hph föl c¤−dl j−dÉ p¡j¡eÉ a¡lajÉ f¢lm¢ra quz HM¡−e N¡i£l LmØVÌ¡j, c¤d Hhw ¢h¢iæ föl c¤−dl j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ ®cM¡−e¡ q−u−Rz

p¡l¢Z 6 x N¡i£l LmØVÌ¡j, c¤d Hhw ¢h¢iæ föl c¤−d Ef¢ÙÛa f¤¢ø Ef¡c¡epj§−ql q¡l

N¡i£l LmØVÊ¡j/ ¢h¢iæ föl c¤d

ö×L fc¡bÑ (%)

A¡¢jo (%)

Q¢hÑ (%)

nLÑl¡ (%)

M¢ZS J AeÉ¡eÉ âhÉ (%)

f¡¢e (%)

N¡i£l LmØVÊ¡j 25.9 17.6 5.1 2.2 1.0 74.1 N¡i£l c¤d 12.6 3.4 3.7 4.8 0.7 87.4 R¡N−ml c¤d 14.3 3.7 4.8 5.0 0.8 85.7 j¢q−ol c¤d 15.8 3.7 6.5 4.8 0.8 84.2

c¤d Evf¡c−e föl …l¦aÅ Nh¡¢cföl c¤d ®b−L ¢h¢iæ

dl−el M¡cÉâhÉ °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz Ù¹eÉf¡u£ fÐ¡Z£ h¡µQ¡ fÐp−hl fl Ù¹e NË¢¿Û ®b−L c¤d ¢exple L−lz p¡d¡lZa fª¢bh£l ¢h¢iæ ®c−n Nl¦, j¢qo, R¡Nm, ®is¡, E−Vl c¤d M¡cÉ ¢q−p−h hÉhq©a quz a−h, Bj¡−cl ®c−n fÐd¡ea Nl¦, j¢qo J R¡N−ml c¤dC M¡cÉ ¢q−p−h hÉhq©a quz c¤d Evf¡c−e N¡i£l …l¦aÅ N¡i£−L j¡eh S¡¢al c¤‡j¡a¡ hm¡ quz ®N¡pÇfcpjªÜ ®c−n °Sh B¢j−ol HL-

aªa£u¡wn pwNªq£a qu N¡i£l c¤d ®b−Lz N¡i£l c¤−dl hÉhp¡ AaÉ¿¹ m¡iSeLz N¡i£l c¤d ®b−L f¢el, j¡Me, ¢O, ®LL, ¢hú¤V,

f¤¢Xw, ¢j¢ø, p−¾cn, f¡−un Hhw BlJ hý¢hd p¤ü¡c¤ M¡h¡l °a¢l L−l hÉhp¡ Ll¡ k¡uz a¡−a S£¢hL¡ ¢ehÑ¡q J LjÑpwÙÛ¡−el fb quz

…y−s¡ c¤d, Q−L¡−mV J ö×L ¢j¢ø M¡h¡l lç¡¢e L−l °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll¡ k¡uz


Mevw`cï cvjb

c¤−dl O¡V¢a ®jV¡−a h¡wm¡−c−n c¤d Bjc¡¢el HL¢V fÐ¢a−hce HM¡−e a¤−m dl¡ q−u−Rz p¡l¢Z 7 x h¡wm¡−cn LaÑªL …−s¡ c¤d Bjc¡¢e (1985-’86 ®b−L 1989-’90 p¡m)

hvpl f¢lj¡Z (®j¢VÊL Ve) j§mÉ (¢j¢mue V¡L¡)

1985-'86 54821 1828 1986-'87 59640 2067 1987-'88 56000 2120 1988-'89 70000 3200 1989-'90 65000 4500 1994-'95 - 1400

Evp x fÔÉ¡¢ew ®pLn¡e, ¢jó ¢iV¡, Y¡L¡z c¤d Evf¡c−e R¡N−ml …l¦aÅ R¡N−ml c¤d pqSf¡QÉ; hªÜ J ®l¡N£−cl SeÉ ¢h−no EfL¡l£z R¡Nm h¡wm¡−c−n Nl£−hl N¡i£ ¢q−p−h f¢l¢Qaz c¤xÙÛ j¢qm¡, ¢hšq£e, i§¢jq£e J k¡−cl

N¡i£ ®Le¡l rja¡ ®eC a¡l¡ R¡Nm f¡me L−l c¤−dl fÐ−u¡Se ®jV¡u Abh¡ c¤d ¢h¢œ² L−l S£¢hL¡ ¢ehÑ¡q L−lz

c¤d Evf¡c−e j¢q−ol …l¦aÅ 1983 p¡−m ¢h−nÄ Evf¡¢ca c¤−dl 5.2% ¢Rm j¢q−olz j¢q−ol c¤−d Nl¦l c¤d A−fr¡ f¡¢el f¢lj¡Z Lj Hhw Q¢hÑl f¢lj¡Z ®h¢nz H °h¢n−øÉl

SeÉ j¢q−ol c¤d ®b−L ¢O, c¢d, j¡Me, f¢el fÐiª¢a ¢h−noi¡−h fÐÙ¹¤a quz i¡la hÉa£a ¢h−nÄl AeÉ¡eÉ ®c−n j¢q−ol c¤d J c¤‡S¡a â−hÉl Evf¡ce, plhl¡q J

¢hfee hÉhÙÛ¡l SeÉ ®L¡−e¡ ü£Lªa j¡ecä ®eCz Ae¤n£me (Activity) x Nl¦, R¡Nm J j¢q−ol c¤−dl …Z¡…Z i¡−m¡i¡ h f−s M¡a¡u H… m¡l HL¢V f¡bÑLÉp§QL p¡l¢Z °a¢l Ll¦ez

− −

j¡wp Evf¡c−e Nh¡¢cföl …l¦aÅ r¤d¡ ¢ehª¢š R¡s¡J j¡wp ®c−ql

ruf§lZ, hª¢Üp¡de J ®cq NW−e pq¡ua¡ L−lz

fÐ¡Q£eL¡m ®b−LC föl j¡wp j¡e¤−ol M¡cÉ ¢q−p−h hÉhq¡l q−u Bp−Rz B¢cj …q¡h¡p£ j¡e¤o ®hy−Q b¡L¡l SeÉ ®kph M¡cÉ NÊqZ Lla a¡l j−dÉ j¡wpC fÐd¡e ¢Rmz a¡l¡ AhnÉ r¤d¡ ¢ehª¢šl SeÉ j¡wp ire Llaz H k¤−N r¤d¡ ¢ehª¢š R¡s¡J j¡w−pl f¤¢ø…−Zl SeÉ M¡cÉ ¢q−p−h H¢V NÊqZ Ll¡ quz H¢V EvLªø B¢jo J ®M−a p¤ü¡c¤ k¡ ®c−ql ruf§lZ, hª¢Üp¡de J ®cq NW−e pq¡ua¡ L−lz j¡wp ®b−L e¡e¡¢hd jS¡c¡l M¡h¡l, ®kje- Qf, L¡V−mV, L¡h¡h, ®l¡ØV fÐiª¢a °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz j¡w−pl …Z¡hm£ V¡VL¡ j¡w−p 15-20% B¢jo b¡−Lz H−a A¢a fÐ−u¡Se£u pLm AÉ¡j¡C−e¡ AÉ¡¢pX ¢hcÉj¡ez j¡w−pl p−‰ m¡N¡−e¡ Q¢hÑ n¢š²l Evp ¢q−p−h L¡S L−lz j¡wp M¢ZSfc¡−bÑl Evpz H−a LÉ¡m¢pu¡j J gpgl¡p fÐQ¤l f¢lj¡−Z b¡−L k¡ cy¡a

NW−e pq¡uL ®L¡−ol AiÉ¿¹−l Y¤−L a¡−a l−š²l r¡la¡ ¢ÙÛ¢an£m L−l Hhw pÀ¡u¤n¢š² ®k¡N¡uz j¡w−p ®m¡q¡ b¡−L k¡ lš²n§eÉa¡ c§l L−lz ¢iV¡¢j−el j−dÉ b¡u¡¢je, ¢iV¡¢je-¢h12 fÐiª¢a fÐQ¤l f¢lj¡−Z b¡−L h−m j¡wp−L ¢iV¡¢je-¢h Lj−fÔ−„l Evp h−mz



p¡l¢Z 8 x ¢h¢iæ fÐS¡¢al Nh¡¢cföl j¡wp J c¤−d f¤¢øl f¢lj¡Z

M¡−cÉl e¡j fÐ¢a 100 NË¡−j f¤¢øl f¢lj¡Z n¢š² (¢L−m¡LÉ¡m¢l) A¡¢jo (%) Q¢hÑ (%) nLÑl¡ (%)

®N¡j¢q−ol j¡wp (Beef) 114.0 22.6 2.6 --

R¡Nm−is¡l j¡wp (Mutton) 118.0 21.4 3.6 --

c¤d (Milk) 67.0 3.2 4.1 4.4 j¡wp Evf¡c−e R¡N−ml …l¦aÅ H−c−nl ®h‰m R¡N−ml j¡wp

A¢a Eæaj¡−elz ®h‰m R¡N−ml j¡wp AaÉ¿¹ p¤ü¡c¤z H−c−n R¡N−ml j¡w−pl Q¡¢qc¡ M¤h ®h¢nz p¡l¡−c−n fÐ¢a¢ce hý R¡Nm Sh¡C quz R¡N−ml j¡wp h¡S¡−l EµQj§−mÉ ¢h¢œ² quz h¡wm¡−cn R¡s¡J ¢h−nÄl AeÉ¡eÉ ®c−nJ H R¡N−ml j¡w−pl ®hn Q¡¢qc¡ l−u−Rz R¡N−ml j¡wp pwl¢ra AhÙÛ¡u ¢h−c−n Ae¡u¡−p lç¡¢e L−l fÐQ¤l °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll¡ k¡uz ¢L¿º c¤x−Ml ¢hou haÑj¡−e Bj¡−cl ®c−n H R¡N−ml pwMÉ¡ hª¢Ül q¡l Ljz ®h‰m R¡Nm ¢c−u H−c−nl j¡w−pl Q¡¢qc¡ ®jV¡−e¡ M¤h pqS L¡lZ Hl¡ fÐ¢ah¡−l 2-4¢V h¡µQ¡ ¢c−a prjz Lj hÉ−u Ešj j¡wp ®f−a q−m R¡Nm f¡me Ll¡ E¢Qaz H−cl f¡m−e MlQ Lj AbQ m¡i ®h¢nz B¢j−ol Q¡¢qc¡ ®jV¡−a R¡N−ml …l¦aÅ Af¢lp£jz j¡wp Evf¡c−e Nl¦l …l¦aÅ fª¢bh£l hý ®c−n ®N¡j¡wp ¢fÐu M¡cÉz ®N¡j¡wp ®b−L Qf, L¡h¡h, L¡V−mV, h¡NÑ¡l Hhw BlJ e¡e¡ dl−el M¡h¡l °a¢l quz j¤p¢mj ®cn…−m¡−a ®k ®L¡−e¡ ®i¡−S ®N¡j¡w−pl i§e¡ Bm¡c¡ jkÑ¡c¡ m¡i L−l−Rz BSL¡m öL−e¡ J c¤hÑm oy¡s−L 3-4 j¡p i¡−m¡ M¡cÉ M¡C−u ®j¡V¡a¡S¡ Ll¡ quz h¡wm¡−c−nl j−a¡ Eæuen£m Sehým ®c−n H LjÑL¡ä B¢jo O¡V¢a f§l−Z ¢hl¡V i§¢jL¡ f¡me Ll−hz j¡wp Evf¡c−e ®is¡l …l¦aÅ ®is¡l j¡wpJ p¤ü¡c¤z ®is¡ R¡N−ml a¤me¡u ¢ejÀj¡−el M¡cÉ ®M−u S£hed¡lZ Ll−a f¡−lz Lj Ml−Q pq−S ®is¡ f¡me Ll¡ k¡uz j¡w−pl Q¡¢qc¡ ®jV¡−a ®is¡l i§¢jL¡J Lj euz ®is¡ f¡me Ll−m j¡w−pl SeÉ R¡N−ml Efl Q¡f Lj−hz a¡C B¢j−ol Q¡¢qc¡ f§lZ Ll−a ®is¡l …l¦aÅJ Lj euz j¡wp Evf¡c−e j¢q−ol …l¦aÅ AeÉ¡eÉ Nh¡¢cfö A−fr¡ j¢qo hs BL¡−ll fÐ¡Z£z ®pSeÉ föfÐ¢a j¡wp Evf¡c−e j¢q−ol ÙÛ¡e ph¡l Ef−lz 24 j¡−pl Lj hu−pl j¢q−ol j¡wp Nl¦l j¡w−pl j−a¡C p¤ü¡c¤z H−c−nl ¢hf¤m Se−N¡¢ùl B¢j−ol Q¡¢qc¡ ®jV¡−a a¡C Nl¦l f¡n¡f¡¢n j¢q−ol j¡wp Evf¡ce J hÉhq¡−l fc−rf ®eu¡ E¢Qaz haÑj¡−e Bj¡−cl ®c−nl naLl¡ 80% ®m¡L B¢j−ol Ai¡hS¢ea ®l¡−N i§N−Rz AeÉ¡eÉ Nh¡¢cföl p¡−b j¢q−ol pwMÉ¡ h¡¢s−u ¢h‘¡epÇjai¡−h j¡wp M¡Ju¡l fÐQme Ll−a f¡l−m H−c−nl B¢j−ol Q¡¢qc¡ f§l−Z p¡q¡kÉ q−hz j¢qo f¡m−e ¢h−no ¢LR¤ p¤¢hd¡J B−Rz ®kje- fÐ¢aL§m f¢l−h−n Hl¡ ®hy−Q b¡L−a f¡−l, H−cl ®l¡Nh¡m¡C Lj qu, ®l¡NfÐ¢a−l¡d rja¡ ®h¢n, Nl¦l a¤me¡u ¢ejÀj¡−el M¡cÉ ®M−u S£hed¡lZ Ll−a f¡−lz Eæa M¡cÉ fÐc¡e Ll−m Ae¤L§m f¢l−h−n 8-9 j¡p hu−pl j¢q−ol h¡R¤l °c¢eL HL ®L¢S f¢lj¡Z °c¢qL JSe hª¢Ü Ll−a f¡−lz fÐ¡¢ZS B¢jo Evf¡c−e ¢h−nÄ h¡wm¡−c−nl AhÙÛ¡e Bj¡−cl ®c−n fÐ¡¢ZS B¢j−ol k−bø O¡V¢a l−u−Rz H−c−n SefÐ¢a ¯c¢eL Ljf−r 62 NË¡j fÐ¡¢ZS B¢jo M¡Ju¡ E¢Qaz AbQ Bjl¡ f¡¢µR j¡œ 4.9 NË¡j k¡l j−dÉ föf¡¢M ®b−L B−p j¡œ 1.8 NË¡jz fÐ¡¢ZS B¢j−ol H O¡V¢al L¡l−Z hý ¢nö Af¤¢øS¢ea ®l¡−N i§N−Rz 1990 p¡m fkÑ¿¹ fÐ¢a hRl ¢h−cn ®b−L 60-70 q¡S¡l ®j¢VÊL Ve …−s¡ c¤d Bjc¡¢e Ll¡ q−u−Rz


Mevw`cï cvjb

AhnÉ C−a¡j−dÉC ®c−n ®hplL¡l£i¡−h c¤‡ M¡j¡l N−s JW¡u 1995 p¡−m Bjc¡¢el f¢lj¡Z fÐ¡u 70% L−j ®N−Rz a−h …y−s¡ c¤d Bjc¡¢e pÇf§ZÑi¡−h hå qJu¡ E¢Qaz HSeÉ M¡j¡−ll pwMÉ¡ J Evf¡ce BlJ h¡s¡−e¡ fÐ−u¡Sez S¡¢apw−Ol M¡cÉ J Lª¢o pwÙÛ¡l 1985 p¡−ml f¢lpwMÉ¡e Ae¤p¡−l Bj¡−cl ®c−nl p−‰ Eæa ®c−nl SefÐ¢a B¢j−ol fÐ¡fÉa¡l HL¢V Be¤f¡¢aL ¢qp¡h HM¡−e ®cM¡−e¡ q−u−Rz

°c¢eL SefÐ¢a 62 NË¡j fÐ¡¢ZS B¢j−ol fÐ−u¡Se q−mJ föf¡¢M ®b−L haÑj¡−e f¡¢µR j¡œ 1.8 NË¡jz

p¡l¢Z 9 x ¢h−nÄl ¢h¢iæ ®c−n SefÐ¢a B¢j−ol fÐ¡fÉa¡l q¡l

®c−nl e¡j °c¢eL SefÐ¢a ®j¡V B¢jo (NË¡j) °c¢eL SefÐ¢a fÐ¡¢ZS B¢jo (NË¡j)

h¡wm¡−cn 40.3 4.90 i¡la 50.8 5.80 S¡f¡e 92.3 50.6 B−j¢lL¡ 106.0 71.0

Evp x S¡¢apw Ol M¡cÉ J Lª¢o pwÙÛ¡, 1985z − h¡wm¡−c−n B¢j−ol O¡V¢a f§l−Z Bj¡−cl LlZ£u h¡wm¡−c−n B¢j−ol O¡V¢a f§l−Z ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢hou…−m¡ AhnÉC f¡me Ll−a q−hz kb¡- c¤d J j¡wp M¡j¡l hÉhp¡−L m¡iSeL q¡−l h¡s¡−e¡l SeÉ plL¡l£ e£¢a ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll−a

q−hz ®c−n A¢dL Evf¡cen£m Nh¡¢cföl pwMÉ¡ h¡s¡−a q−hz pe¡ae fÜ¢a−a fö f¡me hSÑe Ll−a q−hz Bd¤¢eL fö f¡me fÜ¢a Sep¡d¡l−Zl j−dÉ fÐQ¡l Ll−a q−hz A¢dL¡wn Nh¡¢cföl ®hm¡u Nl¦ ®j¡V¡a¡S¡LlZ fÜ¢al j−a¡ LjÑL¡ä Ae¤plZ Ll−a

q−hz ®c−nl ®hL¡l k¤hL−cl Eæa fÜ¢a−a föpÇfc ¢ho−u fÐ¢nrZ fÐc¡e Ll−a q−hz ®is¡ J j¢q−ol j¡w−pl ®NÊ−Xne L−l h¡S¡lS¡aLl−Zl hÉhÙÛ¡ NËqZ Ll−a q−hz c¤d J j¡wp pwlrZ J h¡S¡lS¡aLl−Zl plL¡l£ e£¢aj¡m¡ fÐeuZ Ll−a q−hz föpÇfc N−hoZ¡ LjÑp§¢Q BlJ ®S¡lc¡l Ll−a q−hz föpÇfc ¢h‘¡e phÑÙ¹−l h¡dÉa¡j§mL Ll−a q−hz föf¡¢Ml M¡cÉ J ¢Q¢Lvp¡l p¤−k¡N h¡s¡−a q−hz föpÇfc Eæu−e plL¡−ll ¢h¢e−u¡N BlJ h¡s¡−a q−hz

p¡ljjÑ x M¡cÉ Evf¡c−e Nh¡¢cföl …l¦aÅ Af¢lp£jz L¡lZ, c¤d J j¡wp fª¢bh£l ph j¡e¤−olC AeÉaj fÐd¡e M¡cÉ k¡ R¡Nm, Nl¦, j¢qo, ®is¡ ab¡ Nh¡¢cfö ®b−LC f¡Ju¡ k¡uz Bj¡−cl ®c−n B¢joS¡a£u M¡−cÉl Ai¡h fÐLVz H Ai¡h c§l£Ll−Zl SeÉ Nh¡¢cfö f¡m−e Bj¡−cl−L kaÁn£m q−a q−hz ®pSeÉ fÐ−u¡Se fö f¡m−e ¢h‘¡e J fÐk¤¢š²l hÉhq¡lz




p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z E¢ác B¢j−o ®L¡eÚ AÉ¡j¡C−e¡ AÉ¡¢p−Xl Ai¡h l−u−R?

L) m¡C¢pe J ¢ppÚ¢Ve M) m¡C¢pe, ¢j¢bJ¢ee J ¢ppÚ¢Ve N) NÔ¡C¢pe J ¢q¢ØV¢Xe O) ¢q¢ØV¢Xe J m¡C¢pe

2z c¤−dl Q¢hÑl fÐ−u¡Se£u gÉ¡¢V AÉ¡¢pX c¤−V¡l e¡j L£? L) ¢m−e¡¢mL J ¢m−e¡−m¢eL AÉ¡¢pX M) ¢m−e¡¢mL J AÉ¡pÚLl¢hL AÉ¡¢pX N) p¡C¢VÊL J AÉ¡pÚLl¢hL AÉ¡¢pX O) ¢m−e¡−m¢eL J p¡C¢VÊL AÉ¡¢pX

3z V¡VL¡ j¡w−p La % B¢jo b¡−L?

L) 15-20% M) 10-14% N) 15-25% O) 20-22%

4z ®L¡eÚ hu−pl j¢q−ol j¡wp Nl¦l j−a¡C p¤ü¡c¤?

L) 12 j¡−pl ®h¢n hu−pl M) 18 j¡p hu−pl N) 24 j¡−pl Lj hu−pl O) 30 j¡p hu−pl

5z h¡wm¡−c−n SefÐ¢a °c¢eL B¢jo fÐ¡fÉa¡l f¢lj¡Z La?

L) 5.80 NË¡j M) 4.90 NË¡j N) 7.80 NË¡j O) 6.50 NË¡j


Mevw`cï cvjb

f¡W 1.4 °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑ−e Nh¡¢cföl …l¦aÅ

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑ−el AbÑ hm−a f¡l−hez Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L Evf¡¢ca lç¡¢e−k¡NÉ âhÉ¡¢cl e¡j Hhw Hph âhÉ¡¢c lç¡¢e L−l

h¡wm¡−cn L£ f¢lj¡Z °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll−R a¡ hm−a f¡l−hez Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑ−e h¡wm¡−cn ®Le ¢f¢R−u B−R a¡l L¡lZ hÉ¡MÉ¡

Ll−a f¡l−hez Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑ−e h¡wm¡−cn L£ fc−rf NÊqZ Ll−a f¡−l J H j¤â¡

ASÑ−e Bj¡−cl ®c−n L£ p¤¢hd¡ B−R a¡ a¤−m dl−a f¡l−hez °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑ−e Nh¡¢cföl ®hn …l¦aÅ l−u−Rz HL¢V ®c−nl fZÉâhÉ AeÉ−c−n lç¡¢e L−l ®k j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll¡ qu a¡−L °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ h−mz p¡d¡lZa ¢e−Sl ®c−nl Q¡¢qc¡ ®jV¡−e¡l fl h¡s¢a Awn ¢h−c−n lç¡¢e Ll¡ quz Nh¡¢cfö Hje HL pÇfc k¡ ®b−L ®k ®L¡−e¡ ®cn °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll−a f¡−lz HSeÉ fÐ−u¡Se qu öd¤ H pÇf−cl Efl ¢h‘¡e J fÐk¤¢š²l hÉhq¡lz Eæa ®cn…−m¡l ¢c−L cª¢ø ¢c−m ®cM¡ k¡u a¡l¡ ¢h‘¡epÇjai¡−h fö f¡me L−l föS¡a cÊ−hÉl Q¡¢qc¡ ¢j¢V−u h¡s¢a Awn ¢h−c−n lç¡¢e Ll−Rz Hi¡−h a¡l¡ fÐQ¤l °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll−Rz ®k ®cn ka ®h¢n BLoÑZ£u J Eæaj¡−el Hhw A¢dL q¡−l fZÉâhÉ Evf¡ce Ll−a f¡l−R ¢hnÄh¡S¡l ®b−L ®p ®cn aa ®h¢n j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll−a f¡l−Rz Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L Evf¡¢ca lç¡¢e−k¡NÉ âhÉp¡jNË£ Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L ¢h¢iæ dl−el

A¡LoÑZ£u âhÉp¡jNË£ Evf¡¢ca qu k¡ lç¡¢e L−l fÐQ¤l °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll¡ k¡uz

Nh¡¢cföl EfS¡a âhÉ ®b−L ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma lç¡¢e−k¡NÉ âhÉp¡jNË£ °a¢l L−l a¡ ®b−L fÐQ¤l °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll¡ k¡uz kb¡- pwl¢ra c¤d J j¡wpz ®is¡l fnj ®b−L Ešj n£ahÙ» °a¢l quz CE−l¡f, A−ØVÌ¢mu¡, L¡e¡X¡, ¢eE¢SmÉ¡ä,

B−j¢lL¡ fÐiª¢a ®cn ®is¡l fnj ®b−L Ešj L¡fs °a¢l L−l k¡ fª¢bh£l phÑœC lç¡¢e quz a−h, A¡j¡−cl ®c−nl ®is¡l fnj ¢ejÀj¡−el qJu¡u H ®b−L lç¡¢e−k¡NÉ âhÉp¡jNË£ °a¢l qu e¡z

föl Q¡js¡ ®b−L ®i−e¢V hÉ¡N, Bph¡hfœ, h¡cÉk¿», ®Mme¡, ®p±¢Me âhÉ R¡s¡J ApwMÉ âhÉp¡jNË£ °a¢l Ll¡ quz

¢nw, M¤l J q¡s ®b−L ¢Sm¡¢Ve, A¡W¡, Nqe¡, ¢Ql¦¢e, ®h¡a¡j, R¡a¡ J R¤¢ll h¡V, q¡−sl …s¡ ®b−L p¡l fÐiª¢a °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz

föl l−š² M¢ZSfc¡bÑ, ql−j¡e J AeÉ¡eÉ M¡cÉ Ef¡c¡e b¡−Lz lš² pwNËq L−l ö¢L−u j¡e¤o J föl M¡cÉ °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz lš² ®b−L ®L¡m¡−Se °a¢l Ll¡ quz

föl r¤â¡¿¹ ®b−L p¡¢SÑLÉ¡m p¤−a¡, ®V¢ep lÉ¡−LV ¢ØVÌw, ¢jE¢SLÉm ¢ØVÊw fÐiª¢a °a¢l quz

cy¡a ¢c−u ®h¡a¡j, ¢Ql¦¢e fÐiª¢a ¯a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz Q¢hÑ ®b−L ®j¡jh¡¢a, ¢NÔp¡¢le, p¡h¡e, m¤¢hÐLÉ¡¢Vw ®am, ¢peÚ−b¢VL l¡h¡l J fÔ¡¢ØVL °a¢l

quz ANÀ¡nu (Pancreas) ®b−L Cep¤¢me °a¢l quz AÉ¡−XÊe¡m NË¢¿Û (Adrenal gland) ®b−L Jo¤d °a¢l quz föl Q¤m ®b−L hÐ¡n, hÙ», Lª¢œj Q¤m fÐiª¢a °a¢l Ll¡ quz

Ae¤n£me (Activity) x Nh¡¢cfö EfS¡a ®b−L Evf¡¢ca lç¡¢e k¡NÉ âhÉp¡jNË£l pw¢rç HL¢V a¡¢mL¡ °a¢l L−l ¢VEVl−L ®cM¡ez

−



A−ØVÌ¢mu¡, L¡e¡X¡, ¢eE¢SmÉ¡ä Hhw CE−l¡−fl ¢h¢iæ ®cn c¤d, j¡wp J EfS¡a cÊhÉ ®b−L °a¢l ¢h¢iæ M¡cÉâhÉ ¢h−c−n lç¡¢e L−l hý °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll−Rz H¢nu¡l j−dÉ i¡la, f¡¢LÙ¹¡e, j¡m−u¢nu¡ j¡wp J c¤d jdÉfÊ¡−QÉ lç¡¢e Ll−Rz föpÇfc ®b−L °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑ−e h¡wm¡−c−nl haÑj¡e AhÙÛ¡ Q¡js¡ lç¡¢e L−l h¡wm¡−cn

fÐ¢ahRl 500 ¢j¢mue V¡L¡ Ef¡SÑe L−lz

h¡wm¡−cn HLh¡l V¡VL¡ J ®XÊpX j¡wp ¢h−c−n lç¡¢e L−l¢Rm k¡ e¡e¡ L¡l−Z haÑj¡−e hå l−u−Rz h¡wm¡−c−n hR−l fÐ¡u 5115 Ve föl q¡s Evf¡¢ca q−µRzHL¢V ®cn£u ®L¡Çf¡¢e 1990 p¡−m 1894 Ve q¡−sl …s¡ lç¡¢e L−l 10.71 ¢j¢mue V¡L¡ Ef¡SÑe L−l−Rz haÑj¡−e h¡wm¡−c−n fÐ¡u ¢hn¢Vl j−a¡ q¡s …s¡ Ll¡l L¡lM¡e¡ l−u−Rz ®c−nl Q¡¢qc¡ ¢j¢V−u h¡wm¡−cn ¢h−c−n Q¡js¡ lç¡¢e Ll−Rz Q¡js¡ Evf¡c−el 81% J−uV hÔ¤ (wet blue) ¢h−c−n lç¡¢e quz 1990 p¡−ml f¢lpwMÉ¡−e ®cM¡ k¡u, h¡wm¡−cn Q¡js¡ lç¡¢e L−l 5378 ¢j¢mue V¡L¡l pjf¢lj¡Z °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe L−l−Rz ®p pju lç¡¢e â−hÉl j−dÉ Q¡js¡ aªa£u ÙÛ¡e A¢dL¡l L−l¢Rmz h¡wm¡−cn öd¤ Q¡js¡ ®b−LC fÐ¢ahRl 500 ¢j¢mue V¡L¡l pjf¢lj¡Z °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe L−l b¡−Lz

¢Qœ 7 x Q–NË¡j p¡j¤¢âL h¾c−ll j¡dÉ−j Nh¡¢cföl Q¡js¡ J Q¡js¡S¡a âhÉ ¢h−c−n lç¡¢e q−µR

°h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑ−e h¡wm¡−cn ®Le ¢f¢R−u °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑ−e ¢h−c−nl a¤me¡u A¡jl¡ A−eL ¢f¢R−u B¢Rz Hl L¡lZ…−m¡ pw−r−f HM¡−e ®cu¡ q−u−Rz kb¡- föpÇfc Eæu−e plL¡−ll e£¢a fÐeu−Z j¿Ûl N¢a J üÒf ¢h¢e−u¡Nz j¡e¤o nqlj¤M£ qJu¡u fö f¡m−e Ae£q¡ ®cM¡ ¢c−u−Rz föpÇfc Eæu−el d¡l¡ AhÉ¡qa l¡M¡l SeÉ Efk¤š² h¡S¡l hÉhÙÛ¡l Ai¡hz ®m¡LpwMÉ¡ hª¢Ü f¡Ju¡u Q¡lZi§¢j L−j ®N−Rz fö M¡−cÉl Ai¡h J c¡¢lâa¡l L¡l−Z fö f¡m−el fÐ¢a j¡e¤−ol BNËq L−j ®N−Rz h¡Ù¹hj¤M£ N−hoZ¡l Ai¡h, N−hoZ¡mì ‘¡e fÐ−u¡−N e¡e¡ dl−el h¡d¡, ®kje- AbÑ¡i¡h,

hÉ¢š²Na à¾cÄ, Evp¡−ql Ai¡h, ¢qwp¡-¢h−ào fÐiª¢az fö J föS¡a â−hÉl p¢WL j§mÉj¡e ¢edÑ¡lZ e¡ Ll¡u fö hÉhp¡¢u−cl j−dÉ qa¡n¡

pª¢øz °h‘¡¢eL Ef¡−u föl EfS¡a â−hÉl pwNËq J pwlr−Zl Ai¡hz fö EfS¡a âhÉ hÉhq¡−ll Efl N−hoZ¡l Ai¡hz npÉ EfS¡apq AeÉ¡eÉ föM¡cÉ lç¡¢e Ll¡z


Mevw`cï cvjb

h¡wm¡−c−nl Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll¡l Ef¡u ¢hnÄh¡S¡−l h¡wm¡−c−nl ®h‰m R¡N−ml Q¡js¡l fÐQ¤l Q¡¢qc¡z L¡−SC Hl Evf¡ce h¡¢s−u A¢dL f¢lj¡−Z ¢h−c−n lç¡¢e Ll¡ ®k−a f¡−lz c¤d Evf¡ce h¡¢s−u a¡ ®b−L c¤‡S¡a M¡cÉâhÉ, ®kje- ¢j¢ø, p−¾cn, ®LL, ¢hú¤V, Q−L¡−mV °a¢l L−l lç¡¢e Ll¡ ®k−a f¡−lz j¡wp ®b−L Evf¡¢ca M¡cÉ J pwl¢ra j¡wp lç¡¢e Ll¡ k¡uz

¢Qœ 8 x Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L Evf¡¢ca ¢h¢iæ âhÉ¡¢c

¢h¢iæ EfS¡a cÊhÉ ®b−L ¢eaÉ fÐ−u¡Se£u p¡jNË£, ®kje- ®Mme¡, Nqe¡ fÐiª¢a ¢h−c−n lç¡¢e Ll¡ k¡uz Hph L¡−S H−c−nl L¤j¡l, üZÑL¡l, L¡W ¢j¢Ù» fÐiª¢a pÇfÐc¡−ul ®m¡L ¢e−u¡¢Sa Ll−m p¤¾cl J ea¤e dl−el lç¡¢e−k¡NÉ âhÉ fÐÙ¹¤a Ll¡ pñh q−hz L¡lZ Hl¡ Hph L¡−S p¤¢ef¤Z J cr L¡¢lNlz j¢qm¡ J ®hL¡l hÉ¢š²−cl ¢c−u L¤¢Vl ¢nÒf L¡S, ®kje- ®is¡l fnj ®b−L L¡−fÑV, ®j¡V¡ Lðm fÐiª¢a °a¢l−a m¡N¡−e¡ k¡uz a¡R¡s¡ Bj¡−cl ®c−nl ®is¡l S¡a Eæue L−l Ešj fnj Evf¡ce Ll¡ ®k−a f¡−l k¡ lç¡¢e L−l °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll¡ pñhz

j¢qm¡ J ®hL¡l Se−N¡¢ù−L fö EfS¡a âhÉp¡jNË£ °a¢l−a ¢e−u¡¢Sa Ll¡ k¡uz

°h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑ−e h¡wm¡−c−nl p¤¢hd¡ h¡wm¡−c−nl ¢hf¤m Se−N¡¢ù−L LjÑn¢š²−a ¢h¢iæj¤M£ L−jÑ ¢e−u¡N Ll¡ k¡uz Lª¢o¢eiÑl AbÑe£¢al L¡l−Z npÉ EfS¡a pq−SC ®N¡M¡cÉ ¢q−p−h hÉhq¡l Ll¡ k¡uz Lj j§−mÉ nÐ¢jL f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

p¡ljjÑ x °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑ−e Nh¡¢cfö AeÉaj pÇfcz Nh¡¢cfö ®b−L fÐ¡ç c¤d J j¡wp Hhw EfS¡a âhÉ ®b−L fÐÙ¹¤a hÉhq¡kÑÉ âhÉ ¢hnÄh¡S¡−l ¢h¢œ² L−l °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑe Ll¡ k¡uz a−h fZÉâhÉ…−m¡ AhnÉC BLoÑe£u, Eæa j¡epÇfæ Hhw c¡−j pÙ¹¡ q−a q−hz °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑ−e h¡wm¡−cn ¢f¢R−u B−Rz H hÉ¡f¡−l fÐ−u¡Se£u fc−rf NÊqZ Ll−m p¤gm f¡Ju¡ k¡−hz L¡lZ, Bj¡−cl ¢hf¤m Sen¢š² J fö f¡m−el Ae¤L¤m f¢l−hn B−Rz HMe öd¤ fÊ−u¡Se H hÉ¡f¡−l E−cÉ¡N NÊqZ J ¢h‘¡e J fÐk¤¢š²l fÐ−u¡Nz




p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z föl r¤â¡¿» ®b−L L£ °a¢l Ll¡ k¡u?

L) ¢jE¢SLÉ¡m ¢ØVÌw M) ¢Ql¦¢e N) ®h¡a¡j O) Jo¤d

2z Nh¡¢cföl ANÀ¡nu ®b−L L£ °a¢l Ll¡ k¡u?

L) Jo¤d M) Q¡L¤l h¡V N) Cep¤¢me O) SÉ¡−LV

3z h¡¡wm¡−cn Q¡js¡ lç¡¢e L−l fÐ¢ahRl N−s La V¡L¡ Ef¡SÑe L−l?

L) 500 ¢j¢mue V¡L¡ M) 400 ¢j¢mue V¡L¡ N) 100 ¢j¢mue V¡L¡ O) 700 ¢j¢mue V¡L¡

4z h¡wm¡−cn Nh¡¢cföl EfS¡a âhÉ ®b−L °h−c¢nL j¤â¡ ASÑ−e Ha ¢f¢R−u ®Le?

L) N−hoZ¡l Ai¡h M) hÉhÙÛ¡fe¡l Ai¡h N) ®m¡LpwMÉ¡l Ai¡h O) föpÇf−cl Ai¡h


Mevw`cï cvjb

f¡W 1.5 c¡¢lâ c§l£LlZ J BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡−e Nh¡¢cföl …l¦aÅ

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡−el pw‘¡ hm−a f¡l−hez BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z ¢h¢iæ k¤−N Nh¡¢cfö LaV¤L¤ i§¢jL¡ ®l−M−R a¡

hZÑe¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez h¡wm¡−c−n BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z Nh¡¢cföl i§¢jL¡ hÉ¡MÉ¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z fö EfS¡a â−hÉl hÉhq¡l ¢mM−a f¡l−hez h¡wm¡−c−n BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z fö−L¢¾cÐL LjÑp§¢Q hm−a f¡l−hez

BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e LjÑpwÙÛ¡e J BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e HL euz S£¢hL¡ ¢ehÑ¡−ql SeÉ L¡S Ll¡l p¤−k¡N−L LjÑpwÙÛ¡e h−mz A¡l ¢e−Sl ®Qø¡u LjÑpwÙÛ¡−el p¤−k¡N pª¢ø L−l L−jÑ BaÈ¢e−u¡N Ll¡−L BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e h−mz BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e j¡e¤−ol Q¡¢qc¡ ¢j¢V−u B¢bÑL üµRma¡ Beue L−l h−m H¢V j¡e¤−ol c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z pq¡ua¡ L−lz fª¢bh£−a B¢hiÑ¡−hl fl j¡e¤o−L fÐbj LjÑpwÙÛ¡−el på¡e ¢c−u¢Rm föz a¡lfl fkÑ¡uœ²−j h¤¢Ü ¢hL¡−nl p¡−b p¡−b fö−L ®L¾cÐ L−l j¡e¤o ¢e−S ¢e−S ¢h¢iæj¤M£ BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡−el hÉhÙÛ¡ L−l−Rz j§−m ¢Rm j¡e¤−ol BaÈfÐ−Qø¡l fÐ−u¡Se Bl föl Ahc¡ez fö j¡e¤o−L fÐ−u¡Se¢i¢šL Q¡¢qc¡ ®jV¡−e¡ R¡s¡J fÐ−u¡S−e¡¢a¢lš² AbÑ Ef¡SÑ−el fb ®c¢M−u c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z k¤−N k¤−N i§¢jL¡ f¡me L−l H−p−Rz p¤al¡w BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Zl f§hÑ C¢aq¡p E−õM Ll¡ fÐ−u¡Sez

BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡−el j¡dÉ−j c¡¢lâa¡ c§l Ll¡ k¡uz

BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z ¢h¢iæ k¤−N föl i§¢jL¡ BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ

c§l£Ll−Z ¢h¢iæ k¤−NC föl Ahc¡e ¢Rmz

hhÑl k¤−N j¡ehS¡¢a piÉ ¢Rm e¡z föl p−‰ HLp¡−b h¡p Llaz föl j¡wp ire L−l r¤d¡ ¢eh¡lZ Llaz Q¡js¡ f¢ld¡e L−l m‹¡ ¢eh¡lZ Llaz a¡C a¡l¡ fö ¢nL¡l Ll¡l SeÉ S‰−m O¤−l ®hs¡az ¢nL¡l Ll¡l SeÉ e¡e¡ lL−jl k¿» h¡e¡az Hi¡−h j¡eh S¡¢al fÐbj BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡−el Eáh q−u¢Rm k¡−L ¢nL¡l Ll¡ h−mz ®pL¡−m k¡l¡ ¢nL¡l dl−a f¡la a¡−cl M¡Ju¡fl¡l Q¡¢qc¡ ¢j−V ®ka, g−m a¡−cl Bl Ai¡h b¡La e¡ AbÑ¡v c¡¢lâ c§l q−a¡z p¤al¡w ®cM¡ k¡−µR fÐ¡Q£eL¡−mJ fö j¡e¤−ol c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z fÐbj ÙÛ¡−e ¢Rmz

j¡e¤o kMe ¢LR¤V¡ piÉ q−m¡, Bh¡pÙÛm N−s a¤m−m¡z Nl¦, j¢qo, ®is¡, R¡Nm f¡me Ll−a öl¦ Llmz j¡−W fö Ql¡−e¡l SeÉ l¡M¡m ¢e−u¡N Llmz Hj¢ei¡−h l¡M¡¢m ®fn¡l Eáh q−m¡z BSJ i¡la, h¡wm¡−c−nl NË¡−j hý ®R−m H ®fn¡u S£¢hL¡ ¢ehÑ¡q Ll−Rz

¢Qœ 9 x l¡M¡m Nl¦ ¢e−u j¡−W k¡−µR

flhaÑ£L¡−m pj−ul p¡−b p¡−b Lª¢o, f¢lhqZ, M¡cÉ Evf¡ce fÐiª¢a L¡−S föl hÉhq¡l BlJ ¢hÙ¹¡l m¡i Llmz fö−L¢¾cÐL ¢h¢iæ dl−el ®fn¡l Eáh q−m¡z ¢h¢iæ ®fn¡hmð£ j¡e¤o ¢h¢iæ ®nÐZ£−a ¢hiš² q−m¡, ®kje- ®N¡u¡m¡, Lm¤, LªoL, N¡−s¡u¡e, jul¡ fÐiª¢az H−cl j−dÉ c¤d



¢h¢œ²l ®fn¡ k¡l¡ ®h−R ¢e−m¡ a¡−cl ®N¡u¡m¡, föl N¡¢s Q¡mL−cl N¡−s¡u¡e, Nl¦ ¢c−u O¡¢e ®b−L ®am Evf¡ce hÉhp¡u ¢e−u¡¢Sa hÉ¢š²−cl Lm¤, Bl gpm gm¡−e¡ k¡−cl S£¢hL¡ ¢ehÑ¡−ql Ef¡u q−m¡ a¡l¡ LªoL h−m pj¡−S f¢l¢Qa q−m¡z Hph ®fn¡l fÐ−aÉL¢Vl p−‰C föl pÇfLÑ l−u−Rz

¢Qœ 10 x ®N¡u¡m¡ c¤d ¢e−u h¡S¡−l k¡−µR Hlfl Hm ¢h‘¡e J ¢nÒf k¤Nz BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z föl i§¢jL¡ BlJ hÉ¡fL q−m¡z ¢n−Òf¡æa ®cn, ®kje- CE−l¡f, B−j¢lL¡, L¡e¡X¡, A−ØVÌ¢mu¡ fÐiª¢a föpÇf−cl Efl ¢h‘¡e J fÐk¤¢š² M¡V¡−m¡z g−m a¡l¡ fÐ−u¡S−e¡¢a¢lš² c¤d, j¡wp Evf¡ce J pwlrZ Hhw c¤d-j¡wpS¡a cÊhÉ Evf¡ce L−l ¢h−c−n lç¡¢e Ll−a m¡Nmz AeÉ¢c−L, fö EfS¡a âhÉ, ®kje- Q¡js¡, fnj, Q¢hÑ, q¡s, lš², M¤l, ¢nw ®b−L ¢h¢iæ ¢eaÉfÐ−u¡Se£u J ®p±¢Me cÊhÉp¡jNÊ£ fÐÙ¹¤a L−l ®cn-¢h−cn ®b−L fÐQ¤l AbÑ Ef¡SÑe Ll−a m¡Nmz haÑj¡e ¢h−nÄ a¡l¡ de£ ®cn h−m NZÉ q−µRz haÑj¡−e ®pph ®c−nl hs hs M¡j¡l J EfS¡a â−hÉl ¢nÒf fÐ¢aù¡−e ®cn-¢h−cn ®b−L BNa hý ®m¡L LjÑpwÙÛ¡−el p¤−k¡N f¡−µRz p¤al¡w ®cM¡ k¡−µR, ¢nÒf, Lª¢o J hÉhp¡ pÇfÐp¡l−Z föpÇfc fÐaÉr J f−l¡ri¡−h Ahc¡e ®l−M hÉ¢š², ®cn J S¡¢al BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z ¢hl¡V i§¢jL¡ f¡me Ll−Rz h¡wm¡−c−n BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z Nh¡¢cföl i§¢jL¡ pe¡ae fÜ¢a−a fö f¡m−el

L¡l−Z H−c−n c¡¢lâa¡ c§l q−µR e¡z

h¡wm¡−c−nl SeÉ Nh¡¢cfö HL ¢hl¡V pÇfcz H−c−nl Bhq¡Ju¡ fö f¡m−el SeÉ Efk¤š²z NË¡−jl fÐ¡u fÐ−aÉL h¡¢s−a Nl¦, R¡Nm, j¢qo f¡me Ll−a ®cM¡ k¡uz ¢L¿º HMeJ hý S¡uN¡u pe¡ae fÜ¢a−a fö f¡me Ll¡ q−µRz ®pSeÉ fö Bj¡−cl hs pÇfc qJu¡ p−šÆJ H−c−nl ®h¢nli¡N j¡e¤o c¢lâ J ®hL¡lz pe¡ae fÜ¢al f¢lh−aÑ ¢h‘¡epÇjai¡−h föf¡me Ll−m M¤h pq−S LjÑpwÙÛ¡−el Ef¡u q−hz LjÑpwÙÛ¡−el Ef¡u q−m B¢bÑL pµRma¡ Bp−h J â¡¢lâa¡ c§l q−hz ¢e−jÀ BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z R¡Nm, Nl¦, ®is¡ J j¢qo LaV¤L¤ fÐi¡h ¢hÙ¹¡l Ll−a f¡−l pw−r−f a¡ B−m¡Lf¡a Ll¡ q−u−Rz R¡Nm c¡¢lâ c§l£LlZ J BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡−e R¡N−ml ÙÛ¡e fÐbjz R¡Nm R¡e¡l c¡j AaÉ¿¹ Ljz ¢hšq£e, i§¢jq£e c¢lâ hÉ¢š², ®k ®LE c¤−V¡ R¡e¡ œ²u L−l f¡me öl¦ Ll−a f¡−lez H…−m¡ f¡me Ll−a nÐj Lj m¡−Nz h¡¢sl B−nf¡−n, S¢jl BC−m Ql¡−m J AÒf M¡h¡l ¢c−mC Q−mz h¡pÙÛ¡e J ¢Q¢Lvp¡ MlQ Ljz ®cn£ ®h‰m R¡Nm hR−l c¤h¡l 2-4¢V L−l ®j¡V 4-8¢V h¡µQ¡ fÐph L−lz H S¡−al R¡N−ml j¡wp J Q¡js¡l k−bø Q¡¢qc¡z a¡C ®h¢n j§−mÉ ¢h¢œ² Ll¡ k¡uz kj¤e¡f¡¢l R¡Nm c¤−dl SeÉ f¡me Ll¡ quz R¡N−ml pwMÉ¡ h¡¢s−u M¡j¡l Ll¡ k¡uz Hi¡−h HLSe ®hL¡l hÉ¢š² HL¢V M¡j¡−ll j¡¢mL q−a f¡−lez a¡lfl ®p M¡j¡l hs L−l a¡−a ®m¡L ¢e−u¡N Ll−a f¡−lez p¤al¡w ®cM¡ k¡−µR, c¢lâ ®hL¡l ®m¡L ¢e−Sl ®Qø¡u M¡j¡l N−s a¤m−a f¡−le J ®pph M¡j¡−l hý ®m¡−Ll LjÑpwÙÛ¡−el hÉhÙÛ¡ Ll−a f¡−lez

c¡¢lâ c§l£LlZ J BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡−e R¡N−ml ÙÛ¡e fÐbjz


Mevw`cï cvjb

¢Qœ 11 x R¡Nm f¡m−el j¡dÉ−j BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e Ll−R NË¡jÉ j¢qm¡ Nl¦

HL¢V f¢lh¡−l pwLl S¡−al c¤¢V N¡i£ b¡L−m a¡−cl B¢bÑL ApµRma¡u Lø ®f−a qu e¡z

¢qp¡h ¢eL¡n L−l ®cM¡ ®N−R, HL¢V f¢lh¡−l pwLl S¡−al c¤¢V N¡i£ b¡L−m a¡−cl B¢bÑL ApµRma¡u Lø ®f−a qu e¡z AdÑ ®hL¡l, ®hL¡l, c¢lâ LªoL L¡−Sl på¡e f¡uz k¡l¡ c¢lâ a¡l¡ pqS n−aÑ plL¡l ®b−L GZ ¢e−u Eæa S¡−al N¡i£, ®kje- qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e h¡R¤l œ²u Ll−a f¡−lez a¡R¡s¡ M¤h Lj j§−mÉ ®cn£ N¡i£l hLe¡ h¡R¤l œ²u L−l f¡me Ll¡ k¡uz H−r−œ h¡R¤l¢V fÊ¡çhuú q−m ¢h−cn£ Eæa S¡−al oy¡−sl h£S ¢c−u fÐSee L¢l−u Eæa pwLl S¡−al h¡R¤l Evf¡ce Ll¡ k¡uz Evfæ h¡R¤l k¢c oy¡s qu a¡q−m a¡ ®h¢n j§−mÉ h¡S¡−l ¢h¢œ² Ll−a f¡−le Abh¡ ¢e−S f¡me L−l n¢š² J fÐSe−el SeÉ hÉhp¡ Ll−a f¡−lez hLe¡ h¡R¤l q−m a¡ f¡me L−l c¤−dl hÉhp¡ Ll¡ k¡uz R¡N−ml j−a¡ d£−l d£−l N¡i£l pwMÉ¡ h¡¢s−u N¡i£l M¡j¡l °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz a¡−a ¢e−Sl Hhw BlJ hý j¡e¤−ol LjÑpwÙÛ¡−el hÉhÙÛ¡ quz a¡R¡s¡ Nh¡¢cföl M¡j¡−ll p¡−b p¡−b N−s J−W M¡cÉ J AeÉ¡eÉ k¿»f¡¢a °a¢ll ¢nÒf fÐ¢aù¡epj§qz ®is¡ ®is¡l j¡wp R¡N−ml j¡w−pl

j−a¡C p¤ü¡c¤z h¡wm¡−c−n ®is¡l S¡a Ae¤æaz ab¡¢f ®is¡l j¡w−pl hÉhp¡ Ll¡ k¡uz L¡lZ ®is¡l j¡wp R¡N−ml j¡w−pl j−a¡C p¤ü¡c¤z HR¡s¡ ®cn£ ®is¡−L Eæa S¡−al ®is¡l p¡−b fÐSee Ll¡−e¡ k¡uz Hi¡−h S¡a Eæue L−l ®cn£ ®is¡ ®b−L EvLªøj¡−el fnj Evf¡ce Ll¡ k¡uz H fnj ¢c−u n£ahÙ» °a¢l Ll¡ k¡u Abh¡ L¡yQ¡j¡m ¢q−p−h ¢h−c−n lç¡¢e Ll¡ k¡uz ®cn£ ®is¡l fnj ¢c−u L¡−fÑV J Lðm °a¢ll L¡−S ®hL¡l hÉ¢š²l¡ ¢e−u¡¢Sa b¡L−m ®hL¡l pjpÉ¡ c§l£LlZ J AbÑ Ef¡SÑe q−hz H−a ®is¡l h−c±m−a BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâa¡ c§l q−hz j¢qo

HL−S¡s¡ j¢qo HL Ve fkÑ¿¹ i¡l hqe Ll−a f¡−lz

H−c−nl j¡e¤−ol BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡−e j¢q−ol i§¢jL¡J Lj euz HL−S¡s¡ j¢qo HL Ve fkÑ¿¹ i¡l hqe Ll−a f¡−lz j¢q−ol j¡¢mL j¢q−ol N¡¢s i¡s¡ ¢c−a f¡−le, ¢e−Sl S¢j Q¡−o hÉhq¡l Ll−a f¡−le Abh¡ A−eÉl S¢j Q¡−ol SeÉ i¡s¡ ¢c−a f¡−lez j¢q−ol c¤−d Q¢hÑl f¢lj¡Z N−s 6%z k¡l¡ j¢qo f¡me L−le, j¢q−ol c¤d ¢c−u j¡Me, ¢O, cC, ¢j¢ø, f¢el °a¢l L−l hÉhp¡ Ll−a f¡−lez 24 j¡−pl Lj hu−pl j¢q−ol h¡R¤l Sh¡C L−l j¡wp ¢h¢œ² Ll¡ k¡uz L¡lZ, H hu−pl h¡R¤−ll j¡wp Nl¦l j¡w−pl j−a¡C ®M−a p¤ü¡c¤ Hhw j¡w−pl Byn Lj f¤l¦z a¡R¡s¡ gpm j¡s¡C, C−Vl i¡V¡u L¡c¡ R¡e¡, …s °a¢l Ll¡, BM j¡s¡C fÐiª¢a L¡−Sl SeÉ ¢e−S hÉhq¡l Ll−a f¡−le Abh¡ i¡s¡ ¢c−a f¡−lez



¢Qœ 12 x j¢q−ol N¡¢s

Ae¤n£me (Activity) x dl¦e, Bf¢e HLSe ®hL¡l k¤hLz L−ø¢n ø AÒf ¢LR¤ V¡L¡ pwNËq L−l−Rez H f¤y¢S ¢c u ®L¡eÚ dl−el Nh¡¢cföl M¡j¡l Ll−m pq−S m¡ih¡e q−he? A¡fe¡l ja¡j−al üf−r k¤¢š² fÐc¡e Ll¦ez

−−

BaÈLjÑÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z Nh¡¢cfö EfS¡a â−hÉl hÉhq¡l Sh¡CLªa föl EfS¡a âhÉ ¢h‘¡epÇjai¡−h pwNËq J pwlrZ L−l ¢h¢iæ âhÉp¡jNË£ °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz

Bj¡−cl ®c−n fÐ¢a¢ce ApwMÉ Nh¡¢cfö Sh¡C quz a¡R¡s¡ ®L¡lh¡¢el pj−ul Lb¡ hm¡C h¡ýmÉ, Hph Sh¡CLªa Nh¡¢cfö EfS¡a âhÉ ¢h‘¡epÇjai¡−h pwNËq J pwlrZ L−l ¢h¢iæ âhÉp¡jNË£ °a¢l Ll¡l SeÉ ¢hf¤m ®hL¡l Se−N¡¢ù−L ¢h¢iæ LjÑL¡−ä m¡N¡−e¡ ®k−a f¡−lz a¡−a hý ®m¡−Ll LjÑpwÙÛ¡e quz plL¡l J Sep¡d¡l−Zl pjeÄ−u ¢h¢iæ fÐLÒf NËq−Zl j¡dÉ−j fö EfS¡a cÊhÉ¢i¢šL hý ¢nÒf fÐ¢aù¡e J L¡lM¡e¡ H−c−n N−s JW−hz ®hL¡l SeNZ fö EfS¡a J ¢h¢iæj¤M£ L−jÑ BaÈ¢e−u¡N Ll−a f¡l−hez hÉ¢š² J S¡a£u AbÑ Ef¡SÑ−el fb B¢h×L¡l q−hz g−m hÉ¢š²l BaÈLjÑÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Zl p¡−b p¡−b Bj¡−cl ®cnJ InÄkÑn¡m£ q−hz h¡wm¡−c−n BaÈLjÑÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z Nh¡¢cfö ®L¢¾cÐL LjÑp§¢Q ®hL¡l Se−N¡¢ù−L EfS¡a âhÉ pwNË−ql L¡−S m¡N¡−e¡ ®k−a f¡−lz EfS¡a cÊhÉ pwNËq J pwlrZ R¡s¡J H…−m¡ ®b−L ¢h¢iæ p¡jNË£ fÐÙ¹¤a Ll¡l fÐ¢nrZ

®L¡pÑJ Q¡m¤ Ll¡ ®k−a f¡−lz fÐ¢nrZfÐ¡ç hÉ¢š²−cl i¡−m¡ ®hae J fcjkÑ¡c¡ ®cu¡ ®k−a f¡−lz H−a Hph L¡−S

j¡e¤−ol BNËq h¡s−hz fÐ¢nrZfÐ¡ç ®m¡−Ll p¡q¡−kÉ ¢h¢iæ ¢nÒf L¡lM¡e¡ J fÐ¢aù¡e N−s ®a¡m¡ ®k−a f¡−lz

Hph LjÑp§¢Q h¡Ù¹h¡ue Ll−a f¡l−m ¢h−c−nl j−a¡ Bj−cl ®c−nJ hý LmL¡lM¡e¡ J ¢nÒf fÐ¢aù¡e N−s JW−hz 1992 p¡−m h¡wm¡−c−n BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z ¢LR¤ abÉ 1992 p¡−ml f¢lpwMÉ¡e Ae¤p¡−l, HLL J ¢jnÐ M¡j¡l ¢j−m 47.64% fÐ¢nrZfÐ¡ç k¤hL BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡−e Hhw 47.43% k¤hL föf¡¢Ml fÐ¡b¢jL ¢Q¢Lvp¡u ¢e−u¡¢Sa ¢R−mez HR¡s¡ 41.71% fÐLÒf NËqZL¡l£ k¤hL j¡−p 500 V¡L¡ fkÑ¿¹ Hhw 31.96% k¤hL fÐ¡u 500-1000 V¡L¡ fkÑ¿¹ Bu L−l−Rez H c¤−u ¢j−m 73.4% k¤hL 500-1000 V¡L¡ Bu L−l−Rez HLC f¢lpwMÉ¡e ®b−L S¡e¡ k¡u, j¢qm¡ ¢houL A¢dcçl 1992 p¡−ml A−ƒ¡hl j¡p fkÑ¿¹ 1905 Se NË¡j£Z c¤xÙÛ j¢qm¡−L Nh¡¢cfö J q¡ypj¤l¢N f¡m−e fÐ¢nrZ c¡e L−l−Rz a¡−cl j−dÉ 60 S−el Q¡L¤¢l q−u−R Hhw 1020 Se fÐLÒf NËqZ L−l−Rez a¡−cl j¡¢pL Bu N−s 600-1000 V¡L¡z j¢qm¡ ¢houL A¢dcç−ll pq−k¡¢Na¡u ®c−nl Ah−q¢ma e¡l£ pj¡SJ q¡ypj¤l¢N f¡me L−l ü¡hmð£ q−µRez


Mevw`cï cvjb

p¡ljjÑ x BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡−el j¡dÉ−j pq−SC ü¡hmð£ qJu¡ k¡u J c¡¢lâ c§l Ll¡ k¡uz BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§¢lLl−Z Nh¡¢cfö−L c¤i¡−h L¡−S m¡N¡−e¡ k¡uz kb¡- 1. Eæa S¡−al fö ¢c−u ¢h‘¡epÇja Ef¡−u M¡j¡l Ll¡ Hhw A¢dL c¤d J j¡wp Evf¡ce Ll¡z 2. fö ®b−L fÐ¡ç ¢h¢iæ EfS¡apj§q ®b−L e¡e¡lLj âhÉp¡jNË£ °a¢ll L¤¢Vl ¢nÒf N−s ®a¡m¡z fö−L¢¾cÐL H c¤−V¡ ¢c−L ®hL¡l SeNZ−L ¢e−u¡¢Sa Ll−a f¡l−m H−c−n Nh¡¢cföC q−h BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Zl fÐd¡e Ef¡uz




p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z ¢e−Sl ®Qø¡u LjÑpwÙÛ¡−el p¤−k¡N pª¢ø L−l L−jÑ BaÈ¢e−u¡N Ll¡−L L£ h−m?

L) LjÑpwÙÛ¡e M) BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e N) AbÑ Ef¡SÑe O) InÄkÑn¡m£ qJu¡

2z j¡eh S¡¢al fÐbj LjÑpwÙÛ¡e L£ ¢Rm?

L) ¢nL¡l Ll¡ M) fö f¡me Ll¡ N) l¡M¡¢m Ll¡ O) Lm¤l L¡S Ll¡

3z h¡wm¡−c−n BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z ®L¡eÚ Nh¡¢cföl ÙÛ¡e fÐbj?

L) j¢qo M) ®is¡ N) Nl¦ O) R¡Nm

4z BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£LlZ q−m ®cn L£ q−h?

L) InÄkÑn¡m£ q−h M) Eæa q−h N) de£ q−h O) pjªÜ q−h


Mevw`cï cvjb

hÉhq¡¢lL

f¡W 1.6 Nh¡¢cfö ¢c−u ¢eS q¡−a q¡mQ¡o Ll¡

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- q¡mQ¡−ol fÐ−u¡Se£u EfLlZ…−m¡l p¡−b f¢l¢Qa q−a f¡l−hez Nh¡¢cföl Ly¡−d ®S¡u¡m hy¡d−a J m¡‰m m¡N¡−a f¡l−he Hhw AeÉ−L ®cM¡−a f¡l−hez Nl¦ ¢c−u ¢e−SC q¡mQ¡o Ll−a f¡l−hez

fÐ¡p¢‰L abÉ q¡mQ¡o h¡ Nh¡¢cfö ¢c−u S¢j LoÑZ Bj¡−cl ®c−n HL¢V A¢a f¤l¡ae ®fn¡ k¡ Lª¢ol A¢h−µRcÉ A‰ ¢q−p−h NZÉz NË¡j h¡wm¡l LªoLl¡ ®i¡l e¡ q−aC m¡‰m Ly¡−d j¡−Wl f¡−e R¤−Vez cªnÉ¢V M¤hC j−e¡−l¡jz mrÉ Ll−m ®cM¡ k¡u, LªoL j¡−W k¡Ju¡l B−N a¡l Nl¦, m¡‰m, ®S¡u¡m J AeÉ¡eÉ fÐ−u¡Se£u k¿»f¡¢a fl£r¡ L−l ®eez S¢j, Nl¦, m¡‰m J jC H Q¡l¢V EfLlZ pjeÄ−u S¢j−a A¢dL gpm gm¡−e¡ pñhz

Nh¡¢cfö ¢c−u q¡mQ¡o Ll¡ H−c−nl Lªo−Ll A¢a f¤l¡ae ®fn¡z

fÐ−u¡Se£u EfLlZ S¢j, HL−S¡s¡ hmc, m¡‰m, ®S¡u¡m, jC, nm¡, V¤C, l¢n CaÉ¡¢cz f§hÑ fÐÙ¹¤¢a q¡mQ¡−ol SeÉ pL¡m Abh¡ ¢h−L−m pju ¢ed¡ÑlZ Ll¦ez pL¡m h¡ ¢h−L−m q¡mQ¡o Ll¡

E¢Qaz m¡‰m, ®S¡u¡m, jC fÐiª¢a ¢c−u q¡m-Q¡o Ll¡ quz

q¡mQ¡−o k¡h¡l f§hÑ l¡−a Nl¦−L i¡−m¡i¡−h O¡p J c¡e¡c¡l M¡h¡l ¢cez q¡mQ¡−ol SeÉ j¡−W k¡h¡l f§−hÑ Nl¦−L fk¡Ñç f¢lj¡Z f¢l×L¡l f¡¢e f¡e Ll¡ez L£i¡−h Nl¦l ®S¡u¡m Hhw ®S¡u¡−ml p¡−b m¡‰m hy¡d−a qu a¡ f¡nÑÄha£Ñ Lªo−Ll

h¡¢s−a ¢N−u a¡l L¡−R ¢nM¤e Hhw ¢e−S Ll¡l SeÉ ®Qø¡ Ll¦ez fÐd¡e LoÑZ k¿»f¡¢al pw¢rç hZÑe¡

®cn£ m¡‰m m¡‰−ml ¢h¢iæ Awn q−m¡ L¡−Wl nl£l, Dn, ¢Mm, q¡am, g¡m CaÉ¡¢cz

h¡wm¡−c−n H¢V A¢a f¢l¢Qa LoÑZ k¿»z HL¢V h¡yL¡ L¡−Wl BN¡u ®m¡q¡l HL¢V gmL h¡ gm¡ p¢æ−h−n H¢V fÐÙ¹a Ll¡ quz Hl ¢h¢iæ Awn ¢ejÀl©f-

L¡−Wl nl£l x m¡‰−ml nl£l NS¡¢l, ®hm, L¤m, fÐiª¢a L¡−Wl h¡yL¡ L¡ä ¢c−u fÐÙ¹¤a Ll¡ quz nl£−ll Ef−ll Awn−L hm¡ qu q¡amz q¡a−ml ®no fÐ¡−¿¹ j¤¢V b¡−Lz H j¤¢V ®Q−f d−l LªoLl¡ m¡‰m Q¡¢m−u b¡−Lez nl£−ll ¢e−Ql pl¦ Aw−n gmL m¡N¡−e¡ quz nl£−ll jdÉha£Ñ S¡uN¡u HL¢V ¢Râ Ll¡ qu Hhw ®p ¢R−â Dn pw−k¡Se Ll¡ quz

Dn x H¢V HL¢V pl¦ QÉ¡ÃV¡ L¡ùcä k¡ mð¡u 2.5 ¢jV¡l Ab¡Ñv fÐ¡u BV g¤Vz D−nl ®N¡s¡l Awn m¡‰−ml nl£−ll ¢Râf−b nš²i¡−h BVL¡−e¡ b¡−L, D−nl ANËi¡N A−fr¡Lªa ¢QLe h¡ pl¦ quz H−a 4-5¢V cy¡a h¡ My¡SL¡V¡ quz H cy¡a…−m¡l ®k ®L¡−e¡ HL¢V l¢n ®hy−d ®S¡u¡−ml p−‰ m¡‰m m¡N¡−e¡ quz

¢Mm x Dn m¡‰−ml nl£−ll ¢R−âl j−dÉ nš² L−l BVL¡−e¡l SeÉ HL¢V L¡−Wl V¤L−l¡ hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quz ®cn£u L¡b¡u H−L ¢Mm h¡ −Ny¡S h−mz

q¡am x m¡‰−ml nl£−ll Ef−ll ®k Awn q¡−a d−l Nl¦l p¡q¡−kÉ m¡‰m Q¡me¡ Ll¡ qu, a¡−L q¡am h−mz q¡a−ml Ef−ll fÐ¡−¿¹ j¤¢V b¡−Lz H j¤¢V−a Q¡f fÐ−u¡N L−l Q¡¢o Nl¦ ¢c−u S¢j Q¡o L−lez



gmL x NË¡jÉ i¡o¡u H¢V−L m¡‰−ml g¡m h−mz H¢V elj ¢ØVmf¡a h¡ ®m¡q¡l f¡a ¢c−u °a¢l Hhw mð¡u 15-17 ®p¢¾V¢jV¡lz m¡‰−ml pl¦ BN¡l Ef−ll ¢c−L ®m¡q¡l ¢fe ¢c−u gmL¢V BV−L ®cu¡ quz H gm¡l p¡q¡−kÉC m¡‰m j¡¢V ¢Q−l S¢j LoÑZ L−l z

¢Qœ 13 x ®cn£ m¡‰m

®S¡u¡m ®S¡u¡m R¡s¡ öd¤ m¡‰m ¢c−u S¢j Q¡o Ll¡ pñh euz

®S¡u¡m i§¢j LoÑ−Zl HL¢V A¢h−µRcÉ A‰z ®S¡u¡m R¡s¡ m¡‰m ¢c−u i§¢j LoÑZ pñh euz ®S¡u¡−ml c¤¤fÊ¡¿¹ l¢n ¢c−u HL−S¡s¡ Nl¦l Ly¡−d ®hy−d ®cu¡ quz m¡‰−ml Dn l¢nl p¡q¡−kÉ ®S¡u¡−ml jdÉha£Ñ ÙÛ¡−e ®hy−d S¢j LoÑZ Ll¡ quz ®S¡u¡m L¡−Wl Abh¡ hy¡−nl q−a f¡−lz ®S¡u¡m ®ke hm−cl Ly¡−dl ¢e¢cÑø ÙÛ¡−e b¡−L ®pSeÉ hy¡−nl c¤¢V nm¡ c¤fÐ¡−¿¹ Hhw l¢n ¢c−u ®S¡u¡m−L Ly¡−dl p¡−b hy¡d¡ quz

¢Qœ 14 x ®S¡u¡m

jC Bj¡−cl ®c−n fÐd¡ea hy¡−nl ¯a¢l jC hÉhq©a quz h¡−nyl °a¢l jC ®j¡V ¢ae¢V g¡¢m ¢c−u °a¢l qu a−h jdÉha£Ñ g¡¢m¢V ®p¡S¡ l¡M¡ quz c¤f¡−nÄÑl c¤¢V g¡¢m LaLV¡ AdÑQ¾cÐ¡L¡−l h¡yL¡−e¡ b¡−L Hhw N¡CV ¢c−u pw−k¡Se Ll¡ quz N¡CV…−m¡l fÐ¡u 3.75 ®p.¢j. (1.5 C¢’) L−l Eiu¢c−L h¡s¢a l¡M¡ quz fÐ¡¢¿¹L N¡CV c¤¢Vl j¡b¡u f¡−Vl l¢n ¢c−u ®S¡u¡−ml p−‰ S¤−s ®cu¡ quz c¤¢V ®p¡S¡ hy¡−nl g¡¢m ¢c−uJ jC °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz

Bj¡−cl ®c−n fÐd¡ea hy¡−nl °a¢l jC hÉhq©a quz

¢Qœ 15 x jC


Mevw`cï cvjb

Ae¤n£me (Activity) x dl¦e, Bfe¡l HL V¤L−l¡ S¢j B−R; q¡mQ¡−ol fÐ−u¡Se£u EfLlZ… m¡ pwNËq L−l ®p¢V ¢e−S Q¡o Ll¦ez

−

L¡−Sl d¡f

q¡mQ¡−ol j¡TM¡−e Nl¦−L ¢LR¤r−Zl SeÉ ¢hnÐ¡j ®cu¡ fÐ−u¡Sez LM−e¡C Nl¦ ¢c−u °c¢eL 4-6 O¾V¡l ®h¢n q¡mQ¡o Ll¡−e¡ ¢WL euz

fÐb−j ¢eS q¡−a ®S¡u¡mÚ¢V hmc c¤−V¡l c¤¤Ly¡−d f¡−Vl l¢n ¢c−u hy¡d¤ez Hlfl m¡‰−ml Dn¢V−L ®S¡u¡−ml p¡−b ®S¡u¡−ml jdÉha£Ñ ÙÛ¡−e i¡−m¡i¡−h hy¡d¤ez

Hlfl m¡‰−ml j¡b¡l j¤¢V h¡j q¡−a nš²i¡−h ®p¡S¡ L−l dl¦e k¡−a m¡‰−ml g¡m¢V S¢jl h¤−L Y¤−L k¡uz

Q¡o Ll¡l pju Nl¦l p¡−b ¢h¢iæ i¢‰j¡u Lb¡ hm¤e k¡−a Nl¦ Bfe¡l ¢e−cÑne¡ h¤T−a f¡−lz

Nl¦l fÐ¢a LM−e¡ ¢eù¤l BQlZ Ll¡ ¢WL euz q¡−al nm¡ ¢c−u Nl¦−L X¡−e/h¡−j Qm¡l ¢e−cÑne¡ ¢cez

q¡mQ¡−ol j¡T¡j¡¢T pj−u Nl¦−L ¢LR¤r−Zl SeÉ ¢hnÐ¡j ®cu¡ fÐ−u¡Sez f−l Bh¡l Q¡o¡h¡c öl¦ Ll¡ ®k−a f¡−lz

®L¡−e¡ AhÙÛ¡−aC °c¢eL 4-6 O¾V¡l ®h¢n pju HLC Nl¦ ¢c−u q¡mQ¡o Ll¡ p¢jQ£e euz

q¡mQ¡o Qm¡L¡m£e pj−u Nl¦, q¡−ml k¿»f¡¢a hÉhq¡−l pjpÉ¡ ®cM¡ ¢c−m fÐ¢a−hn£ A¢i‘ Lªo−Ll p¡−b Bm¡f L−l pj¡d¡e Ll¦ez

q¡mQ¡−ol fl Nl¦−L O−l EW¡−e¡l f§−hÑ f¤L¤l h¡ M¡−m i¡−m¡i¡−h ®N¡Rm Ll¡ez hÐ¡n ¢c−u a¡−cl nl£l f¢l×L¡l L−l fkÑ¡ç f¢lj¡Z O¡p, c¡e¡c¡l M¡cÉ J f¡¢e ¢ce Hhw f¢l×L¡l S¡uN¡u l¡M¤e k¡−a ¢hnÐ¡j ¢e−a f¡−lz

m¡‰mpq AeÉ¡eÉ k¿»f¡¢a f¢l×L¡l L−l pk−aÁ EyQ¤ S¡uN¡u a¤−m l¡M¤ez Bf¢e ¢e−S q¡mQ¡o Ll¦e Hhw d¡f…−m¡ hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡u fkÑ¡uœ²−j ¢mM¤ez

p¡hd¡ea¡ Hhw LlZ£u q¡mQ¡−o k¡h¡l B−N m¡‰mpq AeÉ¡eÉ k¿»f¡¢a i¡−m¡i¡−h fl£r¡ Ll¦ez q¡mQ¡o öl¦ Ll¡l f§−hÑ

m¡‰mpq AeÉ¡eÉ k¿»f¡¢a Hhw Nl¦ i¡−m¡i¡−h fl£r¡ Ll¡ E¢Qaz

q¡−ml Nl¦−L fÐ−aÉq ¢ed¡Ñ¢la pju O¡p, c¡e¡c¡l M¡cÉ plhl¡q Ll¦e J ®N¡Rm Ll¡ez hÊ¡n ¢c−u nl£l f¢l×L¡l Ll¦ez Nl¦l ü¡−ÙÛÉl ¢c−L eSl l¡M¤ez

phÑc¡ Nl¦l L¡−R f¢l×L¡l M¡h¡l f¡¢e ®l−M ¢cez fÐ−aÉq ¢edÑ¡¢la pj−u q¡mQ¡o Ll¦ez H−a Nl¦ AiÉÙÛ q−u k¡−hz m¡‰−ml j¤¢V nš² L−l e¡ dl−m g¡m¡ ®k ®L¡−e¡ pju Nl¦l f¡−u ®m−N f¡ ®L−V ®k−a

f¡−lz H¢c−L paLÑ b¡L¤ez p¡ljjÑ x H−c−n q¡mQ¡o fÐd¡ea Nh¡¢cfö ¢c−uC Ll¡ quz pL¡m h¡ ¢h−Lm q−m¡ S¢j Q¡o Ll¡l Efk¤š² pjuz m¡‰m, ®S¡u¡m, jC fÐiª¢al p¡q¡−kÉ Nl¦j¢qo ¢c−u q¡mQ¡o Ll¡ quz Nl¦ ¢c−u °c¢eL 4-6 O¾V¡l ®h¢n q¡mQ¡o Ll¡ ¢WL euz q¡mQ¡−ol j¡TM¡−e Nl¦j¢qo−L ¢LR¤rZ ¢hnÐ¡j ®cu¡ fÐ−u¡Sez q¡mQ¡o öl¦ Ll¡l f§−hÑ m¡‰mpq AeÉ¡eÉ k¿»f¡¢a Hhw Nl¦ i¡−m¡i¡−h fl£r¡ L−l ®eu¡ E¢Qaz




p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z q¡mQ¡o Ll¡l SeÉ Bf¢e ®L¡eÚ pju ¢ed¡ÑlZ Ll−he?

L) c¤f¤l M) påÉ¡ N) l¡a O) pL¡m Abh¡ ¢h−L−m

2z q¡mQ¡o Ll¡l f§hÑ l¡−a Nl¦−L L£ M¡h¡l ¢c−he? L) c¡e¡c¡l M¡cÉ M) Ms N) O¡p O) O¡p J c¡e¡c¡l M¡cÉ

3z HLC Nl¦ ¢c−u °c¢eL La O¾V¡l ®h¢n q¡mQ¡o Ll¡ k¡−h e¡? L) 4-6 O¾V¡ M) 2-4 O¾V¡ N) 1-2 O¾V¡ O) 3-5 O¾V¡

4z m¡‰−ml gmL La ®p.¢j. mð¡ qu? L) 10-12 ®p.¢j. M) 15-17 ®p.¢j. N) 6-8 ®p.¢j. O) 20-22 ®p.¢j.


Mevw`cï cvjb

hÉhq¡¢lL

f¡W 1.7 Nl¦l c¤d ¢c−u cC h¡ ®k ®L¡−e¡ HL¢V M¡cÉ °a¢l Ll¡

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- cC °a¢l−a fÐ−u¡Se£u EfLlZ…−m¡l e¡j hm−a f¡l−hez c¤d ¢c−u ¢eS q¡−a jS¡c¡l cC ¯a¢l Ll−a f¡l−hez

fÐ¡p¢‰L abÉ cC h¡wm¡−c−n A¢a Se¢fÐu c¤‡S¡a M¡cÉz ®k ®L¡−e¡ ®i¡−S cC f¢l−hne Ll¡ e¡ q−m ®p ®i¡−Sl E−ŸnÉC eø q−u k¡uz ®i¡S Ae¤ù¡eL¡l£ pj¡−m¡Qe¡l pÇj¤M£e qez ®i¡−Sl p¡gmÉ A−eL¡w−nC f¢l−h¢na cC−ul j¡−el Jfl ¢eiÑl L−lz cC p¡d¡lZa c¤fÐL¡lz kb¡- VL J ¢j¢ø cCz VL cC p¡d¡lZa l¡æ¡h¡æ¡ J p¡m¡c ¯a¢l−a hÉhq©a quz a−h A¢dL VL e¡ q−m M¡−cÉl p¡−bJ f¢l−hne Ll¡ k¡uz h¡wm¡−c−nl A¢a Se¢fÐu cC

c¤fÐL¡−llz kb¡- VL J ¢j¢ø cCz

fÐ−u¡Se£u EfLlZ c¤d, ®XL¢Q, j¡¢Vl f¡œ, py¡Q, ¢Q¢e, m¡L¢s h¡ NÉ¡−pl Q¤−m¡z

L¡−Sl d¡f

cC °a¢l Ll¡l SeÉ 40-45° ®pm¢pu¡p a¡fj¡œ¡u c¤−d py¡Q ®jn¡−a quz

fÐb−j pcÉ ®c¡qeLªa f¡yQ ¢mV¡l L¡yQ¡ c¤d i¡−m¡i¡−h ®R−L ¢eez ¢edÑ¡¢la f¢lj¡Z c¤d AÒf SÅ¡−m g¤V¡−a b¡L¤ez a−h mrÉ l¡M−a q−h ®ke c¤d f¤−s e¡

k¡uz c¤−dl Buae 1/3 Awn L−j ®N−m a¡−a 15-18% f¢l×L¡l ¢Q¢e pÇf§ZÑi¡−h ®jn¡ez

¢j¢ø cC ¯a¢l−a fÐ¢a ¢mV¡l c¤−d H q¡−l ¢Q¢e ®jn¡ez g¤V¿¹ c¤d ea¤e j¡¢Vl f¡−œ ®Y−m l¡M¤e Hhw ö×L J h¡u¤ Qm¡Q−ml p¤¢hd¡k¤š² L−r

l¡M¤ez kMe c¤−dl a¡fj¡œ¡ 40-45° ®pm¢pu¡−p e¡j−h aMe Q¡-Q¡j−Ql 2/3 Q¡jQ py¡Q h¡

L¡mQ¡l ®k¡N Ll¦ez L¡mQ¡l h¡ py¡Q f¡¢a−m ®jn¡−e¡l fl c¤d ¢ÙÛli¡−h f¡−œ ®Y−m l¡M¤ez

a¡lfl 4-5 O¾V¡ c¤−dl f¡œ…−m¡ i¡−m¡ L−l i¡¢l L¡fs h¡ AeÉ ®L¡−e¡ Y¡Le¡ ¢c−u ®Y−L ¢ce Abh¡ J−i−e l¡M¤ez ®j¡V¡j¤¢Vi¡−h 24 O¾V¡u cC q−u k¡−hz

cC−ul BLª¢a nš² Ll¡l SeÉ 5% …y−s¡ c¤d g¤V¡−e¡l f§−hÑ ®k¡N Ll¡ ®k−a f¡−lz

Ae¤n£me (Activity) x dl¦e, Bf¢e ¢ae ¢mV¡l Ly¡Q¡ c¤d ¢c−u ¢j¢ø cC h¡e¡−hez H cC h¡e¡ a ®j¡V LaV¤L¤ ¢Q¢e, py¡Q J …y s¡ c¤d ®jn¡−a q−h a¡ ¢q ph L l ®hl Ll¦ez − − − −

cC pwlrZ J p¡hd¡ea¡

®h¢n py¡Q ¢c−m ¢j¢ø cCJ VL q−u k¡uz

Sj¡V hy¡d¡l fl cC ®l¢éS¡−lV−l l¡M−m i¡−m¡ b¡L−hz a¡f ¢eu¿»Z Bj¡−cl ®c−n HL¢V pjpÉ¡z a¡f L−j ®N−m (AbÑ¡v n£−al pju) cC

M¡l¡f q−u ®k−a f¡−lz j¡¢Vl f¡œ ¢hd¡u cC °a¢ll fl p¡hd¡−e e¡s¡Q¡s¡ Ll¡ E¢Qaz ®h¢n p¡yQ h¡ L¡mQ¡l ¢c−m cC VL q−u ®k−a f¡−lz i¡−m¡ L¡mQ¡l q−m cC−ul ü¡cJ

i¡−m¡ quz Bj¡−cl ®c−n n£aL¡m hÉa£a hR−ll AeÉ pju ®M¡m¡ S¡uN¡u ®l−M cC °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz

n£aL¡−m J−i−e l¡M¡l clL¡l B−Rz cC qJu¡l SeÉ 38-40° ®p. a¡fj¡œ¡C Ešjz



p¡ljjÑ x cC AaÉ¿¹ Se¢fÐu c¤‡S¡a M¡cÉâhÉz VL J ¢j¢ø c¤fÐL¡−ll cC l−u−Rz Ly¡Q¡ c¤d AÒf SÅ¡−m g¤¢V−u Hl Buae HL-aªa£u¡w−n e¡¢j−u Be−a quz Aaxfl 15-18% ¢Q¢e ®k¡N Ll¡ quz 40-45° a¡fj¡œ¡u c¤−d py¡Q ®k¡N Ll¡ quz cC nš² Ll¡l SeÉ H−a 5% …y−s¡ c¤d ®k¡N Ll¡ quz ®h¢n py¡Q ¢c−m ¢j¢ø cCJ VL q−u ®k−a f¡−lz


p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z ®L¡eÚ S¡a£u f¡−œ Bf¢e cC fÐÙ¹¤a Ll−he?

L) AÉ¡m¤¢j¢eu¡−jl f¡œ M) L¡−Ql f¡œ N) j¡¢Vl f¡œ O) ¢V−el f¡œ

2z cC fÐÙ¹¤a Ll¡l SeÉ c¤−dl f¡œ…−m¡ LarZ J−i−e l¡M−he? L) 4-5 O¾V¡ M) 5-6 O¾V¡ N) 6-7 O¾V¡ O) 7-8 O¾V¡

3z Sj¡V hy¡d¡l fl cC ®L¡b¡u l¡M−m i¡−m¡ b¡L−h? L) ®l¢éS¡−lV−l M) ®V¢h−ml Efl N) Bmj¡¢ll ®ial O) ¢éS¡−ll ®ial


Mevw`cï cvjb

Q§s¡¿¹ j§mÉ¡ue - CE¢eV 1

pw¢rç J lQe¡j§mL fÊnÀ

1z B¢c k¤−N S‰−m fö ¢nL¡l Ll−a L£ L£ h¡d¡ Bpa? 2z h¡wm¡−c−n fö f¡m−el haÑj¡e AhÙÛ¡ heÑe¡ Ll¦ez 3z h¡wm¡−c−nl föpÇf−cl p¤ù¤ hÉhq¡−l Sep¡d¡lZ J plL¡−ll LlZ£u pÇfÑ−L ¢mM¤ez 4z BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z hhÑl k¤−N föl L£ i§¢jL¡ ¢Rm? 5z ¢nÒf J ¢h‘¡ek¤−N BaÈLjÑpwÙÛ¡e J c¡¢lâ c§l£Ll−Z Nh¡¢cföl i§¢jL¡ L£i¡−h

hÉ¡fL q−m¡ a¡ B−m¡Qe¡ Ll¦ez 6z fÐ¡Q£eL¡m ®b−L H−c−n L£ dl−el Nl¦ f¡me Ll¡ q−a¡? 7z c¤−dl …Z¡…Z pÇf−LÑ Bfe¡l hš²hÉ ¢mM¤ez 8z c¤d Evf¡c−e Nªqf¡¢ma föl …l¦aÅ hZÑe¡ Ll¦ez 9z j¢q−ol c¤d Evf¡ce pÇf−LÑ Bf¢e k¡ S¡−ee ¢mM¤ez 10z gpm Evf¡ce Ll¡l SeÉ fn¤n¢š² ®L¡eÚ ®L¡eÚ L¡−S hÉhq©a qu? 11z föQ¡¢ma f¢lhqZ ®L¡b¡u Hhw ®Le hÉhq©a qu? 12z Dn L¡−L h−m? Dn ®cM−a ®Lje? 13z Bf¢e ¢L m¡‰−ml gmL ®c−M−Re? gm−Ll °h¢nøÉ ¢mM¤ez 14z cC °a¢l−a L£ L£ EfLlZ fÐ−u¡Se? 15z cC pwlr−Z L£ L£ p¡hd¡ea¡ Ahmðe Ll−he? Ešlj¡m¡ - CE¢eV 1 f¡W 1.1 1z M 2z L 3z N 4z M f¡W 1.2 1z L 2z L 3z M 4z O f¡W 1.3 1z M 2z L 3z L 4z N 5z M f¡W 1.4 1z L 2z N 3z L 4z L f¡W 1.5 1z M 2z L 3z O 4z L


CE¢eV 2 Nl¦l S¡a J °h¢nøÉ CE¢eV 2 Nl¦l S¡a J

°h¢nøÉ Nl¦ Bj¡−cl A¢a f¢l¢Qa Nh¡¢cföz ¢h−nÄl ¢h¢iæ ®c−n hý fÐS¡¢a J S¡−al Nl¦ l−u−Rz H−cl BL¡l, BLª¢a Hhw °h¢nøÉ¡hm£J ¢h¢iæz a−h, p¡j¢NËLi¡−h Nl¦−L ¢ae¢V i¡−N i¡N Ll¡ k¡uz kb¡- Eæa, Ae¤æa J pwLl S¡−al Nl¦z Eæa S¡a hm−a Nl¦l L−uL fÐL¡l ¢hÐX−L (breed) h¤T¡u k¡l¡ HL h¡ HL¡¢dL hÉhq¡−ll SeÉ p¡d¡lZ Nl¦ ®b−L Eæaal, ®kje- c¤−dl SeÉ qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e HL¢V Eæa S¡−al Nl¦z ¢hÐX h¡ S¡a hm−a ¢e¢cÑø fÐL¡l Nl¦−L h¤T¡u k¡−cl Evf¢šl Evp A¢iæ Hhw ¢e¢cÑø °h¢n−øÉl SeÉ AeÉ−cl ®b−L fªbL Ll¡ k¡u J Eš² °h¢nøÉpj§q ®j¡V¡j¤¢V hwn flÇfl¡u Qm−a b¡−Lz Eæa S¡−al Nl¦ CE−l¡−fl ¢h¢iæ ®cn, A−ØVÌ¢mu¡, ¢eE¢SmÉ¡ä, B−j¢lL¡, i¡la, f¡¢LÙ¹¡e fÐiª¢a ®c−n f¡Ju¡ k¡uz Hl¡ c¤d J j¡wp Evf¡c−el SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡a J fª¢bh£l phÑœ pj¡¢âaz ®kje- qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e, S¡¢pÑ, Bu¡n¡u¡l, ®N¡u¡−l¢¾p, ¢p¢å, n¡¢qJu¡m fÐiª¢az Ae¤æa S¡−al Nl¦l Evf¡ce rja¡ Lj, BL¡l ®R¡V J JSe Ljz Ec¡qlZül©f h¡wm¡−c−nl ®cn£ Nl¦l e¡j E−õM Ll¡ k¡uz pwLl S¡−al Nl¦l c¤d J j¡wp Evf¡ce Ae¤æa S¡−al Nl¦ A−fr¡ p¡d¡lZa ®h¢nz c¤¢V ¢iæ S¡−al N¡i£ J oy¡−sl ¢jnÐ−Z pwLl S¡−al Nl¦l pª¢ø quz Bj¡−cl ®c−nl Ae¤æa S¡−al Nl¦l p−‰ Eæa S¡−al pw¢jnÐ−Z pwLl S¡−al Nl¦ Evf¡ce Ll¡ k¡uz

H CE¢e−Vl ¢h¢iæ f¡−W Nl¦l ¢h¢iæ S¡a J °h¢nøÉ pÇf−LÑ a¡¢šÆL J hÉhq¡¢lLpq ¢hÙ¹¡¢la B−m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ q−u−Rz f¡W 2.1 ®cn£ S¡−al Nl¦l °h¢nøÉ

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- h¡wm¡−c−nl Nl¦l Evp hm−a J ¢mM−a f¡l−hez Evp Ae¤p¡−l h¡wm¡−c−nl Nl¦l ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p ¢mM−a f¡l−hez ®cn£ Nl¦l S¡a J °h¢nøÉ hZÑe¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez h¡wm¡−c−nl pwLl Nl¦ pÇf−LÑ hm−a f¡l−hez

h¡wm¡−cn£ Nl¦l Evp

LMe, L£i¡−h H−c−n Nl¦l Nªqf¡¢maLlZ (domestication) q−u¢Rm a¡l ®L¡−e¡ p¢WL abÉ S¡e¡ k¡u ¢ez a−h j−q−”¡-c¡−l¡ J qlè¡ piÉa¡l pjuL¡m ®b−LC pñha Nl¦l hÉhq¡l pÇf−LÑ d¡lZ¡ f¡Ju¡ k¡uz fÐ¡Q£eL¡m ®b−L h¡wm¡−c−n ®k Nl¦ f¡¢ma q−u A¡p−R Hl¡ ®Sh¤ AbÑ¡v hp C¢äL¡p (Bos indicus) fÐS¡¢ai¤š²z H−c−nl Bhq¡Ju¡l p¡−b i¡−m¡i¡−h M¡f ®M−u ®hy−Q b¡L¡ H−cl HL¢V ¢h−no °h¢nøÉz hp C¢äL¡−pl A−eL…−m¡ S¡a i¡la£u Efjq¡−c−n ¢hcÉj¡e ¢Rmz ¢L¿º H A’−m (haÑj¡e h¡wm¡−cn) 1937 p¡m fkÑ¿¹ ®aje ®L¡−e¡ Nl¦l S¡a ¢Rm e¡z k¡ ¢Rm a¡l phC ®cn£ Nl¦z 1937 p¡−ml ¢c−L i¡l−al ac¡¢e¿¹e i¡Cplu mXÑ ¢me¢mb−N¡ haÑj¡e h¡wm¡−c−nl ¢LR¤ A’−m hp C¢äL¡p fÐS¡¢al ¢höÜ Nl¦l S¡a, ®kje- q¡¢lu¡e¡, ¢p¢å, n¡¢qJu¡m B−ee (Bm£, 1985)z hp Vl¡p (Bos taurus) fÐS¡¢al Eæa S¡−al Nl¦, ®kje- qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e, S¡¢pÑ fÐiª¢a Be¡ qu 1974 p¡−m (Bm£, 1985)z ¢eu¢ja Lª¢œj fÐSe−el j¡dÉ−j Hph S¡−al oy¡−sl h£S ®cn£ N¡i£l j−dÉ fÐ−hn L¢l−u pwLl S¡a pª¢ø Ll¡ qu k¡ HMeJ Qm−Rz Hl E−ŸnÉ Evf¡ce h¡s¡−e¡z haÑj¡−e hp Vl¡p J hp C¢äL¡p R¡s¡J h¡wm¡−c−nl f¡hÑaÉ Hm¡L¡l Oe S‰−m ¢jb¤e h¡ Nu¡m AbÑ¡v hp é¾V¡¢mp (Bos frontalis) fÐS¡¢al Nl¦ ®cM¡ k¡uz hp é¾V¡¢mp HL¢V heÉ fÐS¡¢al Nl¦z H−cl hwndl−cl HMeJ ®f¡o j¡e¡−e¡l ®Qø¡ Qm−Rz

h¡wm¡−c−nl Nl¦…−m¡ ®Sh¤ AbÑ¡v hp C¢äL¡p fÐS¡¢ai¤š²; ¢L¿º Eæa S¡−al qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e, S¡¢pÑ, Bu¡ln¡u¡l fÐiª¢a Nl¦ hp Vl¡p fÐS¡¢ai¤š²z

h¡wm¡−c−nl Nl¦l ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p h¡wm¡−c−n ÙÛ¡e£u,

¢h−cn£ J pwLl H ¢ae dl−el Nl¦ B−Rz

Evp Ae¤p¡−l h¡wm¡−c−nl Nl¦−L ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢ae i¡−N i¡N Ll¡ k¡uz kb¡- L) ÙÛ¡e£u - ®cn£ V¡Cf Hhw m¡m Qy¡V−N−uz

Mevw`cï cvjb

M) ¢h−cn£ - q¡¢lu¡e¡, n¡¢qJu¡m, ¢p¢å, qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e J S¡¢pÑz N) pwLl - ®cn£ N¡i£ ^ hp Vl¡p fÐS¡¢al Nl¦ Hhw ®cn£ N¡i£ ^ ¢jb¤e h¡ Nu¡m

®cn£ Nl¦l fÐbj h¡µQ¡ fÐp−hl Ns hupL¡m 45 j¡pz haÑj¡−e j¡œ 2% N¡i£ Lª¢œj fÐSe−el BJa¡u Be¡ ®N−Rz fÐ¢a¢V N¡i£ N−s 1.3 ®L¢S c¤d ®cu Hhw Nsfsa¡ ®c¡qeL¡m (lactation period) pju 7-8 j¡p (¢h.¢h.Hp., 1994)z h¡wm¡−c−nl Nl¦l S¡a

m¡m Qy¡V−N−u h¡wm¡−c−nl ¢eSü Nl¦l j−dÉ m¡m Qy¡V−N−u i¡−m¡ S¡−al Nl¦z

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e x h¡wm¡−c−nl Q–NË¡j J f¡hÑaÉ Q–NÊ¡j m¡m Qy¡V−N−u Nl¦l Bh¡pi§¢jz Q–NË¡j J f¡hÑaÉ Q–NËÊ¡−jl phÑœC H−cl f¡Ju¡ k¡uz H−cl Evf¢š, Evf¡ce Hhw °c¢qL ¯h¢nøÉ fÐ¡u ®cn£ Nl¦l j−a¡, a−h BL¡−l hsz H−cl N¡−ul lP m¡m h−m Hl¡ m¡m Qy¡V−N−u (Red Chittagong) e¡−j f¢l¢Qaz h¡wm¡−c−nl Nl¦l j−dÉ Hl¡ i¡−m¡ S¡−alz

¢Qœ 16 x m¡m Qy¡V−N−u h¡ ®lX ¢QV¡N¡w S¡−al Nl¦

S¡a °h¢nøÉ x Hl¡ BL¡−l j¡T¡¢l, N¡−ul lP q¡mL¡ m¡m, ¢nw f¡am¡ Hhw ®ia−ll ¢c−L Bw¢nL h¡yL¡−e¡z NmLðm ®R¡V Hhw O¡s ¢QLez j¤Mjäm, b¤a¢e J ®f−Vl ¢ejÀ¡wn B−fr¡Lªa q¡mL¡ l−Plz N¡i£ J oy¡−sl JSe kb¡œ²−j 250-300 J 350-400 ®L¢Sz ¯c¢eL c¤d Evf¡ce rja¡ fÐ¡u 2-5 ¢mV¡lz Jm¡eNË¢¿Û ®hn p¤W¡j, a−h h¡V BL¡−l ®R¡Vz h¡¢Z¢SÉL M¡j¡−ll SeÉ H S¡−al Nl¦ ®j¡−VJ p¤¢hd¡SeL euz a−h f¡¢lh¡¢lL M¡j¡−l f¡m−el SeÉ ®j¡V¡j¤¢V i¡−m¡z j¡T¡¢l BL¡−ll ®cn£ Nl¦

j¡T¡¢l BL¡−ll Nl¦…−m¡ j¤¢¾pN”, j¡¢eLN” J f¡he¡l n¡qS¡cf¤−l ®h¢n pwMÉ¡u f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

j¤¢¾pN”, j¡¢eLN” J f¡he¡l n¡qS¡cf¤−l ®hn ¢LR¤ Eæa dl−el Nl¦ ®cM¡ k¡u k¡−cl Evf¡ce ®j¡V¡j¤¢V i¡−m¡z j¡T¡¢l BL¡−ll H Nl¦…−m¡ AeÉ¡eÉ A’−ml Nl¦l ®Q−u hsz H A’m…−m¡−a H−cl−L c¤d Evf¡c−el Nl¦ ¢q−p−h ¢Q¢q²a Ll¡ q−u−Rz a−h, Hl¡ ®L¡−e¡ S¡a euz j§ma Hl¡ c¤d Evf¡ce J i¡lh¡q£ fö ¢q−p−h ®h¢n hÉhq©a quz hª¢Vn Bj−m n¡¢qJu¡m, ¢p¢å J q¡¢lu¡e¡ S¡−al ¢LR¤ oy¡s Hph A’−m Be¡l g−mC H A’−ml Nl¦l Evf¡ce rja¡ hª¢Ü f¡uz a¡R¡s¡ H A’m…−m¡−a fÐQ¤l O¡p f¡Ju¡ k¡u h−m H−cl Evf¡ce rja¡ HMeJ ¢V−L B−Rz ®cn£ ®R¡V Nl¦ ®cn£ ®R¡V S¡−al Nl¦

®c−nl phÑœC ®cM¡ k¡uz H−cl Evf¡ce rja¡ Ljz

H dl−el Nl¦ h¡wm¡−c−nl phÑœC ®cM¡ k¡uz Hl¡ BL¡−l ®R¡V, N¡−ul lP p¡c¡, L¡−m¡, m¡m, L¡Sm¡ h¡ ¢h¢iæ l−Pl ¢jnÐZ q−a f¡−lz N¡i£ J oy¡−sl Ns °c¢qL JSe kb¡œ²−j 150-200 J 225-250 ®L¢Sz H−cl j¡b¡ ®R¡V Hhw A−eLV¡ hNÑ¡Lª¢alz Lf¡m QJs¡ J QÉ¡ÃV¡z ¢nw


†`kx Rv‡Zi Miæi ˆewkó¨

®Q¡M¡ Hhw p¡j−e J Ef−ll ¢c−L hy¡L¡−e¡z L¡e J Q¤V ®R¡V Hhw Eæaz NmLðm j¡T¡¢l Ns−elz oy¡−sl fÐSeea−¿»l Bhªa Q¡js¡ h¡ b−m BL¡−l ®R¡Vz ®cn£ Nl¦ M¤hC Løp¢qo·¤ Hhw Hl¡ fÊd¡ea n¢š²l L¡−S hÉhq©a quz H−cl c¤d Evf¡ce rja¡ M¤hC Ljz H−LL¢V N¡i£ N−s 0.6 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz H−cl−L °àa hÉhq¡−l¡f−k¡N£ fö hm¡ quz

Ae¤n£me (Activity) x dl¦e, Bfe¡ L HL¢V L l m¡m Qy¡V−N u, j¡T¡¢l J ®cn£ ®R¡V Nl¦ ®cM¡−e¡ q m¡z Bf¢e H−cl L L£i¡ h fªbL Ll−he a¡ M¡a¡u ¢mM¤ez

− − −− − −

¢Qœ 17 x ®R¡V BL¡−ll ®cn£ Nl¦

®cn£ Nl¦l pwLl¡ue ®h¢n Evf¡ce f¡Ju¡l SeÉ pwLl Nl¦ pª¢ø Ll¡ quz

Bj¡−cl ®c−n ®cn£ N¡i£l p¡−b ¢h−cn£ Eæa S¡−al oy¡−sl fÐSee O¢V−u pwLl Nl¦ pª¢ø Ll¡ quz ü¡i¡¢hL J Lª¢œj fÐSe−el j¡dÉ−j Hph Nl¦l Evf¢šz pwLl Nl¦l c¤d J j¡wp Evf¡ce rja¡ ®cn£ Nl¦ A−fr¡ A−eL ®h¢nz Hl¡ ®cM−a A−eLV¡ ¢h−cn£ Nl¦l j−a¡z a−h ®cn£ Nl¦l j−a¡C Hl¡ Løp¢qo·¤z ®l¡NfÐ¢a−l¡d rja¡J ¢h−cn£ Nl¦l a¤me¡u ®h¢nz

¢Qœ 18 x HL¢V pwLl Nl¦

p¡ljjÑ x Bj¡−cl ®c−nl Nl¦ Ae¤æa, Hl¡ hp C¢äL¡p fÐS¡¢al A¿¹iÑš²z h¡wm¡−c−nl Nl¦ ¢ae fÐL¡−ll, kb¡- ÙÛ¡e£u, ¢h−cn£ J pwLlz ÙÛ¡e£u Nl¦l j−dÉ l−u−R ®cn£ V¡Cf J m¡m Qy¡V−N−uz ¢h−cn£ Nl¦l j−dÉ q¡¢lu¡e¡, n¡¢qJu¡m, ¢p¢å, qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e J S¡¢pÑz ®cn£ N¡i£l p¡−b ¢h−cn£ Eæa S¡−al oy¡−sl fÐSee O¢V−u pwLl Nl¦ pª¢ø Ll¡ quz H−cl Evf¡ce rja¡ ®cn£ Nl¦l a¤me¡u ®h¢n quz


Mevw`cï cvjb


p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez

1z Bj¡−cl ®c−nl Nl¦…−m¡ ®L¡eÚ fÐS¡¢ai¤š²? L) ®Sh¤ h¡ hp C¢äL¡p M) hp Vl¡p N) hp é¾V¡¢mp O) hp Nl¡p

2z h¡wm¡−c−n ®L¡eÚ ®L¡eÚ dl−el Nl¦ f¡Ju¡ k¡u? L) ÙÛ¡e£u J ¢h−cn£ M) ÙÛ¡e£u J Nu¡m N) ÙÛ¡e£u, ¢h−cn£ J pwLl O) ÙÛ¡e£u J pwLl

3z m¡m Qy¡V−N−u S¡−al N¡i£l JSe kb¡œ²−j La qu? L) 250-300 J 200-250 ®L¢S M) 350-400 J 250-300 ®L¢S N) 300-350 J 250-300 ®L¢S O) 325-400 J 250-325 ®L¢S

4z ®cn£ ®R¡V Nl¦ N−s LaV¤L¤ c¤d ®cu? L) 10 ¢mV¡l M) 5 ¢mV¡l N) 6 ¢mV¡l O) 0.6 ¢mV¡l

5z pwLl Nl¦l Evf¡ce rja¡ ®Lje? L) ®cn£ Nl¦l ®b−L ®h¢n M) ¢h−cn£ Nl¦l ®b−L ®h¢n N) ®cn£ Nl¦l ®b−L Lj O) ®cn£ J ¢h−cn£ Nl¦l ®b−L ®h¢n



f¡W 2.2 ¢h−cn£ Eæa S¡−al Nl¦l °h¢nøÉ

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- hp Vl¡p J hp C¢äL¡p Nl¦l j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ hZÑe¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez Nl¦l ¯h‘¡¢eL ®nÐ¢ÐZ¢heÉ¡p hm−a f¡l−hez Evf¢š J BL¡l Ae¤k¡u£ ¢h¢iæ S¡−al Nl¦l ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p ¢mM−a f¡l−hez L¡S J hÉhq¡l Ae¤k¡u£ ¢h¢iæ S¡−al Nl¦l ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p Ll−a f¡l−hez L−uL¢V Eæa S¡−al Nl¦l e¡j E−õM L−l a¡−cl °h¢nøÉ J Evf¢š hZÑe¡ Ll−a

f¡l−hez Bjl¡ S¡¢e, fÐ¡Z£l °h¢n−øÉl f¡bÑ−LÉl ¢h¢iæa¡ fÐ¡Z£l S¡a ¢edÑ¡lZ L−lz HSeÉ ¢h−cn£ Eæa Nl¦l S¡a J °h¢nøÉ B−m¡Qe¡ Ll¡l B−N H−cl f§hÑ hwndl−cl Lb¡ S¡e¡ E¢Qaz ¢h‘¡e£−cl j−a haÑj¡eL¡−ml Nl¦l f§hÑf¤l¦o hp Vl¡p J hp C¢äL¡p fÐS¡¢al A¿¹i¤Ñš²z

CE−l¡−fl pLm Nl¦ hp Vl¡−pl A¿¹i¤Ñš²z H fÐS¡¢al fÐd¡e ne¡š²L¡l£ ¯h¢nøÉ q−µR H−cl ®L¡−e¡ Q¤V ®eCz ®kje- qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e, S¡¢pÑ, Bu¡ln¡u¡l, hÐ¡Ee p¤Cp fÐiª¢a S¡−al Nl¦z hp C¢äL¡−pl fÐd¡e ¯h¢nøÉ q−m¡ H−cl EyQ¤ Q¤V B−Rz ¢p¢å, n¡¢qJu¡m, q¡¢lu¡e¡ H fÐS¡¢al A¿¹i¤Ñš² z

hp Vl¡p Nl¦l fÐd¡e °h¢nøÉ H−cl Q¤V ®eC, ¢L¿º hp C¢äL¡−pl EyQ¤ Q¤V B−Rz

p¡l¢Z 10 x hp Vl¡p J hp C¢äL¡p Nl¦l j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ

hp Vl¡p hp C¢äL¡p

1z Q¤V ®eCz 1z Q¤V B−Rz

2z j¡b¡ BL¡−l ®R¡V J QJs¡z 2z j¡b¡ mð¡Lª¢al J a¤me¡j§mLi¡−h ¢QLez

3z Q¡js¡ M¤hC f¤l¦ J OeaÅ 7-8 ¢j.¢j.z 3z a¤me¡j§mLi¡−h f¡am¡ J OeaÅ 5-6 ¢j.¢j.z

4z Q¡js¡l ¢e−Q Q¢hÑl f¢lj¡Z ®h¢nz 4z Q¡js¡l ¢e−Q Q¢hÑl f¢lj¡Z Ljz

5z Jm¡eNË¢¿Û QÉ¡ÃV¡, BL¡−l hs J p¤N¢Waz 5z Jm¡eNË¢¿Û ®N¡m¡Lª¢a, BL¡−l ®R¡V J Ae¤æaz

6z â¦a f§ZÑhuú quz 6z ¢hm−ð f§ZÑhuú quz

7z c¤d Evf¡ce M¤h ®h¢nz 7z c¤d Evf¡ce a¤me¡j§mLi¡−h Ljz

Ae¤n£me (Activity) x dl¦e, Bfe¡l p¡j−e hp Vl¡p J hp C¢äL¡p fÐS¡¢al c¤ V¡ Nl¦ Be¡ q−m¡ Bf¢e H cl−L L£i¡−h ¢Qe−he a¡ M¡a¡u ¢mM¤ez

−−

fÐ¡¢ZSN−a Nl¦l ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p

SNv (Kingdom) x fÐ¡¢ZSNv (Animal Kingdom) fhÑ (Phylum) x ®jl¦cä£ fÐ¡Z£ (Cordata) ®nÐZ£ (Class) x Ù¹eÉf¡u£ fÐ¡Z£ (Mammalia) - k¡l¡ h¡µQ¡ fÐph L−l J h¡µQ¡−L c¤d f¡e Ll¡uz hNÑ (Order) x ®S¡s M¤l¢h¢nø fÐ¡Z£ (Artiodactylia) ®N¡œ (Family) x h¢i¢X (Bovidae) - ®l¡j¿ÛL fÐ¡Z£ k¡l¡ S¡hl L¡−Vz NZ (Genus) x hp (Bos) - Qa¤Øfc fÐ¡Z£, heÉ Hhw Nªqf¡¢ma, n¢š²n¡m£ ®cqz fÐS¡¢a (Species) x Bos taurus, Bos indicus, Bos frontalis CaÉ¡¢cz


Mevw`cï cvjb

Nl¦l ¢h¢iæ S¡a−L ¢ae Ef¡−u ¢hiš² Ll¡ k¡uz kb¡- Evf¢š h¡ BL¡l Ae¤p¡−l hÉhq¡l h¡ L¡S Ae¤p¡−l S¡¢al ®j±¢mLaÅ h¡ ¢höÜa¡l f¢lj¡Z ¢c−u

Evf¢š J BL¡l Ae¤k¡u£ S¡−al ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p

hp fÐ¢j−S¢eu¡p (Bos promigenious) x Ec¡qlZ- qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e, Bu¡ln¡u¡l CaÉ¡¢cz

hp m¢‰éeÚp (Bos longifrons) x Ec¡qlZ- hÊ¡Ee p¤Cp, S¡¢pÑ, …−u−l¢¾p CaÉ¡¢cz hp é¾V¡¢mp (Bos frontalis) x Ec¡qlZ- ¢p−j¾V¡mz hp hÐÉ¡¢L−pg¡m¡p (Bos brachycephalus) x Ec¡qlZ- ®L¢l, p¡−p„, q¡l−g¡XÑ CaÉ¡¢cz

hÉhq¡l h¡ L¡S Ae¤k¡u£ Nl¦l S¡−al ®nÐ¢Z¢hi¡N

c¤d¡m S¡a j¡wpm S¡a n¢š² Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡a °àa E−ŸnÉ S¡a (Dairy breed) (Beef breed) (Draft breed) (Dual breed) 1z qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e 1z AÉ¡‰¡p 1z Ajªa jqm 1z b¡lf¡lL¡l 2z S¡¢pÑ 2z ¢hg j¡ØV¡l 2z d¡¢æ 2z q¡¢lu¡e¡ 3z Bu¡ln¡u¡l 3z hÐ¡þZ 3z Lªo· ®i¢m 3z L¡w−œ²S

hÉhq¡l Ae¤k¡u£ ¢h¢iæ S¡−al Nl¦−m¡−L c¤d¡m, j¡wpm, n¢š² Evf¡ceL¡l£ J °àa E−ŸnÉ S¡−a i¡N Ll¡ q−u−Rz

4z …−u−l¢¾p 4z q¡l−g¡XÑ 4z A‰m 4z ¢j¢ów pVÑ qeÑ 5z hÐ¡Ee p¤Cp 5z ®Xhe 5z i¡Ne¡¢l 5z ®lX −f¡m 6z ¢p¢å 6z pVÑ qeÑ 6z j¡m¢i 7z n¡¢qJu¡m 7z q¡¢mLl L−uL¢V …l¦aÅf§ZÑ S¡−al °h¢nøÉ B−m¡Qe¡

qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e (Holstein Friesian) Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e x H c¤d¡m S¡−al Nl¦l Evf¢šÙÛ¡e qmÉ¡−äl ¢éSmÉ¡äz haÑj¡−e fÐ¢bh£l fÐ¡u phÑœ f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

¢Qœ 19 x HL¢V qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e S¡−al N¡i£

S¡a °h¢nøÉ x qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e c¤d¡m S¡−al j−dÉ ph−Q−u hs BL¡−ll Nl¦z N¡i£l Nsfsa¡ JSe 750 ®L¢S Hhw oy¡−sl JSe 1100 ®L¢Sz nl£l ®hn f¤ø, ®fR−el Awn i¡¢l Hhw Jm¡eNË¢¿Û ®hn hsz ®fR−el f¡ ®p¡S¡, mð¡ Hhw A−fr¡Lªa pl¦, j¡b¡ J nl£l ®f¢nk¤š²z N¡i£ n¡¿¹ fÐLª¢al, ¢L¿º oy¡s…−m¡ hc−jS¡¢Sz ®N¡-Q¡l−el AiÉ¡p j¡T¡¢l dl−elz



H−cl N¡−ul lP p¡c¡, L¡−m¡ ¢j¢nÐaz Eiu l−Pl ®L¡−e¡ HL¢Vl fÐ¡d¡eÉ q−a f¡−lz S−¾jl pju h¡R¤−ll JSe N−s 40-45 ®L¢S qu, huxfÐ¡¢ç ®c¢l−a O−Vz HS¡a£u N¡i£ hR−l 4500-9000 ¢mV¡l c¤d ¢c−u b¡−Lz c¤−d Q¢hÑl f¢lj¡Z j¡œ 3.5%z c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ N¡i£l j−dÉ Hl¡ A¢dL c¤‡c¡−el SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡az S¡¢pÑ (Jersey) S¡¢pÑ S¡−al N¡i£

h¡¢oÑL 3500-4000 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e x CwmÉ¡−äl S¡¢pÑ, …−u−l¢¾p, AÉ¡mX¡l¢e J p¡gÑ QÉ¡−em à£fpj§−q H−cl Evf¢šz CE−l¡f J B−j¢lL¡l fÐ¡u phÑœ, ¢h−no L−l, CwmÉ¡ä J B−j¢lL¡l f§hÑ J c¢r−Zl l¡øÌ…−m¡−a H−cl ¢hÙ¹ª¢a l−u−Rz

S¡a °h¢nøÉ x ¢h−cn£ c¤d¡m S¡−al Ni£l j−dÉ S¡¢pÑl BL¡l phÑ¡−fr¡ ®R¡Vz N¡i£l JSe 400-500 Hhw oy¡−sl JSe 600-800 ®L¢Sz ®c−ql NWe p¤¾cl J ¢eM¤a, Jm¡eNË¢¿Û ®hn hs Hhw p¤N¢Waz ¢nlc¡s¡ ®p¡S¡ Hhw j¡b¡ J O¡s p¡j”pÉf§ZÑz N¡−ul lP ¢g−L m¡m (fawn)z ¢SqÆ¡ Hhw ®m−Sl lP L¡−m¡z ®N¡-Q¡l−e AiÉÙ¹z S¡¢pÑl h¡µQ¡ BL¡−l ®R¡V J c¤hÑm quz a¡C S−¾jl fl h¡µQ¡ m¡mef¡me Løp¡dÉ q−u J−Wz h¡µQ¡l S¾j JSe 22-33 ®L¢S fkÑ¿¹ quz A¢a AÒf pj−u S¡¢pÑ N¡i£ huxfÐ¡ç qu Hhw c£OÑ¢ce fkÑ¿¹ c¤d Evf¡c−e prjz i¡−m¡ j¡e J A¢dL f¢lj¡Z c¤d Evf¡c−el SeÉ S¡¢pÑ S¡−al Nl¦ ¢hMÉ¡az N¡i£l h¡¢oÑL c¤d Evf¡ce rja¡ 3500-4000 ¢mV¡l, c¤−d Q¢hÑl Ns q¡l 5%z S¡¢pÑ Nl¦ j¡wpm qu e¡z

¢Qœ 20 x HL¢V S¡¢pÑ S¡−al N¡i£

Bu¡ln¡u¡l (Ayreshire) Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e x Bu¡ln¡u¡−ll Evf¢š úVmÉ¡−äl c¢rZ-f¢ÕQj Bu¡ln¡u¡l fÊ−c−nz H S¡−al Nl¦ ®NËV hª−Ve, ¢gemÉ¡ä, ¢eE¢SmÉ¡ä, A−ØVÌ¢mu¡, L¡e¡X¡ J k¤š²l¡−øÌ f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

¢Qœ 21 x HL¢V Bu¡ln¡u¡l S¡−al N¡i£


Mevw`cï cvjb

S¡a °h¢nøÉ x Bu¡ln¡u¡l N¡i£l JSe 550-700 ®L¢S Hhw o¡y−sl JSe 850-1150 ®L¢Sz H−cl ¢nlc¡s¡ ®p¡S¡ Hhw ¢nw fÐp¡¢la J hy¡L¡z Jm¡eNË¢¿Û ®hn hs J p¤N¢Waz N¡−ul lP m¡−ml j−dÉ p¡c¡ ®gy¡V¡ ®gy¡V¡z p¡d¡lZa j¡b¡ J nl£−ll pÇj¤Mi¡−N N¡t lP ®cM¡ k¡uz N¡i£l lP q¡mL¡ m¡m, a−h oy¡−sl lP N¡t m¡mz ®N¡-Q¡l−e i¡−m¡i¡−h AiÉÙ¹z Bu¡ln¡u¡l huxfÐ¡ç qu …−u−l¢¾pl f−l ¢L¿º qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e A−fr¡ a¡s¡a¡¢sz qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡−el h¡R¤−ll eÉ¡u Bu¡ln¡u¡−ll h¡R¤l S−¾jl pju p−aS J phm quz h¡R¤−ll S¾j JSe (birth weight) 35-40 ®L¢Sz Hl¡ c¤d¡m N¡i£ ¢q−p−h f¢l¢Qaz c¤d Evf¡ce rja¡ hR−l fÐ¡u 5000 ¢mV¡lz c¤−d Q¢hÑl q¡l 4%z

A¡u¡ln¡u¡l N¡i£ hR−l fÐ¡u 5000 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz

m¡m ¢p¢å (Red Sindhi) m¡m ¢p¢å N¡i£ hR−l

N−s 2000 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e x f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el ¢på¤ fÐ−c−nl Ll¡¢Q J q¡uc¡l¡h¡−c H−cl Evf¢šz H S¡−al Nl¦ f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el phÑœC ®cM¡ k¡uz a¡R¡s¡ k¤š²l¡øÌ, L¡e¡X¡, i¡la, nÐ£mwL¡, h¡wm¡−cn, C−¾c¡−e¢nu¡ J b¡CmÉ¡−ä H−cl ¢hÙ¹ª¢a l−u−Rz

S¡a °h¢nøÉ x N¡i£l JSe 350-400 ®L¢S Hhw o¡y−sl JSe 425-500 ®L¢Sz Q¤V Eæa, NmLðm J e¡i£l Q¡l¢c−Ll Q¡js¡ ®hn ¢Ym¡, Lf¡m ®hn fÐnÙ¹ J Eæa, ¢nw j¡T¡¢l BL¡−ll Hhw ¢LR¤V¡ ®ia−ll ¢c−L h¡yL¡−e¡z L¡e j¡T¡¢l BL¡−ll, Jm¡e NË¢¿Û hsz N¡−ul lP N¡t m¡m, ¢L¿º L¡m−Q qm¤c ®b−L N¡t ®j−VJ q−a f¡−lz h¡R¤−ll S¾j JSe 22-25 ®L¢Sz Hl¡ i¡la£u Efjq¡−c−n c¤d¡m N¡i£ ¢q−p−h f¢l¢Qaz ¢p¢å N¡i£ hR−l N−s 2000 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz c¤−d Q¢hÑl f¢lj¡Z 5%z H S¡−al Nl¦ Bj¡−cl ®c−nl Bhq¡Ju¡u ®j¡V¡j¤¢V i¡−m¡i¡−h M¡f M¡Ju¡−a f¡−lz ¢p¢å hmc HLV¤ Bm−p fÐLª¢alz ¢L¿º o¡ys J h¡wm¡−cn£ N¡i£l ¢jm−e pªø hmc q¡m-Q¡o J N¡¢s V¡e¡l SeÉ i¡−m¡z hLe¡ ¢ae hR−lC N¡i£−a f¢lZa quz

¢Qœ 22 x HL¢V m¡m ¢p¢å S¡−al N¡i£

n¡¢qJu¡m (Shahiwal) n¡¢qJu¡m f¡¢LÙ¹¡e, i¡la J h¡wm¡−c−n c¤d¡m N¡i£l S¡a ¢q−p−h p¤f¢l¢Qaz Hl¡ hR−l 3000-4000 ¢mV¡l c¤d ¢c−u b¡−Lz

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e x f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el f¡”¡h fÐ−c−nl j−¾V¡−N¡j¡¢l ®Sm¡u n¡¢qJu¡−ml Evf¢šz f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el hs hs nql J a¡l Q¡lf¡−nÄÑ H S¡−al N¡i£ ®cM¡ k¡uz H¢nu¡ jq¡−c−nl A−eL ®c−nC H S¡−al Nl¦l ¢hÙ¹¡l O−V−Rz f¡¢LÙÛ¡−el eÉ¡u i¡l−aJ plL¡l£ J ®hplL¡l£ fkÑ¡−u n¡¢qJu¡m N¡i£l A−eL…−m¡ hs hs M¡j¡l B−Rz

S¡a °h¢nøÉ x n¡¢qJu¡m N¡i£ BL¡−l ®hn mð¡, h¢mù J ®f¢nk¤š²z j¡b¡ fÐnÙ¹ Hhw ¢nw ®R¡V, ¢L¿º ®j¡V¡z N¡i£ J o¡y−sl JSe kb¡œ²−j 450-550 J 600-1000 ®L¢Sz h¡R¤−ll S¾j JSe 22-28 ®L¢Sz Q¤V J NmLðm ®hn hsz e¡¢il Q¡lf¡−nl Q¡js¡ ®j¡V¡ J ¢Ym¡z Jm¡eNË¢¿Û hs J T¤m¿¹z N¡−ul lP p¡d¡lZa q¡ó¡ m¡m h¡ q¡ó¡ qm¤cz ®L¡−e¡ ®L¡−e¡ N¡i£l ®r−œ ®c−ql ¢h¢iæ Aw−n p¡c¡ c¡N ®cM¡ k¡uz n¡¢qJu¡m f¡¢LÙ¹¡e, i¡la J h¡wm¡−c−n c¤d¡m



N¡i£l S¡a ¢q−p−h p¤f¢l¢Qaz Hl¡ hR−l 3000-4000 ¢mV¡l c¤d ¢c−u b¡−Lz c¤−d Q¢hÑl f¢lj¡Z 4.5%z hmc p¡d¡lZa Amp fÐLª¢al J j¿Ûl N¢apÇfæz n¡¢qJu¡m oy¡s J ®cn£ N¡i£l pwLl¡u−e Evfæ Nl¦ c¤d Evf¡ce J q¡mQ¡−ol SeÉ i¡−m¡z

¢Qœ 23 x HL¢V n¡¢qJu¡m S¡−al N¡i£

q¡¢lu¡e¡ (Hariana) q¡¢lu¡e¡ c¤d Evf¡ce J N¡¢sl V¡e¡ c¤E−Ÿ−nÉC hÉhq©a quz

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e x i¡l−al ®l¡qVL, ¢qp¡l, …lN¡J, L¡eÑ¡m J ¢c¢õ q¡¢lu¡e¡l B¢c h¡pÙÛ¡ez i¡l−al ph S¡uN¡u q¡¢lu¡e¡ ®cM¡ k¡uz a¡f pqen£ma¡ q¡¢lu¡e¡l AeÉaj °h¢nøÉz ®pSeÉ mÉ¡¢Ve B−j¢lL¡ J k¤š²l¡−øÌl c¢re¡’−m H−cl p¡q¡−kÉ ¢h¢iæ fÐL¡l pwLl S¡−al Nl¦ Evf¡ce Ll−a ®cM¡ k¡uz

¢Qœ 24 x HL¢V q¡¢lu¡e¡ S¡−al hLe¡

S¡a J °h¢nøÉ x N¡i£ J o¡y−sl JSe kb¡œ²−j 400-500 J 600-1100 ®L¢Sz EµQa¡ 140-145 ®p.¢j.z h¡R¤−ll S¾j JSe 22-25 ®L¢Sz j¡b¡ mð¡ J A−fr¡Lªa pl¦z ¢nw mð¡, ¢QLe J jpªez Jm¡e p¤N¢Wa J BVp¡V, N¡−ul lP q¡mL¡ d§pl h¡ p¡c¡−Vz ®L¡−e¡ ®L¡−e¡ oy¡−sl O¡s, Q¤V, h¤L fÐiª¢a ÙÛ¡e N¡t d§pl l−Plz q¡¢lu¡e¡ AaÉ¢dL f¢lnÐj£ J n¢š²n¡m£ Nl¦z Hl¡ ¯àa L¡S, kb¡- c¤d Evf¡ce J N¡¢s V¡e¡l Ef−k¡N£z h¡¢oÑL c¤d Evf¡ce rja¡ N−s 2000 ®L¢Sz c¤−d Q¢hÑl f¢lj¡Z 5%z hLe¡ 3-4 hR−ll j−dÉ N¡i£−a f¢lZa quz b¡lf¡lL¡l (Tharparkar) b¡lf¡lL¡l Nl¦ c¤d J

j¡wp Evf¡c−el L¡−S hÉhq©a quz

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e x f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el ¢på¤ fÐ−c−nl b¡lf¡lL¡l ®Sm¡u H−cl Evf¢šz ¢på¤ fÐ−c−nl phÑœ Hhw f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el AeÉ¡eÉ fÐ−c−n H−cl f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

S¡a °h¢nøÉ x b¡lf¡lL¡l ®hn n¢š²n¡m£ Nl¦z N¡−ul lP p¡c¡z Hl¡ jdÉj A¡Lª¢al J q¡¢lu¡e¡l ®Q−u Lj EµQa¡pÇfæz ¢nw J Q¤V jdÉj BL¡−llz NmLðm h¢dÑa ¢L¿º n¡¢qJu¡m J ¢p¢ål ®Q−u ®R¡Vz ®cq p¤W¡j J p¤¾clz b¡lf¡lL¡l q¡¢lu¡e¡l eÉ¡u ¯àa E−Ÿ−nÉ AbÑ¡v c¤d


Mevw`cï cvjb

J j¡wp Evf¡c−e hÉhq¡l Ll¡ k¡uz N¡i£l h¡¢oÑL c¤d Evf¡ce rja¡ N−s 2000 ¢mV¡lz c¤−d Q¢hÑl f¢lj¡Z 5%z

¢Qœ 25 x HL¢V b¡lf¡lL¡l S¡−al o¡ys

Ajªa jqm (Amrit Mahal) i¡l−al n¢š² Evf¡cen£m Nl¦l j−dÉ Ajªa jqm S¡a EvLªøz

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e x H S¡−al Nl¦l Evf¢š i¡l−al LZ¡ÑVL fÐ−c−nz a−h, i¡l−al AeÉ¡eÉ fÐ−c−nl M¡j¡−lJ H−cl ®cM−a f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

S¡a °h¢nøÉ x ®cq p¤N¢Wa, ¢fW ®p¡S¡ Hhw f¡ ®c−ql p¡−b p¡j”pÉf§ZÑz j¤M¡Lª¢a mð¡ J Lf¡m Eæaz ¢nw mð¡ J fÐnÙ¹, NmLðm J Q¤V Eæa Hhw hsz Q¡js¡ ®hn BVp¡V, ®mS j¡T¡¢l mð¡ Hhw ®m−Sl …µR L¡−m¡z N¡−ul lP d§pl, a−h j¡b¡, Nm¡, Q¤V J f¡ L¡−m¡ ®m¡−j Bhªaz Hl¡ i¡l−al n¢š² Evf¡cen£m Nl¦l j−dÉ Hl¡ EvLªø S¡az Hl¡ AaÉ¿¹ LjÑrj, a−h N¡i£l c¤d Evf¡ce rja¡ Ljz hÐ¡þZ (Brahman) hÐ¡þZ j¡wp Evf¡ceL¡l£

®Sh¤ fÐS¡¢al Nl¦z Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e x H S¡−al Nl¦l Evf¢šÙÛ¡e i¡laz a−h haÑj¡−e B−j¢lL¡pq fª¢bh£l A−eL ®c−nC f¡Ju¡ k¡uz i¡l−al hÐ¡þZ pÇfÐc¡−ul Nl¦l p¡−b CE−l¡f J B−j¢lL¡u Eæa V¡C−fl Nl¦l c£OÑ pwLl¡u−el g−m H S¡−al pª¢ø q−u−Rz hÐ¡þZ pÇfÐc¡−ul e¡−jl p¡−b ¢jm ®l−MC H S¡−al Nl¦l e¡j ®cu¡ q−u−R hÐ¡þZz

S¡a J °h¢nøÉ x N¡−ul lP d§pl Abh¡ m¡mz a−h h¡c¡¢j, L¡−m¡, p¡c¡ J g¤Vg¤−V l−PlJ ®cM¡ ®j−mz j§M¡Lª¢a mð¡, L¡e T¤m¿¹, Q¤V EyQ¤, NmLðm f¤l¦ J ®j¡V¡ Q¡js¡u Bhªaz Hl¡ j¡wp Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al Nl¦z

¢Qœ 26 x HL¢V hÐ¡þZ S¡−al Nl¦



AÉ¡‰¡p (Angus) AÉ¡‰¡p Eæa Hhw A¢dL j¡wp Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al Nl¦z

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e x H−cl B¢c h¡pÙÛ¡e úVmÉ¡ä, AÉ¡h¡l¢Xe, AÉ¡‰¡p, ¢LwL¡l¢Xe J glg¡l-Hl Ešl f§hÑ¡’mz

S¡a J °h¢nøÉ x H−cl N¡−ul lP L¡−m¡z ®L¡−e¡ ¢nw ®eCz N¡−ul Q¡js¡ J ®m¡j jpªZz ®cq mð¡Lª¢alz Hl¡ Eæa Hhw A¢dL j¡wp Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al Nl¦z

¢Qœ 27 x HL¢V AÉ¡‰¡p S¡−al Nl¦

Ae¤n£me (Activity) x H f¡ W B−m¡¢Qa c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al Nl¦…−m¡l j−dÉ Bfe¡l cª¢ø−a ®L¡eÚ¢V ®nÐù? A¡fe¡l ja¡j al üf r k¤¢š² ¢cez

−− −

p¡ljjÑ x haÑj¡eL¡−ml Nl¦l f§hÑ f¤l¦o hp Vl¡p J hp C¢äL¡p fÐS¡¢ai¤š²z hp Vl¡−pl fÐd¡e °h¢nøÉ H−cl Q¤V ®eC, ¢L¿º hp C¢äL¡−pl EyQ¤ Q¤V B−Rz qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e, S¡¢pÑ, Bu¡ln¡u¡l, AÉ¡‰¡p fÐiª¢a hp Vl¡p Hhw m¡m ¢p¢å, n¡¢qJu¡m, q¡¢lu¡e¡, b¡lf¡lL¡l, hÐ¡þZ fÐiª¢a hp C¢äL¡p Nl¦z hÉhq¡l Ae¤k¡u£ Nl¦−L c¤d¡m, j¡wpm, n¢š² Evf¡ceL¡l£ J °àa E−ŸnÉ S¡−a i¡N Ll¡ quz c¤d¡m S¡−al j−dÉ qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e phÑ−nÐùz Hl¡ h¡¢oÑL 4500-9000 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz HR¡s¡J m¡m ¢p¢å Hhw n¡¢qJu¡mJ H−c−n f¡m−el SeÉ i¡−m¡z q¡¢lu¡e¡ c¤d J n¢š² Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡az b¡lf¡lL¡l c¤d J j¡wp Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡az hÐ¡þZ J AÉ¡‰¡p j¡wp Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al Nl¦z


Mevw`cï cvjb


p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z hp Vl¡p fÐS¡¢al Nl¦l fÐd¡e °h¢nøÉ L£?

L) H−cl EyQ¤ Q¤V B−R M) H−cl EyQ¤ Q¤V ®eC N) H−cl ®R¡V Q¤V B−R O) H−cl Jm¡eNË¢¿Û ®hn hs

2z c¤d¡m S¡−al Nl¦l j−dÉ ph−Q−u hs BL¡−ll ®L¡eÚ¢V? L) qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e M) S¡¢pÑ N) m¡m ¢p¢å O) n¡¢qJu¡m

3z qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e h¡¢oÑL LaV¤L¤ c¤d ®cu? L) 5000-6000 ¢mV¡l M) 3000-6000 ¢mV¡l N) 2500-5000 ¢mV¡l O) 4500-9000 ¢mV¡l

4z n¡¢qJu¡m oy¡s J N¡i£l JSe kb¡œ²−j La? L) 600-1000 J 450-550 ®L¢S M) 500-700 J 350-450 ®L¢S N) 600-800 J 450-550 ®L¢S O) 550-750 J 400-500 ®L¢S

5z c¤d Evf¡ce J N¡¢s V¡e¡l SeÉ ®L¡eÚ S¡−al Nl¦ fÐ¢pÜ? L) S¡¢pÑ M) b¡lf¡lL¡l N) q¡¢lu¡e¡ O) Ajªa jqm

6z j¡wp Evf¡ceL¡l£ ®Sh¤ Nl¦ ®L¡eÚ¢V? L) ®Xhe M) AÉ¡‰¡p N) q¡l−g¡XÑ O) hÐ¡þZ



f¡W 2.3 pwLl S¡−al Nl¦l °h¢nøÉ

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- ■ pwLl Nl¦ L¡−L h−m a¡ hm−a f¡l−hez ■ pwLl Nl¦ pª¢øl E−ŸnÉ hÉ¡MÉ¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez ■ pwLl Nl¦l °h¢nøÉ hZÑe¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez ■ pwLl Nl¦l Evp ¢mM−a f¡l−hez pwLl Nl¦ L£

Eæa S¡−al oy¡−sl p−‰ ®cn£ N¡i£l ¢jnÐ−Z ®k S¡−al Nl¦ Evf¡ce Ll¡ qu a¡−L pwLl S¡−al Nl¦ h−mz pwLl S¡a Bp−m ¢jnÐS¡az pwLl S¡a pª¢ø Ll¡l fÐ¢œ²u¡−L pwLl¡ue h−mz Bj¡−cl ®c−n ®cn£ Ae¤æa N¡i£−L ¢h−cn£ Eæa S¡−al oy¡−sl j¡dÉ−j pwLl¡ue L−l a¡l ®b−L Eæa pwLl h¡R¤l Evf¡ce Ll¡ q−µRz pwLl¡u−el SeÉ B−N ¢h−cn ®b−L Eæa S¡−al oy¡s Bjc¡¢e Ll¡ q−a¡z ¢L¿º ®c−nl Q¡¢qc¡l a¤me¡u Ha ®h¢n oy¡s Bjc¡¢e Ll¡ hÉuhýmz HSeÉ LjpwMÉL oy¡s ¢c−u ®h¢npwMÉL N¡i£−L fÐSee Ll¡l °h‘¡¢eL fÜ¢a AbÑ¡v Lª¢œj fÐSee hÉhÙÛ¡ ®c−n Q¡m¤ q−u−Rz Lª¢œj fÐSee hÉhÙÛ¡u Eæa S¡−al oy¡s ®b−L pwNËq Ll¡ h£kÑ h¡ h£S N¡i£l See A−‰ fÐ¢aÙÛ¡fe L−l ¢Xð¡Z¤ ¢e¢oš² Ll¡ quz Bj¡−cl ®c−n H fÜ¢a M¤h d£−l d£−l Q¡m¤ q−u−Rz haÑj¡−e NË¡j J nql phÑœC H fÜ¢a Ahmðe L−l hý pwLl h¡R¤l Evf¡¢ca q−µRz

Eæa S¡−al oy¡−sl p−‰ ®cn£ N¡i£l ¢jnÐ−Z ®k S¡−al Nl¦ Evfæ qu a¡−L pwLl S¡−al Nl¦ h−mz

¢Qœ 28 x HL¢V pwLl S¡−al Nl¦

pwLl Nl¦ pª¢øl E−ŸnÉ pwLl S¡−al Nl¦ pª¢øl fÐd¡e E−ŸnÉ Ae¤æa S¡−al Nl¦−L Eæa L−l A¢dL q¡−l c¤d, j¡wp J n¢š² Evf¡ce Ll¡z

pwLl S¡−al Nl¦ pª¢øl fÐd¡e E−ŸnÉ Ae¤æa S¡−al Nl¦−L Eæa L−l A¢dL q¡−l c¤d, j¡wp J n¢š² Evf¡ce Ll¡z c¤d, j¡wp J n¢š² Evf¡c−el SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡a Nl¦l S¡a…−m¡ ¢h¢rçi¡−h fª¢bh£l ¢h¢iæ A’−m R¢s−u B−Rz ®kje- c¤d Evf¡c−el SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡a S¡−al Nl¦ qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e J S¡¢pÑl B¢c h¡p CE−l¡−fz n¢š² J j¡wp Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al Nl¦ Ajªa jqm, Lªo· ®i¢m, q¡¢lu¡e¡, hÐ¡þZ fÐiª¢a i¡l−a f¡Ju¡ k¡uz j¡wp Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡a, ®kje- hÐ¡þZ, AÉ¡‰¡p, q¡l−g¡XÑ fÐiª¢a B−j¢lL¡u f¡Ju¡ k¡uz Hph S¡−al Nl¦ AeÉ ®c−nl Bhq¡Ju¡u M¡f M¡Ju¡−a f¡−l e¡z g−m Evf¡ce rja¡ L−j k¡uz m¡mef¡m−e A¢a¢lš² k−aÁl fÐ−u¡Se quz a¡lflJ A−eL pju hy¡Q¡−e¡ L¢We quz

HL−cn ®b−L AeÉ−c−n Hph S¡−al Nl¦ ÙÛ¡e¡¿¹l Ll¡ hÉuhýmz g−m Nl¦l hÉhp¡u m¡ih¡e qJu¡ k¡u e¡z Hph Ap¤¢hd¡ c§l Ll¡l m−rÉ M¤h p£¢ja pwMÉ¡u H S¡−al oy¡s ¢h¢iæ ®c−n ¢e−u k¡Ju¡ quz a¡lfl ¢eS ®c−nl N¡i£l p−‰ fÊ¡Lª¢aL h¡ Lª¢œj fÐSee O¢V−u pwLl S¡−al N¡i£ J oy¡s Evf¡ce Ll¡ quz Ec¡qlZül©f, Bj¡−cl h¡wm¡−c−nl Lb¡ hm¡ k¡uz plL¡l ¢h−cn ®b−L Eæa S¡−al oy¡s H−e plL¡l£ M¡j¡−l m¡mef¡me L−lez Eš² oy¡s ®b−L Lª¢œj Ef¡−u h£S pwNËq L−l p¡l¡−c−n ¢h¢iæ Lª¢œj fÐSee ®L−¾cÐ f¡W¡−e¡ quz Eš² h£S

Bj¡−cl ®c−n plL¡l£ M¡j¡−ll f¡¢ma ¢h−cn£ Eæa S¡−al oy¡s ®b−L Lª¢œj Ef¡−u h£S pwNËq L−l pl¡−c−n ¢h¢iæ Lª¢œj fÐSee ®L−¾cÐ f¡W¡−e¡ quz


Mevw`cï cvjb

¢c−u ®cn£ N¡i£l fÐSee Ll¡−e¡ quz H hÉhÙÛ¡u p¡d¡lZ j¡e¤o ®cn£ N¡i£ ®b−L pwLl¡u−el j¡dÉ−j pwLl N¡i£ pª¢ø Ll−a f¡l−Rz pwLl S¡−al Nl¦l °h¢nøÉ

pwLl¡u−el g−m Evfæ h¡R¤l j¡a¡-¢fa¡l L¡R ®b−L Ešl¡¢dL¡l p§−œ °h¢nøÉ f¡Ju¡l ®r−œ HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø ¢euj ®j−e Q−mz

¢e−jÀ pwLl S¡−al Nl¦l °h¢nøÉ ®cu¡ q−m¡- c¤d, j¡wp ¢Lwh¡ n¢š²l SeÉ pªø pwLl Nl¦l Evf¡ce ®cn£ Nl¦l ®b−L ®h¢n quz pwLl¡u−el g−m ¢S−el (gene) pw¢jnÐZ O−V h−m flha£Ñ fÐS−¾jl ®l¡NfÐ¢a−l¡d J

f¢l−h−nl p¡−b M¡f M¡Ju¡−e¡l rja¡ hª¢Ü f¡uz c¤¢V ¢iæ S¡−al N¡i£ J oy¡−sl j−dÉ pwLl¡u−el g−m ®k h¡R¤l Evfæ qu ®p a¡l

j¡a¡-¢fa¡l L¡R ®b−L Ešl¡¢dL¡l p§−œ ¯h¢nøÉ f¡Ju¡l ®r−œ HL¢V ¢e¢cÑø ¢euj ®j−e Q−mz ¢Qœ 29-H ¢euj¢V ®lM¢Q−œl j¡dÉ−j ®cM¡−e¡ q−u−Rz

HL¢V ®cn£ N¡i£−L HL¢V qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e S¡−al oy¡−sl j¡dÉ−j fÐSee Ll¡−e¡ q−m ®k h¡µQ¡ S¾j ®eu a¡l ®c−q 50% ®cn£ J 50% qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡−el lš² b¡−Lz H h¡R¤l hLe¡ q−m hs qJu¡l fl qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e S¡−al oy¡s ¢c−u a¡−L fÐSee Ll¡−e¡ q−m h¡µQ¡l ®c−ql B¢c ®cn£ j¡ N¡i£l lš² BlJ A−dÑL L−j 25% q−u k¡−hz AbÑ¡v H¢V 75% Eæa S¡−al °h¢nøÉ f¡−hz Hi¡−h pwLl N¡i£ ®b−L p¡a f¤l¦−o a¡¢šÆLi¡−h 100% My¡¢V qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e Be¡ k¡uz a−h N−hoZ¡u ®cM¡ ®N−R, fÐbj hw−nl N¡i£ h¡ oy¡sC 50% ®cn£ J 50% qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e lš² °h¢nøÉ hqe L−l ®h¢n Evf¡ce rja¡pÇfæ q−u b¡−Lz

®cn£ N¡i£ × Eæa qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e o¡ys (100%) (100%)

50% ®cn£ + 50% Eæa qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e o¡ys = fÐbj hwn

× Eæa qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e o¡ys (100%)

25% ®cn£ + 75% Eæa qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e o¡ys = ¢àa£u hwn

× Eæa qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e o¡ys (100%)

12.5% ®cn£ + 87.5% Eæa qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e o¡ys = aªa£u hwn

¢Qœ 29 x pwLl¡u−el ®lM¢Qœ



Ae¤n£me (Activity) x dl¦e, Bfe¡l h¡¢s a HL¢V Ae¤æa ®cn£ N¡i£ B−Rz Eæa S¡−al oy¡−sl h£S ¢c u H L fÐSee Ll¡−mez Eš² N¡i£l Qa¤bÑ hwnd ll ®r−œ ®cn£ J Eæa oy¡−sl l−š²l naLl¡ q¡l kb¡œ²−j La q−h?

−− − −

pwLl Nl¦l Evp qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e oy¡−sl

h£S ¢c−u ®cn£ N¡i£−L fÐSee L¢l−u ®k h¡µQ¡ f¡Ju¡ k¡u a¡ H−c−nl Bhq¡Ju¡u ®h¢n Evf¡ce ¢c−a prjz

Eæa S¡−al Nl¦ pwLl Nl¦l Evp h¡ f§hÑf¤l¦oz Bj¡−cl ®c−n c¤d Evf¡ce Ll¡l m−rÉ qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e o¡y−sl p¡−b ®cn£ N¡i£l Lª¢œj fÐSee O¢V−u pwLl S¡a pª¢ø Ll¡ q−u b¡−Lz A−e−L n¡¢qJu¡m oy¡−sl p−‰J ®cn£ N¡i£l Lª¢œj fÐSee L−l b¡−Lez a−h h¡Ù¹h−r−œ ®cM¡ k¡u, qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e o¡y−sl h£S ¢c−u ®cn£ N¡i£−L fÐSee L¢l−u ®k h¡µQ¡ f¡Ju¡ k¡u a¡ H−c−nl Bhq¡Ju¡u ®h¢n Evf¡ce ¢c−a prjz n¢š² J j¡w−pl SeÉ h¡wm¡−cn HMeJ pwLl N¡i£ Evf¡c−el fc−rf NÊqZ L−l ¢ez Bj¡−cl ®c−n j¡wp J n¢š²l Q¡¢qc¡ k−bøz H Q¡¢qc¡ ®jV¡−e¡l SeÉ fc−rf ®eu¡ E¢Qaz p¡ljjÑ x Eæa oy¡s J Ae¤æa N¡i£l ¢jnÊ−Z pwLl Nl¦ pª¢ø quz c¤d J j¡wp Evf¡ce h¡s¡−e¡C pwLl Nl¦ pª¢øl E−ŸnÉz pwLl Nl¦ f¢l−h−nl p¡−b i¡−m¡i¡−h M¡f M¡Ju¡−a f¡−lz H−a j¡wp J c¤d Evf¡ce hª¢Ü f¡uz Bj¡−cl ®c−n qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e, S¡¢pÑ, n¡¢qJu¡m fÐiª¢a oy¡s ¢c−u pwLl Nl¦ pª¢ø Ll¡ quz


Mevw`cï cvjb


p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z pwLl S¡−al Nl¦ L£i¡−h pª¢ø qu?

L) Ae¤æa oy¡s J Ae¤æa N¡i£l ¢jnÐ−Z M) Eæa N¡i£ J Eæa o¡y−sl ¢jnÐ−Z N) Ae¤æa N¡i£ J Eæa o¡y−sl ¢jnÐ−Z O) Eæa N¡i£ J Ae¤æa o¡y−sl ¢jnÐ−Z

2z pwLl S¡−al Nl¦ pª¢øl E−ŸnÉ L£? L) c¤d, j¡wp J n¢š² Evf¡ce h¡s¡−e¡ M) c¤d J j¡w−pl Evf¡ce Lj¡−e¡ N) c¤d J j¡w−pl …Z¡…Z h¡s¡−e¡ O) c¤d J j¡w−pl …Z¡…Z Lj¡−e¡

3z aªa£u hwnd−l ®cn£ J Eæa S¡−al l−š²l naLl¡ q¡l kb¡œ²−j La? L) 25% J 75% M) 12.5% J 87.5% N) 50% J 50% O) 75% J 25%

4z ®cn£ N¡i£−L ®L¡eÚ S¡−al oy¡s ¢c−u fÐSee Ll¡−m Evfæ h¡µQ¡ H−c−nl Bhq¡Ju¡u ®h¢n Evf¡cen£m qu? L) m¡m ¢p¢å M) n¡¢qJu¡m N) S¡¢pÑ O) qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e



hÉhq¡¢lL

f¡W 2.4 ®cn£ Nl¦l °h¢nøÉ…−m¡ S¡e¡ J M¡a¡u ®mM¡

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e-

■ ®cn£ Nl¦l ¢h¢iæ A‰fÐaÉ−‰l e¡j hm−a J ¢mM−a f¡l−hez ■ ®cn£ Nl¦l °h¢nøÉpj§q hm−a f¡l−hez fÐ¡p¢‰L abÉ

®cn£ Nl¦ Bj¡−cl ®c−n k¢cJ f¢l¢Qa, ab¡¢f Hl ¢h¢iæ …Z¡hm£ J Evf¡ce °h¢nøÉpj§q A−e−LlC S¡e¡ ®eCz Bj¡−cl ®cn£ Nl¦−L Eæa Ll−a q−m Hl j−dÉ ®kph i¡−m¡ Abh¡ ¢e¾jj¡−el …Z¡hm£ B−R a¡ S¡e¡ clL¡lz

®cn£ Nl¦l ¢h¢iæ …Z¡hm£ J Evf¡c−el °h¢nøÉpj§q S¡e¡ fÐ−u¡Sez

fÐ−u¡Se£u EfLlZ HL¢V oy¡s h¡ N¡i£, Lmj, ®f¢¾pm, l¡h¡l, hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡ CaÉ¡¢cz L¡−Sl d¡f HL¢V ®cn£ Nl¦ ®c−M fÐb−j Hl ®c−ql ¢h¢iæ Awn J A−‰l e¡j S¡e¤ez ¢eS h¡¢s−a h¡ fÐ¢a−hn£l h¡¢s−a ®kM¡−e ®cn£ Nl¦ B−R ®pM¡−e k¡e Hhw f¡WÉ hC−u

E−õ¢Ma A‰fÐaÉ−‰l e¡−jl p¡−b I Nl¦l A‰fÐaÉ‰…−m¡ ¢j¢m−u ¢eez hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡u HL¢V oy¡s J HL¢V N¡i£l R¢h Hy−L H−cl ¢h¢iæ A‰fÐaÉ‰ ¢Q¢q²a

Ll¦ez hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡¢V j§mÉ¡u−el SeÉ ¢nrL−L ®cM¡ez

¢Qœ 30 x HL¢V N¡i£l ®c−ql ¢h¢iæ Awn

1. ®f¡m, 2. Lf¡m, 3. e¡−Ll h¡y¢n, 4. j¤Mjäm, 5. ®Q¡u¡m, 6. Nm¡, 7. L¡y−dl ANËi¡N, 8. ¢pe¡, 9. Le¤C, 10. q¡yV¤, 11. f¡−ul f¡a¡, 12. ¢ejÀhr−cn, 13. c¤‡L¤f, 14. c¤‡¢nl¡, 15. Jm¡−el pÇj¤M¡w−nl pw−k¡N, 16. Jm¡−el pÇj¤Mi¡N, 17. J 18. h¡yV, 19. M¤l, 20. M¤lL¢ê, 21. ®m−Sl ®m¡j, 22. qL, 23. SwO¡ J M¤−ll jdÉÙÛm, 24. ØV¡Cgm, 25. El¦, 26. Jm¡−el fÕQ¡c¡w−nl pw−k¡N, 27. L¢V, 28. ®mS J ®m−Sl ANËi¡N, 29. b¡m, 30. L¢Vl ¢ejÀ−cn, 31. f”¤l, 32. ®f−Vl pÇj¤Mi¡N, 33. Q¢VÙÛm, 34. h¤−Ll ®hs, 35. Q¢V, 36. O¡s, 37. ¢nwz


Mevw`cï cvjb

¢Qœ 31 x HL¢V o¡y−sl ®c−ql ¢h¢iæ Awn

7. NmLðm, 14. c¤‡¢nl¡, 15 Ah¢da h¡yV, 16. Aä−L¡oz AeÉ…−m¡ N¡i£ J o¡y−sl j−dÉ HLC lLjz paLÑa¡ ®cn£ Nl¦l S¡a °h¢nøÉ fÐaÉr Ll¡l pju paLÑa¡l p¡−b Nl¦l L¡−R k¡ez

p¡ljjÑ x ®cn£ Nl¦l °h¢nøÉpj§q S¡e¡ …l¦aÅf§ZÑ ¢houz o¡ys J N¡i£l j−dÉ fÐd¡e h¡¢qÉL f¡bÑLÉ q−m¡ o¡y−sl Aä−L¡o J ¢nnÀ B−Rz fr¡¿¹−l, N¡i£l Jm¡eNË¢¿Û J ®k¡¢e l−u−Rz a¡R¡s¡ o¡ys ®cM−a AaÉ¿¹ ®a¢S b¡−Lz


p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z N¡i£−a ®L¡eÚ A‰…−m¡ Ae¤f¢ÙÛa?

L) Aä−L¡o J ¢nnÀ M) Aä−L¡o J Jm¡eNË¢¿Û N) Jm¡eNË¢¿Û J ®k¡¢e O) ®k¡¢e J Aä−L¡o

2z c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ ®L¡eÚ A‰¢V N¡i£l ph−Q−u °h¢nøÉf§ZÑ? L) El¦ M) hy¡V N) c¤‡¢nl¡ O) Jm¡eNË¢¿Û



hÉhq¡¢lL

f¡W 2.5 Eæa pwLl S¡−al Nl¦l °h¢nøÉ…−m¡ S¡e¡ J M¡a¡u ®mM¡

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- ■ pwLl S¡−al Nl¦l A¡L¡l J BLª¢a hm−a f¡l−hez ■ pwLl S¡−al Nl¦l Evf¡ce rja¡ J AeÉ¡eÉ …Z¡…Z ¢mM−a f¡l−hez

fÐ¡p¢‰L abÉ

pwLl S¡−al Nl¦ c¤¢V ¢iæ S¡−al N¡i£ J o¡y−sl ¢jnÐ−Z S¾j ®euz A¡j¡−cl ®c−n p¡d¡lZa Eæa S¡−al o¡y−sl p¡−b ®cn£ N¡i£l ¢jme O¢V−u pwLl S¡a pª¢ø Ll¡ quz Eæa S¡−al o¡ys Evf¡ce rja¡ Ae¤k¡u£ ®k ®L¡−e¡ S¡−al q−a f¡−lz ®kje- c¤d Evf¡ce, j¡wp Evf¡ce h¡ n¢š² Evf¡ce fÐiª¢az

c¤−V¡ ¢iæ S¡−al N¡i£ J oy¡−sl ¢jnÐ−Z pwLl S¡−al Nl¦l S¾jz

fÐ−u¡Se£u EfLlZ HL¢V pwLl S¡−al N¡i£, Lmj, ®f¢¾pm, l¡h¡l, hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡ CaÉ¡¢cz

L¡−Sl d¡f Bfe¡l h¡ Bfe¡l fÐ¢a−hn£l L¡−R k¢c ®L¡−e¡ pwLl S¡−al Nl¦ b¡−L a−h ®p¢V−L

HLV¤ i¡−m¡i¡−h fÐaÉr Ll¦ez

¢Qœ 32 x HL¢V pwLl S¡−al N¡i£ h¡ o¡ys

hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡u Bfe¡l fÐaÉr Ll¡ pwLl S¡−al Nl¦¢Vl R¢h ByL¤e Hhw Hl ¢h¢iæ A‰-fÐaÉ‰ J Awn ¢Q¢q²a Ll¦ez

H pwLl S¡−al Nl¦¢V ®L¡eÚ ®L¡eÚ S¡a ®b−L pª¢ø q−u−R a¡ ®S−e ¢eez Hlfl mrÉ L−l ®cM¤e I S¡a…−m¡l °h¢nøÉpj§q H pwLl S¡−al Nl¦¢Vl j−dÉ LaV¤L¤ H−p−Rz

pwLl S¡−al Nl¦ J ®cn£ Nl¦l j−dÉ ®kph f¡bÑLÉ B−R a¡ mrÉ Ll¦ez hÉhq¢lL M¡a¡u pwLl S¡−al Nl¦l °h¢nøÉpj§q d¡l¡h¡¢qLi¡−h ¢m¢fhÜ Ll¦e Hhw

¢nrL−L ®cM¡ez ®cn£ N¡i£ J qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e o¡y−sl pwLl¡u−e pªø h¡R¤l ®cM−a qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡−el j−a¡Cz

j¿¹hÉ ®cn£ N¡i£ J qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e o¡y−sl j−dÉ pwLl¡u−el g−m pªø pwLl Nl¦l °h¢nøÉpj§q qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e Nl¦l j−a¡C quz H−cl N¡−ul lP p¡c¡-L¡−m¡, Q¤V ®eC J NmLðm ®R¡Vz

p¡ljjÑ x c¤−V¡ ¢iæ S¡−al N¡i£ J oy¡−sl ¢jnÐ−Z pwLl S¡−al Nl¦l S¾jz pwLl S¡−al h¡R¤−ll h¡¢qÉL °h¢n−øÉ j¡a¡ h¡ ¢fa¡ h¡ Ei−ul fÐi¡h fÐ¢ag¢ma quz ®cn£ N¡i£ J oy¡−sl pwLl¡u−e pªø h¡R¤l ®cM−a qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡−el j−a¡Cz


Mevw`cï cvjb



1| `ywU wfbœ Rv‡Zi luvo I Mvfxi wgj‡b Kvi Rb¥ nq? K) msKi Rv‡Zi evQy‡ii L) weï× Rv‡Zi evQy‡ii M) †`kx Rv‡Zi evQy‡ii N) we‡`kx Rv‡Zi evQy‡ii

2| †`kx Mvfx I nj‡÷Bb-wd«wRqvb Rv‡Zi luv‡oi wgj‡b Drcbœ evQyi †`L‡Z Kvi g‡Zv nq? K) †`kx Mi“i gZ L) Rvwm©i g‡Zv M) nj‡÷Bb-wd«wRqv‡bi g‡Zv N) †`kx nj‡÷Bb-wd«wRqv‡bi i‡Oi wgkª‡Y





1z h¡wm¡−c−nl Nl¦l Evp pÇf−LÑ ¢mM¤ez

2z m¡m Qy¡V−N−u Nl¦l °h¢nøÉ hZÑe¡ Ll¦ez

3z Nl¦l fÐ¡¢Z¢h‘¡e¢i¢šL ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p Ll¦ez

4z Ec¡qlZpq L¡S h¡ hÉhq¡l Ae¤k¡u£ Nl¦l S¡−al ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p ¢mM¤ez

5z S¡¢pÑ Nl¦l Evf¢š J S¡a °h¢nøÉ hZÑe¡ Ll¦ez

6z n¡¢qJu¡m J q¡¢lu¡e¡ S¡−al Nl¦l j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ ¢mM¤ez

7z qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e J m¡m ¢p¢å Nl¦l Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e ¢mM¤ez

8z pwLl Nl¦ L¡−L h−m? HS¡a£u Nl¦ pª¢øl E−ŸnÉ L£?

9z pwLl Nl¦l Evp L£?

10z ®cn£ Hhw qm−ØVCe-¢é¢Su¡e J ®cn£ Nl¦l ¢jm−e Evfæ pwLl Nl¦l j−dÉ L£ L£ f¡bÑLÉ mrÉ Ll¡ k¡u?

Ešlj¡m¡ - CE¢eV 2

f¡W 2.1

1z L 2z N 3z M 4z O 5z L

f¡W 2.2

1z M 2z L 3z O 4z L 5z N 6z O

f¡W 2.3

1z N 2z L 3z M 4z O

f¡W 2.4

1z L 2z O

f¡W 2.5

1z L 2z N


Mevw`cï cvjb


CE¢eV 3 j¢qo, R¡Nm J ®is¡l S¡a J °h¢nøÉ CE¢eV 3 j¢qo, R¡Nm J ®is¡l S¡a J

°h¢nøÉ

fª¢bh£−a j¢qo, R¡Nm J ®is¡l hý S¡a l−u−Rz H−LL S¡−al °h¢nøÉ¡hm£ H−LL lLjz ®L¡−e¡ ®L¡−e¡ S¡a A¢dL J i¡−m¡j¡−el c¤d Evf¡c−el SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡az ®L¡−e¡ ®L¡−e¡ S¡a j¡wp Evf¡c−el SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡az Bh¡l ®L¡−e¡ ®L¡−e¡ S¡a j¡wp J c¤d EiuC Evf¡ce L−l b¡−Lz HR¡s¡J ®L¡−e¡ ®L¡−e¡ S¡a n¢š², Eæaj¡−el Q¡js¡, fnj h¡ Em CaÉ¡¢c Evfæ L−lz Nªqf¡¢ma j¢q−ol ¢h¢iæ S¡a…−m¡−L c¤¢V fÐd¡e i¡−N i¡N Ll¡ q−u−Rz ®kje- ec£ J Sm¡i§¢jl j¢qoz ec£l j¢q−ol j−dÉ j¤ll¡, e£¢m, l¡¢i, S¡gl¡h¡¢c CaÉ¡¢c ¢hMÉ¡az Hl¡ fÐd¡ea c¤d Evf¡c−el SeÉ fÐ¢pÜz Sm¡i§¢jl j¢qo fÐd¡ea n¢š² J j¡wp Evf¡c−el SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡az h¡wm¡−c−nl j¢q−ol S¡a…−m¡ ®j¡−VJ Eæa euz a¡C H−cl S¡a Eæu−el ¢c−L ¢h−no eSl ®cu¡ E¢Qaz ¢h−nÄ R¡N−ml ¢h¢iæ S¡−al j−dÉ c¤d Evf¡c−el SeÉ p¡−ee, ®V¡−Neh¡NÑ, AÉ¡w−m¡ e¤¢hu¡e, kj¤e¡f¡¢l, AÉ¡mf¡Ce CaÉ¡¢c ¢hMÉ¡az j¡wp Evf¡c−el SeÉ ®h¡−ul, L¡VÚS¡w, j¡-V¤, ®h‰m R¡Nm CaÉ¡¢c fÊ¢pÜz Eæaj¡−el Q¡js¡ Evf¡c−el SeÉ j¡l¡¢X, j¤−he¢X J Bj¡−cl ®h‰m R¡Nm ¢hMÉ¡az HR¡s¡J Eæaj¡−el fnj, ®kje- ®j¡−qu¡l Evf¡c−el SeÉ AÉ¡w−N¡l¡ Hhw fn¢je¡l SeÉ L¡¢nÈl£ R¡Nm ¢hMÉ¡az fª¢bh£−a ®is¡ f¡me Ll¡ qu j§ma Em Evf¡c−el SeÉz Em Evf¡c−e ®j¢l−e¡, ®lð¤−mV, ®pi−uV ¢m−QØV¡l, ¢mwLe CaÉ¡¢c ph−Q−u i¡−m¡ S¡az Bj¡−cl ®cn£ ®is¡ ¢ejÀj¡−elz H−cl fnj ¢c−u L¡−fÑV, c¢s fÐiª¢a °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz a¡R¡s¡ H−cl j¡wpJ i¡−m¡ Hhw Hl¡ h¡µQ¡J ®cu ®h¢n z H CE¢e−Vl ¢h¢iæ f¡−W j¢qo, R¡Nm J ®is¡l S¡a Hhw °h¢nøÉ¡hm£ a¡¢šÆL J hÉhq¡¢lLpq ¢hÙ¹¡¢lai¡−h B−m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ q−u−Rz

f¡W 3.1 j¢q−ol S¡a J °h¢nøÉ

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- j¢q−ol fÐL¡l−ic hm−a f¡¡l−hez ec£ J Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol S¡a J °h¢nøÉ hZÑe¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez h¡wm¡−c−nl j¢qo pÇf−LÑ ¢mM−a f¡l−hez

fª¢bh£−a hý S¡−al Nªqf¡¢ma j¢qo l−u−Rz a−h Bh¡pÙÛm J f¢lf¡¢nÄÑL AhÙÛ¡l Jfl ¢i¢š L−l j¢qo−L fÐd¡ea c¤i¡−N i¡N Ll¡ quz kb¡- ec£l j¢qo (River Buffalo) J Sm¡i§¢jl j¢qo (Swamp Buffalo)

ec£l j¢q−ol °h¢nøÉ ec£l j¢q−ol h¤L fÊnÙ¹,

®cq p¡d¡lZa j¡wpm J A−fr¡Lªa Lj ®N¡m¡Lª¢alz H−cl ¢h¢iæ S¡−al j−dÉ j¤ll¡, e£¢m, l¡¢i, p¤l¡¢V, ®jn¡e¡, S¡gl¡h¡¢c CaÉ¡¢c fÐd¡ez

ec£l j¢q−ol h¤L fÊnÙ¹, ®cq p¡d¡lZa j¡wpm J A−fr¡Lªa Lj ®N¡m¡Lª¢alz ¢nw−ul BL¡l J BLª¢al j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ B−Rz i¡la Hhw f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e ec£l j¢q−ol A−eL…−m¡ S¡a ®cM¡ k¡uz j¢qo oy¡s J N¡i£l JSe kb¡œ²−j 300-700 J 250-650 ®L¢S quz p¡d¡lZa j¢qo oy¡s J N¡i£l EµQa¡ kb¡œ²−j 120-150 J 115-135 ®p.¢j. quz ec£l j¢q−ol ®cq a¤me¡j§mLi¡−h mð¡, h¤−Ll ®hs Lj, f¡ M¡−V¡, j¡b¡ i¡¢l, Lf¡m fÐnÙ¹ J j¤M¡Lª¢a mð¡z ec£l j¢q−ol ¢nw−ul BL¡l Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol j−a¡ eu Hhw ¢nw−ul AhÙÛ¡e ¢WL Lf¡−ml HLC S¡uN¡u euz H j¢q−ol ¢nw c¤fÐL¡lz kb¡- ®N¡m¡Lª¢a J ®p¡S¡z Hl¡ p¡d¡lZa Eo· J BâÑ ÙÛ¡−e h¡p Ll−a fR¾c L−l Hhw f¡¢el j−dÉ ®cq X¤¢h−u l¡−Mz ¢h¢iæ S¡−al ec£l j¢q−ol j−dÉ j¤ll¡, e£¢m, l¡¢i, p¤l¡¢V, ®jn¡e¡, S¡gl¡h¡¢c CaÉ¡¢c fÐd¡ez HM¡−e ec£l j¢q−ol L−uL¢V S¡−al Evf¢š, fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e J °h¢nøÉ¡hm£ E−õM Ll¡ q−u−Rz

Mevw`cï cvjb

j¤ll¡ c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ j¢q−ol j−dÉ j¤ll¡ EvLªøz h¡R¡CLªa j¤ll¡ N¡i£ h¡¢oÑL 2500-3500 ¢mV¡l c¤d ¢c−a prjz

j¤ll¡ c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al j¢qoz

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e i¡l−al A¿¹NÑa q¡¢lu¡e¡, ®l¡¢qV¡L, ¢qp¡l, L¡eÑ¡m, ¢cõ£ H−cl B¢c i§¢jz a−h f¡L-i¡l−al ¢h¢iæ ÙÛ¡−e ¢hÙ¹ª¢a ®cM¡ k¡uz

S¡a °h¢nøÉ H−cl N¡−ul lP Oe L¡−m¡ J d§plz ®c−ql NWe J BL¡l ®hn hsz ¢nw q¡mL¡f¡am¡ Hhw ANËi¡N ®L¡Ls¡−e¡z N¡i£l j¡b¡ ¢eM§a J a¤me¡j§mLi¡−h ®R¡Vz Lf¡m hs, QJs¡ J Eæaz N¡i£l O¡s pl¦ J mð¡z h¤−Ll Nse M¤hC Eæaz f¡ M¡−V¡ J ®j¡V¡, f¡−ul M¤−ll lP Oe L¡−m¡, Jm¡e NË¢¿Û ®hn hsz ®c−ql fÕQ¡vi¡N A−fr¡Lªa i¡¢l J QJs¡z o¡y−sl EµQa¡ 140-142 ®p.¢j.z oy¡s J N¡i£l JSe kb¡œ²−j 567 J 530 ®L¢Sz j¤ll¡ c¤d Evf¡c−el SeÉ fÐ¢pÜz Hl¡ hR−l fÐ¡u 300 ¢c−e 1400-2000 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz c¤−d Q¢hÑl f¢lj¡Z 7%z h¡R¡CLªa EvLªø j¤ll¡ N¡i£ h¡¢oÑL 2500-3500 ¢mV¡l c¤d ¢c−a prjz hmc j¢qo q¡mQ¡o J N¡¢s V¡e¡l L¡−S hÉhq©a quz H S¡−al j¢qo i¡la J f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e fÐd¡e c¤‡ J j¡Me Evf¡cL fö ¢q−p−h ¢hMÉ¡az

¢Qœ 33 x HL¢V j¤ll¡ S¡−al j¢qo N¡i£

e£¢m ¢h‘¡e£−cl j−a j¤ll¡ S¡a ®b−LC e£¢ml Eáh q−u−Rz a−h BL¡l, j¤M¡Lª¢a J Lf¡−ml j−dÉ ®hn f¡bÑLÉ ¢hcÉj¡ez

H S¡−al j¢q−ol p¡−b j¤ll¡ j¢q−ol ®hn ¢jm B−Rz H−cl A−eL °h¢nøÉ fÐ¡u HL lLjz ¢h‘¡e£−cl j−a j¤ll¡ S¡a ®b−LC H−cl Eáh q−u−Rz a−h BL¡l, j¤M¡Lª¢a J Lf¡−ml j−dÉ ®hn f¡bÑLÉ ¢hcÉj¡ez

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el j¾V−N¡j¡¢l ®Sm¡l naâ¦ ec£l Eiu f¡−nÄÑ H−cl B¢c h¡pi§¢jz i¡la J f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el ¢h¢iæ ÙÛ¡−e e£¢m S¡−al j¢qo f¡Ju¡ k¡uz naâ¦ ec£l e£m f¡¢el hZÑe¡u H−cl e¡jLlZ e£¢m l¡M¡ q−u−Rz

S¡a °h¢nøÉ H−cl N¡−ul J fn−jl lP L¡−m¡z ¢L¿º, 10-15% h¡c¡¢j l−PlJ ®cM¡ k¡uz ®cq¡Lª¢a j¡T¡¢l dl−elz Lf¡m, j¤M, b¤a¢e, f¡ Hhw ®m−Sl ANËi¡−N p¡c¡ ¢Qq² ®cM¡ k¡uz A−eLV¡ mð¡Lª¢al j¡b¡l Ef¢li¡N Øg£a Hhw c¤−Q¡−Ml jdÉha£Ñ ÙÛ¡e HLV¤ Q¡f¡z Jm¡e Hhw ¢pe¡u j¡−T j¡−T ¢f‰m ¢Qq² ®cM¡ k¡uz ¢nw ®R¡V J nš²i¡−h fÉy¡Q¡−e¡, O¡s mð¡, ¢QLe J jpªZz Jm¡e Eæa, ®mS mð¡z oy¡s J N¡i£ j¢q−ol Ns EµQa¡ kb¡œ²−j 137 J 127 ®p.¢j., °cOÑÉ kb¡œ²−j 157 J 147 ®p.¢j.z



¢Qœ 34 x HL¢V e£¢m S¡−al oy¡s j¢qo

l¡¢i l¡¢i S¡−al j¢qo c¤−dl SeÉ fÐ¢pÜz Hl¡ hªqc¡Lª¢al nl£−ll

H S¡−al j¢qo c¤−dl SeÉ fÐ¢pÜz

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e f¡L-i¡l−al A¿¹NÑa l¡¢i ec£l Eiu f¡−nÄÑ H−cl B¢c h¡pi§¢jz HSeÉ H−cl e¡j l¡¢i l¡M¡ q−u−Rz f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el m¡u¡mf¤l ®Sm¡, JL¡l¡, j¾V−N¡j¡¢l, i¡l−al …Sl¡V J ¢Qe¡h ec£l EfaÉL¡u Hhw i¡la J f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el ¢h¢iæ ÙÛ¡−e H−cl f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

S¡a °h¢nøÉ l¡¢i j¢qo hªqc¡Lª¢al nl£−ll A¢dL¡l£z N¡i£l j¡b¡ ®j¡V¡ J i¡¢lz j¡b¡l jdÉi¡N Ešm, ¢nw fÐnÙ¹, ®j¡V¡ J ®L¡Ls¡−e¡z b¤a¢e Øfø, Jm¡e p¤N¢Waz ®mS ®hn mð¡ Hhw fÐ¡¿¹−c−n p¡c¡ ®m¡j B−Rz N¡−ul lw L¡−m¡, a−h ®L¡−e¡ ®L¡−e¡ pju h¡c¡¢j l−PlJ quz oy¡s J N¡i£ j¢q−ol EµQa¡ kb¡œ²−j 132 J 127 ®p.¢j., °cOÉÑ kb¡œ²−j 154 J 149 ®p.¢j. Hhw JSe kb¡œ²−j 600 J 645 ®L¢Sz

¢Qœ 35 x HL¢V l¡¢i S¡−al j¢qo N¡i£

Ae¤n£me (Activity) x j¤ll¡, S¡gl¡h¡¢c J p¤l¡¢V S¡−al j¢q−ol Evf¡ce °h¢nøÉ…−m¡ M¡a¡u ¢m¢fhÜ Ll¦ez

S¡gl¡h¡¢c

S¡gl¡h¡¢c N¡i£ c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ Hhw oy¡s Q¡o¡h¡c J N¡¢s V¡e¡l SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡az

¯‹zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj †W‡fjc&‡g›U 57

Mevw`cï cvjb

S¡gl¡h¡¢c N¡i£ c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ Hhw oy¡s Q¡o¡h¡c J N¡¢s V¡e¡l SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡az

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e

i¡l−al f¢ÕQj¡’−ml …Sl¡V, ¢Nl AleÉ J S¡gl¡h¡c nq−ll B−nf¡−n H S¡−al j¢qo ®cM¡ k¡uz S¡gl¡h¡−cl e¡j¡e¤p¡−l H−cl−L S¡gl¡h¡¢c hm¡ quz

S¡a °h¢nøÉ Hl¡ BL¡−l hs, ®cq Ni£l J p¤N¢Waz Lf¡m Øg£a, ¢nw i¡¢l Hhw QÉ¡ÃV¡z N¡−ul lP L¡−m¡ a−h j¤M, f¡ Hhw ®m−S p¡c¡ c¡N ®cM¡ k¡uz O¡s j¡wpm, NmLðm J Jm¡e p¤N¢Waz H−cl ®cq mð¡−V, f¡ mð¡ J pl¦, ®mS M¡−V¡z oy¡s J N¡i£ j¢q−ol JSe kb¡œ²−j 590 J 450 ®L¢Sz N¡i£ ¢c−e N−s 15-20 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz c¤−d Q¢hÑl f¢lj¡Z M¤h ®h¢nz oy¡s Q¡o¡h¡c J N¡¢s V¡e¡l L¡−S hÉhq©a quz

¢Qœ 36 x HL¢V S¡gl¡h¡¢c S¡−al j¢qo

p¤l¡¢V p¤l¡¢V N¡i£ c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ Hhw oy¡s Q¡o¡h¡c J N¡¢s V¡e¡l SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡az N¡i£ 300 ¢c−e 2500-3000 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz

p¤l¡¢V N¡i£ c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ Hhw oy¡s Q¡o¡h¡c J N¡¢s V¡e¡l SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡az

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e …Sl¡−Vl p¤l¡V ®Sm¡l e¡j¡e¤p¡−l H S¡−al j¢q−ol e¡j p¤l¡¢V ®cu¡ quz …Sl¡−Vl p¤l¡V J Lul¡ ®Sm¡u H−cl h¡pÙÛ¡ez a¡R¡s¡ jq¡l¡øÌ fÐ−c−nJ H S¡−al j¢qo fÊQ¤l pwMÉ¡u ®cM¡ k¡uz

S¡a °h¢nøÉ N¡−ul lP L¡−m¡ Abh¡ h¡c¡¢jz Hl¡ j¡T¡¢l BLª¢alz j¡b¡ mð¡ J fÐnÙ¹z ¢nwàu L¡−Ù¹l eÉ¡u Hhw j¡T¡¢l dl−elz ®Q¡M E‹Æm, ¢fW ®fR−el ¢cL fÐnÙÛ Hhw p¤N¢Waz Jm¡e p¤N¢Wa Hhw h¡V…−m¡ p¤¢heÉÙ¹z oy¡s J N¡i£l JSe kb¡œ²−j 499 J 408 ®L¢Sz Hl¡ i¡−m¡ c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ j¢qo, 300 ¢c−e 2500-3000 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz c¤−d Q¢hÑl f¢lj¡Z 7.5%z oy¡s q¡mQ¡o J N¡¢s V¡e¡l L¡−S hÉhq©a quz

¢Qœ 37 x HL¢V p¤l¡¢V S¡−al j¢qo



®jn¡e¡ j¤ll¡ Hhw p¤l¡¢V j¢q−ol pwLl¡u−el j¡dÉ−j ®jn¡e¡ S¡−al Evf¢šz jq¡l¡−øÌ c¤d J ¢O plhl¡−ql SeÉ Hl¡ p¤f¢l¢Qaz

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e …Sl¡V fÐ−c−nl h¡−l¡c¡ A’m J ®jn¡e¡ ®Sm¡ H−cl B¢c h¡pÙÛ¡ez j¤ll¡ Hhw p¤l¡¢V j¢q−ol pwLl¡u−el j¡dÉ−j ®jn¡e¡ S¡−al Evf¢š z

S¡a °h¢nøÉ Hl¡ j¤ll¡ Hhw p¤l¡¢V j¢q−ol jdÉha£Ñ, ®c−q c¤S¡−alC °h¢nøÉ ®cM¡ k¡uz N¡−ul lP L¡−m¡, h¡c¡¢j h¡ d§plz j¤Mjäm, f¡ Hhw ®m−Sl ANËi¡−N p¡c¡ c¡N B−Rz ®cq mð¡ Hhw p¤N¢Waz Lf¡m fÐnÙÛ, j¡−Tl Awn ¢LR¤V¡ ¢eQ¤, ¢nw ®L¡Ls¡−e¡ Hhw ®cM−a L¡−Ù¹l j−a¡z L¡e j¡T¡¢l Hhw ANËi¡N ®Q¡M¡z O¡s j¡wpm, p¤N¢Wa, NmLðm ®eCz h¤L fÊnÙ¹, Ly¡d QJs¡ Hhw ®c−ql p¡−b p¤¢heÉÙ¹, f¡ j¡T¡¢l BL¡−llz Jm¡e p¤N¢Wa J Eæaz oy¡s J N¡i£l JSe kb¡œ²−j 450 J 650 ®L¢Sz H S¡−al j¢qo i¡l−al …Sl¡V J jq¡l¡−øÌ c¤d J ¢O plhl¡−ql SeÉ p¤f¢l¢Qaz c¤d Evf¡c−el SeÉ fÐ¢pÜz Hl¡ ¢eu¢ja h¡µQ¡ fÐc¡−el SeÉJ ¢hMÉ¡az

¢Qœ 38 x HL¢V ®jn¡e¡ S¡−al j¢qo N¡i£

Sm¡i§¢jl j¢qo (Swamp Buffalo) Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol h¤L p¡d¡lZa QJs¡, ®cq j¡wpm J ®N¡m¡Lª¢al k¡ ®cM−a A−eLV¡ hÉ¡−l−ml j−a¡z H dl−el j¢q−ol j−dÉ A¡j¡−cl ®cn£ j¢qo, j¢ef¤l£, ®L¡u¡ L¡j, ®L¡u¡CV¤C, ®L¡u¡CfÐ¡, jÉ¡¢lX, m¡m j¢qo fÐiª¢a E−õM−k¡NÉz

Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol h¤L p¡d¡lZa QJs¡, ®cq j¡wpm J ®N¡m¡Lª¢al k¡ ®cM−a A−eLV¡ hÉ¡−l−ml j−a¡z H−cl ¢nw ®hn QJs¡, mð¡ J Q¾cÐ¡Lª¢alz oy¡s J N¡i£l JSe p¡d¡lZa kb¡œ²−j 500 J 400 ®L¢Sz oy¡s J N¡i£l EµQa¡ p¡d¡lZa N−s 135 ®p.¢j. q−u b¡−Lz H−cl f¡ M¡−V¡ Hhw Lf¡m J j¤Mjäm QÉ¡ÃV¡z N¡−ul lP N¡t d§pl ®b−L p¡c¡ quz Q¡js¡l lP e£m−Q L¡−m¡ ®b−L d§pl L¡−m¡ q−u b¡−Lz NmLð−ml Ef¢li¡N ®b−L Nm¡l f¡c−cn fkÑ¿¹ hœ²¡Lª¢al c¡N b¡−Lz Hl¡ AaÉ¿¹ Lj c¤d Evf¡ce L−l; °c¢eL N−s 1 ¢mV¡−ll j−a¡ k¡ h¡R¤−ll SeÉC k−bø euz Hl¡ 394 ¢c−e N−s j¡œ 336 ¢mV¡l c¤d ¢c−u b¡−Lz n¡l£¢lL hª¢Ül q¡l Lj, g−m huxfÐ¡¢ç ¢hm−ð O−V; p¡d¡lZa ¢ae hR−ll f§−hÑ f§ZÑa¡fÐ¡¢ç O−V e¡z NiÑL¡m 325-330 ¢cez p¡d¡lZa ¢eQ¤ LcÑj¡š² Sm¡i§¢j−a b¡L−a fR¾c L−l, L¡c¡u Ns¡N¢s ®cu Hhw Sm¡i§¢j J BC−ml ®j¡V¡ BynS¡a£u O¡p ®M−u ®hy−Q b¡L−a f¡−lz Hl¡ fÐd¡ea n¢š²l L¡−SC fV¤z a¡C q¡m, jC J N¡¢s V¡e¡l L¡−S Hl¡ hÉhq©a quz c¤d Evf¡ce rja¡ M¤hC Lj ¢L¿º j¡w−pl SeÉ i¡−m¡z

Ae¤n£me (Activity) x dl¦e, Bfe¡−L HL¢V ec£ J HL¢V Sm¡i§¢jl j¢qo ®cM¡ e¡ q−m¡z Bf¢e L£i¡−h H−cl ¢Qe he a¡ M¡a¡u ¢mM¤ez

−−

HM¡−e Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol L−uL¢V S¡−al Evf¢š, fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e J °h¢nøÉ¡hm£ hZÑe¡ Ll¡ q−u−Rz


Mevw`cï cvjb

®L¡u¡ L¡j J ®L¡u¡CV¤C (Kwua Cum and Kwaitui) H c¤S¡−al j¢qo b¡CmÉ¡−äl Ešl¡’−m ®cM−a f¡Ju¡ k¡uz ®L¡u¡CV¤C j¢q−ol ®cq c£OÑ J fÐnÙ¹z N¡−ul lP L¡−m¡, Q¡js¡ f¤l¦, j¤Mjäm mð¡z N¡i£l Nm¡ pl¦z EµQa¡ J JSe N−s kb¡œ²−j 140 ®p.¢j. J 450 ®L¢Sl j−a¡z ®L¡u¡L¤−u j¢qo (Kwakui) Hl¡ BL¡−l a¤me¡j§mi¡−h M¡−V¡z ®cq J Nm¡ pl¦, O¡s pl¦, j¤Mjäm mð¡z N¡−ul lP q¡mL¡ d§plz EµQa¡ J JSe N−s kb¡œ²−j 130 ®p.¢j. J 350 ®L¢Sl j−a¡z Hl¡ q¡m-Q¡o J i¡lh¡q£ S¿º ¢q−p−h hÉhq©a quz ®L¡u¡CfÐ¡ (Quipra) H EfS¡−al j¢qo b¡CmÉ¡−äl ¢j pX VL (Mae Sod Tak) A’−m ®cM¡ k¡uz Hl¡ BL¡−l ®R¡Vz JSe 300-350 ®L¢Sl j−a¡z heÉ üi¡−hl L¡l−Z H−cl Lcl a¤me¡j§mLi¡−h Ljz jÉ¡¢lX (Marid) H EfS¡−al j¢qo j¡u¡ej¡−l ®cM¡ k¡uz j¡u¡ej¡−ll pjami§¢jl j¢qo ®b−L Hl¡ BL¡−l ®R¡Vz ®c−ql L¡−m¡ ®m¡j…−m¡ c£OÑ, pl¦ J M¡s¡z oy¡s J N¡i£l JSe N−s kb¡œ²−j 300 J 325 ®L¢Sl j−a¡z m¡m j¢qo (Red Buffalo) H EfS¡−al j¢qo b¡CmÉ¡−äl c¢rZ¡’−m ®cM¡ k¡uz H−cl ®cq Oe J mð¡ m¡m l−Pl ®m¡−j Bhªa b¡−Lz a¡C H−cl e¡j m¡m j¢qoz H−cl °c¢qL JSe N−s p¡d¡lZa 350 ®L¢S q−u b¡−Lz a−h, N¡−ul lP, ®c−ql NWe J hÉhq¡ll ¢cL ®b−L c¢re-f§hÑ H¢nu¡l Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol p−‰ i¡l−al Bp¡−jl f¢ÕQj¡’−ml j¢q−ol f¡bÑLÉ ®cM¡ k¡uz H−cl N¡−ul lP L¡−m¡z ¢nw A−eLV¡ L¡−Ù¹l j−a¡ hy¡L¡z Hl¡ fÐd¡ea c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡az ¢h‘¡e£ ¢jLÚ−NNl 1939 p¡−m H−cl−L ec£l j¢qo ¢q−p−h e¡jLlZ L−lez H−cl Evf¢š i¡la J f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e, ¢L¿º c¢rZ-f§hÑ H¢nu¡ J CE−l¡−fl c¢rZ-f§hÑ¡’¡−mJ H−cl ®cM−a f¡Ju¡ k¡uz j¢ef¤¢l j¢qo j¢ef¤¢l j¢qo Bp¡−jl

fÐ¡u phÑœ Hhw h¡wm¡−c−nl ¢p−m−V ®cM−a f¡Ju¡ k¡uz H−cl ®l¡NfÐ¢a−l¡d rja¡ ®h¢nz

Evf¢š J fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e Bp¡−jl A¿¹NÑa j¢ef¤l H−cl B¢c h¡pÙÛ¡ez Bp¡−jl fÐ¡u phÑœ Hhw h¡wm¡−c−nl ¢p−m−V ®cM−a f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

¢Qœ 39 x HL¢V j¢ef¤¢l S¡−al j¢qo



S¡a °h¢nøÉ H−cl N¡−ul lP d§plz Hl¡ p¤W¡j ®c−ql A¢dL¡l£z j¡b¡ A−fr¡Lªa ®R¡Vz ¢nw hs Hhw ®ia−ll ¢c−L hy¡L¡−e¡z Hl¡ ph lL−jl M¡−cÉ AiÉÙÛz H−cl ®l¡NfÐ¢a−l¡d rja¡ ®h¢nz oy¡s J N¡i£l JSe kb¡œ²−j fÐ¡u 500 J JSe 600 ®L¢Sz h¡wm¡−c−nl j¢qo H−c−n j¢q−ol ®aje ®L¡−e¡

E−õM−k¡NÉ S¡a ®eCz h¡wm¡−c−nl Sm¡i§¢jl j¢qo j§ma n¢š²l L¡−S hÉhq©a quz H−cl c¤d Evf¡c−el f¢lj¡Z M¤hC Ljz

haÑj¡−e h¡wm¡−c−n j¢q−ol pwMÉ¡ fÐ¡u 6,21,487z Hl j−dÉ fÐ¡u 54,000 j¢qo n¢š²l L¡−S ¢e−u¡¢Sa b¡−Lz H−c−n j¢q−ol ®L¡−e¡ E−õM−k¡NÉ S¡a ®eCz EfL§m£u, q¡Jl Hhw BM Evf¡ceL¡l£ Hm¡L¡pj§−q j¢q−ol ¢hÙ¹ª¢a a¤me¡j§mLi¡−h ®h¢n ®cM¡ k¡uz h¡wm¡−c−nl j¢qo−L fÐd¡ea ¢ae i¡−N i¡N Ll¡ k¡uz kb¡- ec£, Sm¡i§¢j Hhw ec£ J Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol pwLlz

¢Qœ 40 x HL¢V ®cn£ S¡−al j¢qo N¡i£

®c−nl f¢ÕQj¡’m J jdÉ pjami§¢j−a ec£l j¢qo ®cM¡ k¡uz Hl¡ fÐd¡ea i¡l−al c¢rZ, jdÉ J f§hÑ¡’−ml j¢q−ol p¡−b p¡cªnÉf§ZÑz ®c−nl f§h¡Ñ’m J EfL¤m£u Hm¡L¡u Sm¡i§¢jl j¢qo J pwLl j¢q−ol AhÙÛ¡ez c§lfÐ¡−QÉl Sm¡i§¢jl j¢qo J B¢c j¢q−ol p¡−b H−cl ®hn ¢jm l−u−Rz h¡wm¡−c−nl Sm¡i§¢jl j¢qo j§ma n¢š²l L¡−S hÉhq©a quz H−cl c¤d Evf¡c−el f¢lj¡Z M¤h Ljz

c¢rZ¡’−m ®R¡V ®R¡V LªoL f¢lh¡−l 1-4¢V fkÑ¿¹ j¢qo ®cM−a f¡Ju¡ k¡uz N¡i£ ¢c−e 1-3 ¢mV¡l fkÑ¿¹ c¤d ¢c−u b¡−Lz c¤d fÐd¡ea ¢j¢ø °a¢l−a hÉhq©a quz Nl¦l c¤−dl ®Q−u j¢q−ol c¤d h¡S¡−l Lj c¡−j ¢h¢œ² quz c¤−d ®pÀ−ql i¡N ®h¢nz Nh¡¢cföl j¡w−pl j−dÉ j¢q−ol j¡wp h¡S¡−l ¢àa£u ÙÛ¡−e l−u−Rz N¡¢s V¡e¡, O¡¢e V¡e¡, q¡mQ¡o, ®pQL¡kÑ, d¡e j¡s¡C fÐiª¢a n¢š²l L¡−S Hl¡ hÉhq©a quz h¡wm¡−c−nl j¢qo fÐd¡ea ®cn£ j¢qo ¢q−p−hC f¢l¢Qaz ®c−ql BL¡l, Nse Hhw l−Pl ¢cL ®b−L H−cl j−dÉ ®hn f¡bÑLÉ mrÉ Ll¡ k¡uz ¢nw−ul BL¡l Hhw NseJ ¢iæalz fÐ¡¢ZS B¢joS¡a£u M¡−cÉl Q¡¢qc¡, fön¢š²l O¡V¢a fÐiª¢a ®jV¡−e¡l SeÉ Eæa fÐSee fÜ¢a J hÉhÙÛ¡fe¡l j¡dÉ−j H−c−nl j¢q−ol Eæ¢a AaÉ¡hnÉLz

p¡ljjÑ x ec£l j¢q−ol j−dÉ j¤ll¡, ¢e¢m, l¡¢i, p¤l¡¢V, S¡gl¡h¡¢c fÐiª¢a ¢h−noi¡−h E−õM−k¡NÉz j¤ll¡, l¡¢i fÐiª¢a S¡−al j¢qo c¤d Evf¡c−el SeÉ i¡−m¡z Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol ®L¡−e¡ E−õM−k¡NÉ S¡a ®eCz Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol ¢h−no L−uL¢V EfS¡−al j−dÉ ®L¡u¡L¡j, ®L¡u¡CV¤C, jÉ¡¢lX, ®L¡u¡CfÐ¡, m¡m j¢qo CaÉ¡¢c E−õM−k¡NÉz h¡wm¡−c−nl j¢q−ol ®L¡−e¡ S¡a ®eCz H−c−nl j¢qo ¢ae fÐL¡lz kb¡- Sm¡i§¢j, ec£ Hhw Sm¡i§¢j J ec£l j¢q−ol pwLlz h¡wm¡−c−nl j¢q−ol c¤d Evf¡ce rja¡ Ljz


Mevw`cï cvjb



1z ec£l j¢q−ol ¢nw ®Lje? L) ®N¡m¡Lª¢a M) ®p¡S¡ N) ®N¡m¡Lª¢a J ®p¡S¡ O) hy¡L¡−e¡

2z h¡R¡CLªa j¤ll¡ N¡i£ h¡¢oÑL L£ f¢lj¡Z c¤d ¢c−a prj?

L) 1400-2000 ¢mV¡l M) 2500-3500 ¢mV¡l N) 2500-3000 ¢mV¡l O) 1000-1500 ¢mV¡l

3z e£¢m oy¡s j¢q−ol EµQa¡ La qu?

L) 137 ®p.¢j. M) 127 ®p.¢j. N) 157 ®p.¢j. O) 147 ®p.¢j.

4z ®jn¡e¡ S¡−al Evf¢š L£i¡−h O−V−R?

L) j¤ll¡ J S¡gl¡h¡¢c j¢q−ol j−dÉ pwLl¡u−el g−m M) j¤ll¡ J p¤l¡¢V j¢q−ol j−dÉ pwLl¡u−el g−m N) ec£ J Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol j−dÉ pwLl¡u−el g−m O) e£¢m J l¡¢i j¢q−ol j−dÉ pwLl¡u−el g−m

5z ®L¡eÚ…−m¡ Sm¡i§¢jl j¢qo?

L) l¡¢i J e£¢m M) S¡gl¡h¡¢c J ®L¡u¡ L¡j N) m¡m j¢qo J ®L¡u¡CV¤C O) ®L¡u¡L¡j J p¤l¡¢V

6z h¡wm¡−c−nl j¢qo fÐd¡ea L£ e¡−j f¢l¢Qa?

L) ®cn£ j¢qo M) Sm¡i§¢jl j¢qo N) pwLl j¢qo O) ec£l j¢qo



f¡W 3.2 R¡N−ml S¡a J °h¢nøÉ

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- fª¢bh£l ¢h¢iæ S¡−al R¡N−ml i¡N…−m¡ hm−a J ¢mM−a f¡l−hez Evf¡c−el Jfl ¢i¢š L−l R¡N−ml ®nÊ¢Z¢heÉ¡p Ll−a f¡l−hez L−uL¢V ¢hMÉ¡a S¡−al R¡N−ml e¡j, Evf¢š J Bhq¡Ju¡ Ef−k¡¢Na¡ RL BL¡−l

a¤−m dl−a f¡l−hez ¢h−nÄl J h¡wm¡−c−nl L−uL¢V …l¦aÅf§ZÑ S¡−al R¡N−ml e¡j J °h¢nøÉ hZÑe¡ Ll−a

f¡l−hez fª¢bh£−a ¢h¢iæ S¡−al R¡Nm B−Rz H−cl BL¡l, BLª¢a, üi¡h J Evf¡ce °h¢n−øÉl j−dÉ ®hn f¡bÑLÉ f¢lm¢ra quz R¡Nm−L p¡d¡lZa c¤d, j¡wp, Q¡js¡ J ®m¡j Evf¡c−el SeÉ f¡me Ll¡ quz a¡C H…−m¡l Jfl ¢i¢š L−l fö ¢h‘¡e£l¡ R¡Nm−L L−uL¢V i¡−N i¡N L−l−Rez ®kje-

fª¢bh£−a ¢h¢iæ S¡−al R¡Nm B−Rz H−cl BL¡l, BLª¢a, üi¡h J Evf¡ce °h¢n−øÉl j−dÉ ®hn f¡bÑLÉ f¢lm¢ra

c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al R¡Nm- Hl¡ A¢dL c¤d Evf¡ce L−lz ®kje- p¡−ee, h¡lh¡¢l, ®V¡−Neh¡NÑ CaÉ¡¢cz

h¡µQ¡ Evf¡cen£m S¡−al R¡Nm- Hl¡ A¢dL h¡µQ¡ Evf¡ce L−lz ®kje- ®h‰m, L¡VÚS¡w CaÉ¡¢cz

Q¡js¡ Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al R¡Nm- Hl¡ Ešjj¡−el Q¡js¡ Evf¡ce L−lz ®kje- ®h‰m, j¡l¡¢X CaÉ¡¢cz

j¡wp Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al R¡Nm- Hl¡ Eæaj¡−el j¡wp Evf¡ce L−lz ®kje- ®h‰m, j¡-V¤ CaÉ¡¢cz

p¡l¢Z 11-H Evf¡c−el Jfl ¢i¢š L−l Q¡VÑ BL¡−l R¡N−ml ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p ®cM¡−e¡ q−u−Rz p¡l¢Z 11 x Evf¡ce ¯h¢nøÉ, Evf¢š J A¡hq¡Ju¡l Jfl ¢i¢š L−l R¡N−ml S¡−al ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p

Evf¡ce °h¢nøÉ S¡−al e¡j Evf¢š A¡hq¡Ju¡u Ef−k¡N£

A¢dL c¤d Bmf¡Ce p¤CS¡lmÉ¡ä e¡¢an£−a¡o· J Sm¡¢pš² A’m Evf¡ceL¡l£ AÉ¡w−m¡ e¤¢hu¡e p¤CS¡lmÉ¡ä e¡¢an£−a¡o· J Sm¡¢pš² A’m p¡−ee p¤CS¡lmÉ¡ä e¡¢an£−a¡o· J Sm¡¢pš² A’m ®V¡−Neh¡NÑ p¤CS¡lmÉ¡ä e¡¢an£−a¡o· J Sm¡¢pš² A’m j¡T¡¢l c¤d h¡lh¡¢l i¡la Nlj J ö×L A’m Evf¡ceL¡l£ ¢hVm i¡la Nlj J ö×L A’m j¡m¡h¡l i¡la Nlj J BâÑ A’m j¡lJu¡¢l i¡la Nlj J ö×L A’m c¡j¡pL¡pÚ ¢p¢lu¡, ®mh¡ee Ef-NË£oÈ J ö×L A’m hÔÉ¡L ®hc¤Ce Cpl¡Cm, ¢jnl NË£oÈ J ö×L A’m kj¤e¡f¡¢l i¡la NË£oÈ J ö×L A’m L¡j¢l f¡¢LÙ¹¡e, p¤c¡e NË£oÈ J ö×L A’m p¤c¡¢eS e¤¢hu¡e ¢jnl, p¤c¡e NË£oÈ J ö×L A’m S¡l¡C h¡C ¢jnl, p¤c¡e NË£oÈ J ö×L A’m ¢L¢mp a¤lú, p¤c¡e NË£oÈ J ö×L A’m j¡wp ®h¡−ul c¢rZ B¢éL¡ NË£oÈ J ö×L A’m Evf¡ceL¡l£ ¢gÊ¢Su¡e c¢rZ B¢éL¡ NË£oÈ J ö×L A’m L¡VÚS¡w C−¾c¡−e¢nu¡, j¡m−u¢nu¡ ö×L J BâÑ A’m j¡-V¤ Q£e EfNË£oÈ J BâÑ A’m ¢p−l¡¢q i¡la EfNË£oÈ J BâÑ A’m p¤c¡e ®XS¡VÑ p¤c¡e EfNË£oÈ J BâÑ A’m


Mevw`cï cvjb

Evf¡ce °h¢nøÉ S¡−al e¡j Evf¢š A¡hq¡Ju¡u Ef−k¡N£

®h‰m h¡wm¡−cn EfNË£oÈ J BâÑ A’m c¤d J j¡wp Evf¡ceL¡l£

hÔÉ¡L ®hc¤Ce Cpl¡Cm, ¢jnl NË£oÈ J ö×L A’m

A¢dL h¡µQ¡ h¡lh¡¢l i¡la EfNË£oÈ J BâÑ A’m Evf¡cen£m ®h¡−ul c¢rZ B¢éL¡ EfNË£oÈ J BâÑ A’m ®h‰m h¡wm¡−cn EfNË£oÈ J BâÑ A’m L¡VÚS¡w C−¾c¡−e¢nu¡, j¡m−u¢nu¡ BâÑ A’m j¡-V¤ Q£e EfNË£oÈ J BâÑ A’m œ²¡CJõ¡ c¢rZ B−j¢lL¡ EfNË£oÈ J BâÑ A’m ®j¡−qu¡l Evf¡ceL¡l£

AÉ¡w−N¡l¡ a¤lú EfNË£oÈ A’m

fn¢je¡ h¡ LÉ¡n−ju¡l Evf¡ceL¡l£

L¡¢nÈ¢l jdÉ H¢nu¡ EhÑl f¡hÑaÉ A’m

Eæaj¡−el ®h‰m h¡wm¡−cn Ef-NË£oÈ J BâÑ A’m Q¡js¡ j¡l¡¢X e¡C−S¢lu¡ NË£oÈ J ö×L A’m Evf¡ceL¡l£ j¤−he¢X EN¡ä¡ NË£oÈ J ö×L A’m

HM¡−e R¡N−ml L−uL¢V …l¦aÅf§ZÑ S¡−al Evf¢š, fÐ¡¢çÙÛ¡e J °h¢nøÉ¡hm£ B−m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ q−u−Rz A¢dL c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡a

p¡−ee (Sannen) R¡N−ml ¢h¢iæ S¡−al j−dÉ p¡−ee p−hÑ¡µQ f¢lj¡Z c¤d ®cuz HL ®c¡qeL¡−ml 336 ¢c−e 990 ¢mV¡l fkÑ¿¹ AbÑ¡v °c¢eL 3.0-3.5 ¢mV¡l c¤d ¢c−a prjz

p¤CS¡lmÉ¡−äl f¢ÕQj¡w−n p¡−ee S¡−al R¡N−ml Evf¢šz H−cl ®cq p¡c¡ h¡ E‹Æm p¡c¡ M¡−V¡ ®m¡−j Bhªaz Nm¡, L¡e J Jm¡−e L¡−m¡ c¡N b¡−Lz p¡d¡lZa ¢nw b¡−L e¡z H−cl f¡ ®R¡V, L¡e ®p¡S¡ J pÇj¤Mj¤M£ Hhw Jm¡e hsz R¡N−ml ¢h¢iæ S¡−al j−dÉ Hl¡ p−hÑ¡µQ f¢lj¡Z c¤d ®cuz fª¢bh£l hý ®cn, ®kje- A−ØVÌ¢mu¡, J−uø C¢äS, i¡la, ¢g¢S, O¡e¡, ®L¢eu¡, ®L¡¢lu¡, Cpl¡Cm, j¡m−u¢nu¡ J ¢g¢mf¡C−e H S¡−al R¡Nm Bjc¡¢e Ll¡ q−u−Rz fª¢bh£l ®k ®L−e¡ A’−ml Bhq¡Ju¡l p¡−b Hl¡ ¢eS−cl M¡f M¡Ju¡−a f¡−lz Hl¡ °c¢eL 3.0-3.5 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz HL ®c¡qeL¡−ml 336 ¢c−e 990 ¢mV¡l fkÑ¿¹ c¤d ¢c−a prjz

¢Qœ 41 x HL¢V p¡−ee S¡−al R¡N£

®V¡−Neh¡NÑ (Toggenburgh) H S¡−al R¡Nm p¤CS¡lmÉ−äl Ešl-f§hÑ¡’−m f¡Ju¡ k¡uz Hl¡ BL¡−l ®hn hsz N¡−ul lP h¡c¡¢j h¡ Q−L¡−mV quz c¤f¡−ul q¡V¤l ¢eQ J j¤Mjä−m p¡c¡ c¡N b¡−Lz Nm¡ mð¡, q¡mL¡ J



®p¡S¡, L¡e L¡−m¡ l−Pl ¢L¿º O¡−sl ¢c−L p¡c¡z R¡Nm J R¡N£ L¡−l¡C ¢nw b¡−L e¡z R¡N£ °c¢eL 3 ¢mV¡l fkÑ¿¹ c¤d ¢c−u b¡−Lz i¡la, j¡m−u¢nu¡, ¢g¢mf¡Ce, ®i−eS¤−um¡, c¢rZ B¢éL¡ fÐiª¢a ®c−n c¤−dl SeÉ H−cl f¡me Ll¡ quz Hl¡ j¡−W Q−l ®M−a fR¾c L−lz f§ZÑhuú R¡Nm J R¡N£l JSe kb¡œ²−j 60-65 J fÐ¡u 70 ®L¢S quz AÉ¡w−m¡ e¤¢hu¡e (Anglo Nubian) i¡l−al kj¤e¡f¡¢l J

¢jn−ll S¡l¡C h¡C S¡−al R¡Nm q−a H S¡−al Evf¢šz R¡N£ °c¢eL 2-3 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz

H¢V HL¢V pwLl S¡−al R¡Nmz i¡l−al kj¤e¡f¡¢l J ¢jn−ll S¡l¡C h¡C S¡−al R¡Nm q−a H S¡−al Evf¢šz ®Qq¡l¡ J c¤‡ Evf¡c−e H−cl S¤¢s ®eCz ®c−ql lP p¡c¡, L¡−m¡, h¡c¡¢j h¡ ¢jnÐ q−a f¡−lz L¡e T¤m¿¹ Hhw p¡d¡lZa ¢nw b¡−L e¡z f¡ mð¡ J Jm¡e hsz p¤CS¡lmÉ¡−ä Eá¡¢ha e¤¢hu¡e R¡N−ml ®Q−u Hl¡ ®h¢n c¤d ¢c−u b¡−Lz AÉ¡w−m¡ e¤¢hu¡e ®b−L c¤d J j¡wp c¤−V¡C A¢dL f¢lj¡−Z f¡Ju¡ k¡uz Hl¡ Q−l ®M−a i¡−m¡h¡−p ¢L¿º BhÜ AhÙÛ¡u f¡me Ll¡l SeÉJ ¢h−no Ef−k¡N£z Hl¡ A¢a pq−S f¢l−h−nl p¡−b ¢e−S−L M¡f M¡Ju¡−a f¡−lz R¡N£ °c¢eL 2-3 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz h¡µQ¡l S¾j JSe 2-4 ®L¢Sz R¡N£ 247 ¢c−el ®c¡qeL¡−m fÐ¡u 221 ¢mV¡l c¤d ¢c−a prjz

¢Qœ 42 x HL¢V AÉ¡w−m¡ e¤¢hu¡e S¡−al R¡N£

Bmf¡Ce (Alpine) A¡hÜ¡hÙÛ¡u M¡j¡−l f¡m−el SeÉ Bm¡f¡Ce M¤hC Ef−k¡N£z R¡N£ °c¢eL 4-5 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz

H¢V A¢dL c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al R¡Nmz H−cl Evf¢šÙÛm p¤CS¡lmÉ¡−äl BÒfp fhÑ−al f¡c−c−nz CE−l¡−fl phÑœ H S¡−al R¡Nm ®cM−a f¡Ju¡ k¡uz Hl¡ A¡hÜ¡hÙÛ¡u M¡j¡−l f¡m−el SeÉ M¤hC Ef−k¡N£ Hhw ®k ®L¡−e¡ f¢l−h−nl p−‰ pq−SC ¢e−S−L M¡f M¡Ju¡−a f¡−lz H−cl ®c−ql lP L¡−m¡; a−h p¡c¡ ®X¡l¡L¡V¡ c¡N h¡ p¡c¡, L¡−m¡ J h¡c¡¢j CaÉ¡¢c l−Pl ¢jnÐZJ q−a f¡−lz haÑj¡−e i¡la, j¢lp¡p, j¡m−u¢nu¡, ¢g¢mf¡Ce, O¡e¡, j¡c¡N¡ú¡l, J−uØV C¢äS fÐiª¢a ®c−n H R¡Nm M¡j¡−l fÐ¢af¡¢ma q−µRz R¡N£ °c¢eL 4-5 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz CE−l¡−fl ¢h¢iæ ®c−n Hph R¡N−ml c¤d ®b−L hý¢hd c¤‡S¡a M¡cÉâhÉ °a¢l Ll¡ quz

¢Qœ 43 x HL¢V A¡mf¡Ce S¡−al R¡N£


Mevw`cï cvjb

Ae¤n£me (Activity) x p¡ ee, AÉ¡w−m¡ e¤¢hu¡e J A¡mf¡Ce S¡ al R¡N−ml j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ ¢el©f−el SeÉ HL¢V Q¡VÑ °a¢l Ll¦ez

− −

h¡wm¡−cn J c¢rZ-f§hÑ H¢nu¡l L−uL¢V S¡a fª¢bh£−a fÐ¡u ¢aenl A¢dL R¡N−ml S¡a J EfS¡a ¢hcÉj¡ez H−cl ®h¢nl i¡NC NË£oÈjäm£u J EfNË£oÈjäm£u A’−m f¡Ju¡ k¡uz Cf−ØVCe (1979) fÐ¡u 70¢V S¡a J EfS¡−al Lb¡ E−õM L−l−Re ®k…−m¡ B¢éL¡u B−Rz ¢h¢nø ¢h‘¡e£ ®c−h¾cÐ (1980) 22¢V E−õM−k¡NÉ S¡−al R¡N−ml Lb¡ hZÑe¡ L−l−Re ®k…−m¡ c¢rZf§hÑ H¢nu¡u haÑj¡e Hhw H−cl A¢dL¡wnC i¡la, f¡¢LÙ¹¡e J h¡wm¡−c−n l−u−Rz ®h‰m (Bengal) Bj¡−cl ®h‰m R¡Nm

EvLªøj¡−el Q¡js¡ J j¡wp Evf¡ce, A¢dL pwMÉL h¡µQ¡ ®cu¡ Hhw fÐ¢aL§m f¢l−h−n ®hy−Q b¡L¡l rja¡l SeÉ p¤f¢l¢Qaz

i¡l−al Bp¡j J ®jO¡mu Hhw h¡wm¡−c−n H R¡Nm ®cM−a f¡Ju¡ k¡uz AbÑ¯e¢aL ¢cL ®b−L H S¡a M¤hC …l¦aÅf§ZÑz EvLªøj¡−el Q¡js¡ J j¡wp Evf¡ce, A¢dL pwMÉL h¡µQ¡ ®cu¡ Hhw fÐ¢aL§m f¢l−h−n ®hy−Q b¡L¡l rja¡l SeÉ Hl¡ p¤f¢l¢Qaz hR−l c¤h¡l Hhw HL−œ 2-6¢V h¡µQ¡ ®cu¡l cªø¡¿¹ H−cl l−u−Rz â¦a hwn ¢hÙ¹¡−l H R¡N−ml S¤¢s ®eCz H−cl Q¡js¡ ¢hnÄh¡S¡−l p−hÑ¡µQ j§−mÉ ¢h¢œ² quz Q¡js¡u °a¢l S¤−a¡ J AeÉ¡eÉ p¡jNË£ AaÉ¿¹ BLoÑZ£u, Bl¡jc¡uL Hhw c£OÑÙÛ¡u£ h−m ü£Lªaz H−cl ®l¡NfÐ¢a−l¡d rja¡J a¤me¡j§mLi¡−h ®h¢nz

Hl¡ BL¡−l ®R¡V, Q¤V hl¡hl EµQa¡ j¡œ 15 ®p.¢j.z f§ZÑhuú R¡Nm J R¡N£l JSe kb¡œ²−j N−s 13 J 9 ®L¢Sz ®c−ql ®m¡j M¡−V¡, p¤¢heÉÙ¹, ®ln¢j J ®L¡jmz Hl¡ â¦a huxfÐ¡ç quz H−cl f¡ M¡−V¡, L¡e M¡s¡z ¢nw BL¡−l ®R¡V J L¡−m¡ Hhw 5-10 ®p.¢j. mð¡ quz 15 j¡p hu−p fÐbjh¡l h¡µQ¡ ®cuz H−cl c¤d Evf¡ce rja¡ M¤hC Lj, c¤−ul A¢dL h¡µQ¡ q−m c¤−dl O¡V¢a ®cM¡ ®cuz g−m h¡µQ¡ Af¤¢øS¢ea ®l¡−N i¤−N J j¡l¡ k¡uz H−cl Evf¢š pð−å ®aje ®L¡−e¡ abÉ S¡e¡ k¡u ¢ez a−h, pÈlZL¡m ®b−LC Hl¡ h¡wm¡−c−n B−Rz h¡wm¡−c−n Hl¡ L¡−m¡ R¡Nm h−m f¢l¢Qaz HL j¡−pl ®c¡qeL¡−m R¡N£ 25-30 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz H c¤d ¢nö J c¤hÑm hÉ¢š²−cl SeÉ M¤hC EfL¡l£z

¢Qœ 44 x HL¢V ®h‰m S¡−al R¡N£

kj¤e¡f¡¢l (Jamunapari) kj¤e¡f¡¢l AaÉ¿¹ Løp¢qo·¤ J Q’mz c¤d Evf¡ce ¯c¢eL N−s

i¡l−al N‰¡, kj¤e¡ J Qðm ec£l jdÉha£Ñ CV¡Ju¡ ®Sm¡u H S¡−al R¡N−ml Evf¢šz Hl¡ i¡l−al HL¢V Se¢fÐu R¡Nm k¡ c¤−dl SeÉ i¡la J c¢rZ-f§hÑ H¢nu¡u f¢l¢Qaz h¡wm¡−c−nl p£j¡¿¹ha£Ñ Hm¡L¡pj§−q BSL¡m H S¡−al ¢LR¤ R¡Nm ®cM¡ k¡uz Hl¡ BL¡−l hs, L¡e mð¡ J T¤m¿¹z H−cl ®c−ql lP p¡c¡, L¡−m¡, qm¤c, h¡c¡¢j h¡ ¢h¢iæ l−Pl ¢jnÐZk¤š² q−a f¡−lz Jm¡eNË¢¿Û p¤¢heÉÙ¹ Hhw hs J mð¡ h¡Vk¤š²z f¡ M¤h mð¡; ®fR−el f¡−ul ®fRe ¢c−L mð¡ ®m¡j B−Rz ®c−ql AeÉ¡eÉ ÙÛ¡−el ®m¡j p¡d¡lZa ®R¡Vz



Hl¡ AaÉ¿¹ Løp¢qo·¤ J Q’mz hR−l HLh¡l Hhw HL¢Vl ®h¢n h¡µQ¡ ®cu e¡z f§ZÑhuú R¡Nm J R¡N£l JSe kb¡œ²−j 68-91 J 35-60 ®L¢Sz H−cl ¢nw M¡−V¡, QÉ¡ÃV¡ J 25-30 ®p.¢j. mð¡z R¡Nm J R¡N£l EµQa¡ kb¡œ²−j 91-127 J 76-107 ®p.¢j.z c¤d Evf¡ce 216 ¢c−e p−hÑ¡µQ 235 ¢mV¡lz ¯c¢eL Evf¡ce N−s 3.8 ¢mV¡lz i¡l−a H−cl−L Nl£−hl N¡i£ hm¡ q−u b¡−Lz H R¡N−ml j¡wp J Q¡js¡ ®aje Eæaj¡−el euz Hl¡ Q−l M¡Ju¡l SeÉ M¤hC Ef−k¡N£z j¡m−u¢nu¡ J C−¾c¡−e¢nu¡ a¡−cl ¢eSü R¡N−ml p−‰ pwLl¡u−el SeÉ i¡la ®b−L kj¤e¡f¡¢l R¡Nm Bjc¡¢e L−l−Rz

¢Qœ 45 x HL¢V kj¤e¡f¡¢l S¡−al R¡N£

¢hVm (Beetal) H¢V i¡la J f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el HL¢V …l¦aÅf§ZÑ R¡N−ml S¡az H−cl−L i¡l−al f¡”¡h l¡−SÉl ¢h¢iæ ®Sm¡u Hhw f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el l¡Ju¡m¢f¢ä J m¡−q¡−l A¢dL pwMÉ¡u ®cM−a f¡Ju¡ k¡uz Hl¡ ®cM−a A−eLV¡ kj¤e¡f¡¢ll j−a¡z BL¡−l ®R¡V J mð¡Lª¢az f§ZÑhuú R¡Nm J R¡N£l JSe N−s kb¡œ²−j 65 J 45 ®L¢Sz N¡−ul lP fÐd¡ea m¡m; a−h m¡−ml j−dÉ p¡c¡ c¡N ®cM¡ k¡uz a¡R¡s¡ L¡−m¡ l−Pl R¡NmJ i¡l−al Ešl fÐ−cn Hhw AåÌ fÐ−c−n fÐQ¤l pwMÉ¡u ®cM¡ k¡uz H−cl e¡L hy¡L¡ J L¡e mð¡z R¡N−ml c¡¢s B−R, R¡N£l ®eCz ¢nw ®fR−el ¢c−L hy¡L¡−e¡z R¡N£ ¯c¢eL N−s 4.5 ¢mV¡l Hhw HL ®c¡qeL¡−ml 133 ¢c−e 320 ¢mV¡l fkÑ¿¹ c¤d ¢c−a prjz Hl¡ j¡wp Evf¡c−el SeÉJ ¢hMÉ¡az fÐ¢a hRl h¡µQ¡ ®cuz H S¡−al R¡Nm M¤h Løp¢qo¤· Hhw fÐ¢aL§m f¢l−h−nl p¡−b ¢e−S−L M¡f M¡Ju¡−a f¡−lz

¢Qœ 46 x HL¢V ¢hVm S¡−al R¡N£

Ae¤n£me (Activity) x ®h‰m, kj¤e¡f¡¢l J ¢hVm S¡−al R¡N£l c¤d Evf¡c el f¡dÑLÉp§QL HL¢V p¡l¢Z °a¢l Ll¦ez

−

¢hVm i¡la J f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el HL¢V …l¦aÅf§ZÑ R¡N−ml S¡az R¡N£ ¯c¢eL N−s 4.5 ¢mV¡l fkÑ¿¹ c¤d ¢c−a prjz


Mevw`cï cvjb

¢h¢iæ ®c−nl L−uL¢V E−õM−k¡NÉ S¡a

AÉ¡w−N¡l¡ (Angora) Eæaj¡−el fnj, Em h¡ ®j¡−qu¡l Evf¡c−el SeÉ a¤l−úl AÉ¡w−N¡l¡ S¡−al R¡Nm ¢hnÄ¢hMÉ¡az

H¢V Eæaj¡−el fnj Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al R¡Nmz Hl fnj−L ®j¡−qu¡l hm¡ quz H S¡−al R¡N−ml Evf¢š jdÉ H¢nu¡uz 1300 na¡¢ë−a a¤l−úl AÉ¡w−N¡l¡ fÐ−c−n H R¡Nm Be¡ quz g−m I fÐ−c−nl e¡j¡e¤p¡−l Hl e¡jLlZ qu AÉ¡w−N¡l¡z 1838 p¡−m c¢rZ B¢éL¡ J 1849 p¡−m B−j¢lL¡ H R¡Nm a¤lú ®b−L Bjc¡¢e L−l a¡−cl ®c−n ¢e−u k¡u Hhw j§mÉh¡e ®j¡−qu¡−ll ¢nÒf N−s ®a¡−mz a¤l−úl p¤ma¡e 1881 p¡−m H S¡−al R¡Nm k¡−a ¢h−c−n lç¡¢e e¡ qu ®pSeÉ HL BCe f¡n L−lez haÑj¡−e ¢eSü S¡−al p¡−b pwLl¡u−el SeÉ i¡la, f¡¢LÙ¹¡e, ¢g¢S, A−ØVÌ¢mu¡, l¡¢nu¡pq ¢h¢iæ ®c−n H S¡−al R¡N−ml ¢hÙ¹ª¢a O−V−Rz

¢Qœ 47 x HL¢V AÉ¡w−N¡l¡ S¡−al R¡Nm

AÉ¡w−N¡l¡ ®R¡V BL¡−ll R¡Nmz EµQa¡u 54 ®p.¢j., L¡e ¢LR¤V¡ T¤m¿¹z R¡Nm J R¡N£ EiuC ®cM−a M¤h QLQ−L J …µR ®m¡jk¤š²z Hl¡ ¢eu¢ja h¡µQ¡ ®cu; a−h, hR−l HLh¡l Hhw p¡d¡lZa c¤¢Vl ®h¢n euz R¡Nm J R¡N£l °c¢qL JSe kb¡œ²−j 65-85 J 40-45 ®L¢Sz fÐ¢a ®c¡qeL¡−m R¡N£ 20-25 ¢mV¡l L−l c¤d ®cuz Hl¡ hR−l 1.5-2.0 ®L¢S fnj Evf¡ce L−lz a−h ®L¡−e¡ ®L¡−e¡ R¡Nm 3 ®L¢Sl ®h¢nJ Evf¡ce L−l b¡−Lz H fnj hR−l c¤h¡l pwNËq Ll¡ quz j¡l¡¢X (Maradi) H¢V B¢éL¡l HL¢V Eæa S¡−al R¡Nmz H−cl N¡−ul lP Oe m¡mz R¡Nm J R¡N£ L¡−l¡lC ¢nw ®eCz N¡−ul ®m¡j ®R¡V, L¡e M¡−V¡ Hhw pj¡¿¹l¡mz Hl¡ ®R¡V BL¡−ll, JSe N−s 25-30 ®L¢Sz Hl¡ ö×L A’−m i¡−m¡i¡−h ®hy−Q b¡L−a f¡−lz H−cl ¢hÙ¹ª¢a B¢éL¡l j−dÉCz H R¡N−ml Q¡js¡ Eæaj¡−el J j§mÉh¡ez A¢dL j¡wp ÚEvf¡c−el SeÉ H R¡Nm f¢l¢Qaz Hj¢e−a °c¢eL N−s 0.5 ®L¢S J Eæa hÉhÙÛ¡fe¡u 1.5 ®L¢S c¤d ®cuz p¡d¡lZa c¤hR−l 3-4 h¡l h¡µQ¡ ®cuz ®c¡qeL¡−ml 100 ¢c−e fÐ¡u 150 ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cuz Hl¡ p¡l¡hRlC fÐSeerj b¡−Lz



j¡-V¤ (Ma-Tou) H¢V jdÉ Q£−el c¤−fR fÐ−c−nl HL¢V Eæa S¡−al R¡Nmz A¢dL pwMÉ¡u h¡µQ¡ Evf¡ce H−cl fÐd¡e °h¢nøÉz fÐ¢a 100¢V R¡N£ hR−l fÐ¡u 450¢V h¡µQ¡ ¢c−u b¡−Lz Hl¡ hR−l c¤h¡l h¡µQ¡ ®cuz Hl j−dÉ 21.7% ®r−œ HL¢V h¡µQ¡, 70% 2-3¢V h¡µQ¡ Hhw 8.3% 4¢V h¡QQ¡ ®cuz H S¡−al R¡Nm c¤d J j¡wp Evf¡c−el SeÉ hÉhq©a quz f§ZÑhuú R¡Nm J R¡N£l JSe kb¡œ²−j 25-55 J 20-45 ®L¢Sz R¡N£l °c¢eL c¤d Evf¡ce rja¡ 1.5 ¢mV¡lz H−cl fn−jl lP p¡c¡; H…−m¡ mð¡ h¡ M¡−V¡ q−a f¡−lz H−cl f¡ M¤hC mð¡ Hhw R¡Nm h¡ R¡N£ L¡−l¡C ¢nw ®eCz Ae¤n£me (Activity) x dl¦e, A¡fe¡l M¡j¡−l 70¢V j¡-V¤ S¡−al R¡N£ l u Rz Hl¡ hR−l Lu¢V h¡µQ¡ ¢c h Hhw H cl j−dÉ HL¢V, 2-3¢V h¡ 4¢V L l h¡µQ¡ ®cu¡l f¢lj¡Z La q−h a¡ ¢q ph L l ®hl Ll¦ez

− −− − −

− − p¡ljjÑ x fª¢bh£l ¢h¢iæ ®c−n ¢h¢iæ S¡−al R¡Nm l−u−Rz A¡L¡lBLª¢a, BQlZ J °h¢Q−œ H−cl j−dÉ ¢iæa¡ l−u−Rz p¡−ee, ®V¡−Neh¡NÑ, AÉ¡w−m¡ e¤¢hu¡e, Bmf¡Ce, ¢hVm, kj¤e¡f¡¢l, ®h‰m, j¡l¡¢X, j¡-V¤ fÐiª¢a S¡a ¢h−noi¡−h f¢l¢Q¢a m¡i L−l−Rz Hl¡ ¢iæ ¢iæ …−Zl A¢dL¡l£z ®kje- H−cl j−dÉ ®L¡−e¡¢V c¤d Evf¡ce, ®L¡−e¡¢V fÐSee rja¡u, ®L¡−e¡¢V j¡wp Evf¡ce Bh¡l ®LEh¡ Q¡js¡ Evf¡c−el SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡az


Mevw`cï cvjb



1z h¡wm¡−c−nl ¢hMÉ¡a R¡N−ml S¡−al e¡j L£? L) ®h‰m M) ¢hVm N) p¡−ee O) h¡lh¡¢l

2z ®L¡eÚ¢V c¤d Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al R¡Nm? L) AÉ¡w−m¡ e¤¢hu¡e M) AÉ¡w−N¡l¡ N) j¡-V¤ O) ®h¡−ul

3z p¡−ee S¡−al R¡Nm °c¢eL N−s La ¢mV¡l c¤d ®cu? L) 4.0-5.0 ¢mV¡l M) 3.0-3.5 ¢mV¡l N) 3.5-4.0 ¢mV¡l O) 2.5-3.0 ¢mV¡l

4z kj¤e¡f¡¢l S¡−al R¡N−ml L¡e ®Lje? L) M¡−V¡ J ®p¡S¡ M) mð¡ J ®p¡S¡ N) ®R¡V J hy¡L¡−e¡ O) mð¡ J T¤m¿¹

5z ®L¡eÚ R¡Nm lç¡¢e e¡ Ll¡l SeÉ BCe f¡n qu? L) AÉ¡w−N¡l¡ M) AÉ¡w−m¡ e¤¢hu¡e N) Bmf¡Ce O) L¡¢nÈ¢l

6z fÐ¢a 100¢V j¡-V¤ S¡−al R¡Nm ®b−L hR−l La¢V h¡µQ¡ f¡Ju¡ k¡u? L) 400¢V M) 450¢V N) 300¢V O) 500¢V



f¡W 3.3 ®is¡l S¡a J °h¢nøÉ

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- E−ml …Z¡hm£l Jfl ¢i¢š L−l RL BL¡−l ®is¡l e¡−jl a¡¢mL¡ °a¢l Ll−a

f¡l−hez i¡la J f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el L−uL¢V ®is¡l S¡−al e¡j hm−a f¡l−hez h¡wm¡−c−nl ®is¡l °h¢nøÉ hZÑe¡ Ll−a f¡l−hez RL BL¡−l L−uL¢V …l¦aÅf§ZÑ S¡−al ®is¡l e¡j, Evf¢š J °h¢nøÉ a¤−m dl−a

f¡l−hez R¡N−ml j−a¡ fª¢bh£−a ®is¡lJ hý S¡a l−u−Rz ¢LR¤ ¢LR¤ ¢ho−ul Jfl ¢i¢š L−l H S¡a…−m¡−L ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma i¡−N i¡N Ll¡ k¡uz kb¡- Evf¡c−el Jfl ¢i¢š L−l, ®kje- j¡wp J Em Evf¡cL¡l£z j¤Mjä−ml l−Pl Jfl ¢i¢š L−l, ®kje- L¡−m¡ h¡ p¡c¡ j¤Mjämz ¢nw−ul Jfl ¢i¢š L−l, ®kje- ¢nw B−R h¡ ¢nw ®eCz

R¡N−ml j−a¡ fª¢bh£−a ®is¡lJ hý S¡a l−u−R k¡−cl ¢h¢iæ i¡−N i¡N Ll¡ quz

®m−Sl BLª¢al Jfl ¢i¢š L−l, ®kje- mð¡ ®mS, ®j¡V¡ ®mS h¡ M¡−V¡ ®mSz E−ml …Z¡hm£l Jfl ¢i¢š L−l, ®kje- p¤rÁ Em, j¡T¡¢l Em, mð¡ Em, L¡−fÑV Em,

g¡l V¡Cf CaÉ¡¢cz Evf¢šÙÛ¡e Ae¤k¡u£, ®kje- f¡q¡¢s S¡a, pjami§¢jl S¡a h¡ ¢ejÀi§¢jl S¡az

Nh¡¢cföl j−dÉ Em Evf¡c−el SeÉ ®is¡l …l¦aÅ phÑ¡¢dLz B−j¢lL¡, A−ØVÌ¢mu¡, L¡e¡X¡, ¢eE¢SmÉ¡ä Hhw CE−l¡−fl ¢h¢iæ ®c−nl ®is¡l fnj ®b−L Evf¡¢ca n£ah−Ù»l Q¢qc¡ ¢hnÄh¡S¡−l hÉ¡fLz H L¡l−Z E−ml …Z¡hm£l Jfl ¢i¢š L−l ®is¡l ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p Ll¡ q−u−Rz p¡l¢Z 12-H Q¡VÑ BL¡−l a¡ a¤−m dl¡ q−u−Rz

Nh¡¢cföl j−dÉ Em Evf¡c−el SeÉ ®is¡l …l¦aÅ phÑ¡¢dLz

p¡l¢Z 12 x E−ml …Z¡hm£l Jfl ¢i¢š L−l ®is¡l ®nÊ¢Z¢heÉ¡p

p§rÁ Em j¡T¡¢l Em pwLl S¡a Em mð¡ Em L¡−fÑV Em g¡l V¡Cf

®j¢l−e¡ lÉ¡ð¤−mV

®pi−uV Xl−pV qÉ¡Çfn¡u¡l j¢¾V−Xm p¡−g¡L p¡Eb X¡Ee ¢j−e−p¡V¡

Lm¡¢ðu¡ Ll¡C−Xm f¡e¡j¡ ®l¡−jm−Xm V¡¢NÑ

LVpÚJô ¢m−QØV¡l ¢mwLe lj¢e j¡nÑ hXÑ¡l−Xm L¤fJu¡bÑ fÉ¡−le−Xm

®m¡¢q L¡¢µQ c¡j¡¢e

L¡l¡L¤m

i¡la, f¡¢LÙ¹¡e J h¡wm¡−c−nl ®is¡l S¡apj§q A’m¢i¢š−a i¡la£u ®is¡−L ®j¡V ¢ae i¡−N i¡N Ll¡ q−u−Rz kb¡- ¢qj¡mu A’−ml ®is¡, ®kje- …−lS, L¡eÑ¡m, h¡MlJu¡m, N¡¢Ÿ CaÉ¡¢cz ö×L f¢ÕQj¡’m£u ®is¡, ®kje- ®m¡¢q, L¡¢µQ, j¡lJu¡¢l, ®Q¡Lm¡, e¡¢m, L¡¢bJu¡¢l

CaÉ¡¢cz c¢rZ¡’m£l ®is¡, ®kje- ®em¡¢l, j¡¾c¡, c¡j¡ú¡pÚ, ®h−m¡¢l, ®p¡e¡¢c CaÉ¡¢cz f§hÑ¡’m£l ®is¡, ®kje- n¡qh¡¢cz

f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e ®is¡l fÐ¡u 15¢V S¡a l−u−Rz

f¡¢LÙ¹¡¢e S¡apj§q f¡¢LÙ¹¡−e ®is¡l fÐ¡u 15¢V S¡a l−u−Rz Hl¡ fÐd¡ea L¡−fÑV Em Evf¡ce L−lz ®kje- i¡Ju¡mf¤¢l, ¢h¢hÐL, hmÚ¢M, c¡j¡¢e, qeÑ¡C, qÙ¹¡eN¢l, L¡NÚ¢e, L¡S¢m, ®L¡L¡, ®m¡¢q, b¡m, B¢é¢c, Ju¡¢S¢l CaÉ¡¢cz


Mevw`cï cvjb

h¡wm¡−cn£ ®is¡ h¡wm¡−cn£ ®is¡ Ae¤æa Hhw ®cn£ ®is¡ ¢q−p−h f¢l¢Qaz H−cl ¢e¢cÑø h¡ ÙÛ¡u£ ®L¡−e¡ °h¢nøÉ ®eCz H−cl−L A¢dL pwMÉ¡u ®e¡u¡M¡m£l Ql¡’−ml i§¢j, p¾c£f, Y¡L¡, V¡‰¡Cm, Qy¡f¡Ceh¡hN” eyJN¡ fÐiª¢a A’−m ®cM¡ k¡uz

°c¢qL °h¢nøÉ H−cl N¡−ul lP p¡c¡, L¡−m¡, h¡c¡¢j h¡ ¢jnÐ q−u b¡−Lz Hl¡ BL¡−l ®R¡V, Q¤V fkÑ¿¹ EµQa¡ 44 ®p.¢j.z h¤−Ll ®hs fÐ¡u 65 ®p.¢j.z j¡b¡, ®Wy¡V, e¡L ®p¡S¡; L¡e M¡−V¡, Nm¡ ¢QLe, ¢fW ®p¡S¡, fÕQ¡ci¡N ®j¡V¡j¤¢V Ns−el J Eæaz ®is¡ J ®is£l JSe kb¡œ²−j 20-25 J 15-18 ®L¢Sz

¢Qœ 48 x HL¢V h¡wm¡−cn£ ®is¡

…ZNa °h¢nøÉ H−cl−L fÐd¡ea j¡w−pl SeÉ f¡me Ll¡ quz H−cl ®b−L hR−l N−s NË¡u 500 NË¡j ®j¡V¡ fnj (Em) f¡Ju¡ k¡uz p¡j¡eÉ f¢lj¡Z c¤dJ ®cuz ¢L¿º Hl¡ M¤hC EhÑl J Oe Oe h¡µQ¡ ®cuz ®is£ fÐ¢a 15 j¡−p A¿¹a c¤h¡l h¡µQ¡ ¢c−u b¡−Lz fÐ¢ah¡−l 2¢V L−l h¡µQ¡ ®cuz H−cl fnj ¢c−u ®j¡V¡ Lðm, L¡−fÑV, j¡gm¡l CaÉ¡¢c °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz L¡−fÑV °a¢ll SeÉ H fnj M¤hC i¡−m¡z a−h, f¢l−du hÙ» °a¢ll SeÉ HV¡ M¤hC ¢ejÀj¡−elz

HM¡−e p¡l¢Z 13-Hl j¡dÉ−j L−uL¢V …l¦aÅf§ZÑ S¡−al ®is¡l Evf¢š, °c¢qL J …ZNa °h¢nøÉ¡hm£ hZÑe¡ Ll¡ q−u−Rz

p¡l¢Z 13 x L−uL¢V …l¦aÅf§ZÑ S¡−al ®is¡l Evf¢š, °c¢qL J …ZNa °h¢nøÉ

e¡j Evf¢š ¯c¢qL °h¢nøÉ …ZNa °h¢nøÉ

®m¡¢q (Lohi) f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el mu¡mf¤l, j−¾V¡−N¡j¡¢l J j¤ma¡e ®Sm¡l ec£j¡aªL A’mz

lP p¡c¡, m¡m, h¡c¡¢j h¡ L¡−m¡ q−a f¡−lz BL¡−l hs; e¡L, j¡b¡ J L¡e hs; Nm¡ M¡−V¡ J f¤l¦z ®cq¡Lª¢a hs, h¤L QJs¡, fÕQ¡v Awn QJs¡ J fÐnÙ¹, f¡ p¤N¢Wa, Jm¡eNË¢¿Û hs, ®mS q¡mL¡, n¡l£¢lL JSe N−s 38 ®L¢Sz

H S¡−al ®is¡ ®j¡V¡a¡S¡ qu Hhw Eæaj¡−el fnj Evf¡ce L−lz Q¡js¡ hs BL¡−ll Hhw p¤N¢Waz f¡¢LÙ¹¡e ®hn ¢LR¤ f¢lj¡−Z Eš² Q¡js¡ ¢h−c−n lç¡¢e L−lz fnj (Em) Evf¡ce h¡¢oÑL j¡b¡¢fR¤ 2 ®L¢S, c¤d Evf¡ce °c¢eL N−s 1 ¢mV¡lz

L¡¢µQ (Kachchi)

f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el i¡Ju¡m, j¤ma¡e J

lP p¡d¡lZa p¡c¡; a−h j¡b¡ J f¡−u L¡−m¡ ¢Qq² b¡−Lz j¡T¡¢l BL¡l, ¢nw ®eC, ®Q¡M E‹Æm,

Hl¡ Em Evf¡c−el SeÉ i¡−m¡z H−cl Evf¡¢ca Em elj J ®L¡Ls¡−e¡z

f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el ®m¡¢q ®is¡ h¡¢oÑL j¡b¡¢fR¤ 2 ®L¢S Em Evf¡ce

h¡wm¡−cn£ ®is¡ Ae¤æa; H−cl ÙÛ¡u£ ®L¡−e¡ °h¢nøÉ ®eCz H−cl Em ¢ejÀj¡−elz a−h Hl¡ h¡µQ¡ ®cu ®h¢nz




j−¾V¡−N¡j¡¢l ®Sm¡uz

e¡L M¡−V¡ J i¡¢l, ®cq p¤N¢Wa, f¡ j¡T¡¢l dl−el, L¡e ®R¡V, ¢fW ®p¡S¡ Hhw ®L¡j−ll ¢c−L fÐpÙÛ, ®mS ¢QLez

Q¡js¡ j¡T¡¢l BL¡−ll Hhw h¡¢oÑL Em Evf¡ce N−s 3 ®L¢Sz c¤d Evf¡ce M¤hC Ljz

c¡j¡¢e (Damani)

f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el Ešl-f¢ÕQj p£j¡¿¹ fÐ−c−nl ®Xl¡Cp j¡CmM¡e ®Sm¡ J m¡¢M p¡lJu¡a A’mz

lP p¡c¡ h¡ L¡−m¡, BL¡−l ®R¡V, j¡b¡ QJs¡ Hhw ®N¡m¡Lª¢al, ®Q¡M h¡c¡¢j J E‹Æm, ®Wy¡V J ®Q¡u¡m jSh¤a, ®cq p¤N¢Wa, Jm¡e Eæa, h¡V mð¡, ®mS ¢QLe, °c¢qL JSe N−s 25 ®L¢Sz

H S¡a fÐd¡ea j¡w−pl SeÉ hÉhq©a quz Hl¡ hR−l N−s 2 ®L¢Sl j−a¡ Em Evf¡ce L−lz c¤d Evf¡ce °c¢eL N−s 1.0-1.5 ¢mV¡lz Em ®j¡V¡ Hhw q¡mL¡z

hm¢M (Balkhi)

H S¡−al ®is¡ BgN¡¢eÙ¹¡e J a¤l−ú f¡Ju¡ k¡uz a−h f¢ÕQj¡’−m H−cl My¡¢V S¡−al Evf¢šz

lP L¡−m¡, p¡c¡ h¡ d§plz Hl¡ BL¡−l hs, ¢nw ®eC, Lf¡m Øg£a, ®Q¡M E‹Æm, j¤Mjäm mð¡, e¡L ®l¡j¡e A¡Lª¢al, p¤N¢Wa ®cq, ¢fW hy¡L¡, L¡e Eæaz j¡T¡¢l Nse, ®L¡jl Eæa, f¡ ®c−ql p¡−b p¡j”pÉf§ZÑ J ®mS ®j¡V¡z

fÐd¡ea j¡w−pl SeÉ H−cl f¡me Ll¡ quz hR−l 2 ®L¢S Em Evf¡ce L−lz E−ml …Z¡…Z i¡−m¡z c¤d Evf¡ce °c¢eL 2-4 ¢mV¡lz hR−l HLh¡l h¡µQ¡ ®cuz Q¡js¡ hs Hhw Eæaj¡−elz

b¡m (Thal) f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el f¡SJ−ll f¢ÕQj¡’mz

lP p¡c¡ h¡ L¡−m¡, j¡T¡¢l BL¡l, j¡b¡ ®R¡V, Lf¡m QJs¡, e¡L mð¡ J ®p¡S¡, ®cq p¤N¢Wa Hhw hr fÊnÙ¹z fÕQv Awn ®j¡V¡j¤¢V p¤N¢Wa, ®mS ®R¡V J q¡mL¡z

fÐd¡ea Em J Q¡js¡l SeÉ i¡−m¡z hR−l fÐ¡u 1.5 ®L¢S Em f¡Ju¡ k¡uz ®jon¡h−Ll Q¡js¡ M¤hC Eæaj¡−elz

®L¡L¡ (Kooka)

f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el b¡lf¡lL¡l ®Sm¡l jl¦ A’mz

lP p¡c¡, j¤Mjäm j¡T¡¢l BL¡−ll, j¡b¡ i¡¢l, Lf¡m QJs¡, ¢nw ®R¡V, L¡e T¤m¿¹, e¡L Eæa, Jm¡eNË¢¿Û Eæaz

H S¡a p¡d¡lZa j¡wp J E−ml SeÉ i¡−m¡z hR−l N−s 3 ®L¢S Em f¡Ju¡ k¡kz ®is£ °c¢eL 1 ®L¢S c¤d ®cuz Q¡js¡ Eæaj¡−elz

®j¢l−e¡ (Merino)

®Øf−e Evf¢š, a−h E¢en na¡¢ël fÐbj ¢c−L B−j¢lL¡u Bjc¡¢e Ll¡ quz haÑj¡−e ¢h−nÄl pLm Em Evf¡ceL¡l£ ®c−nC ®j¢l−e¡l ¢hÙ¹ª¢a O−V−Rz

Q¡js¡l iy¡−Sl Jfl ¢i¢š L−l ®j¢l−e¡−L ¢ae i¡−N i¡N Ll¡ q−u−Rz kb¡- 1. V¡Cf-H, 2. V¡Cf-¢h J 3. V¡Cf-¢pz V¡Cf-H ph−Q−u ®R¡V BL¡−ll, ®is¡ J ®is£l JSe kb¡œ²−j 65-75 J 40-60 ®L¢Sz V¡Cf-H-Hl Q¡js¡l i¡yS AaÉ¿¹ ®h¢nz j¡b¡ ®b−L ®m−Sl ®N¡s¡ fkÑ¿¹ H i¡yS ®cM¡ k¡uz V¡Cf-¢h S¡−al j−dÉ e§Éeaj Q¡js¡l i¡yS b¡−Lz H V¡C−fl ®is¡…−m¡ i¡¢l J AaÉ¢dL Oe fn−j ®cq Bhªa b¡−Lz V¡Cf-¢p ®is¡u Q¡js¡u i¡yS b¡−L e¡z Q¡js¡ jpªZ b¡−Lz ¢ae V¡C−fl j−dÉ H¢VC ph−Q−u hsz ®is¡ J ®is£l JSe kb¡œ²−j 70-90 J 50-70 ®L¢S quz ®j¢l−e¡l n¡l£¢lL NWe

®j¢l−e¡l ¢ae¢V V¡CfC Em Evf¡c−el SeÉ ¢hnÄMÉ¡az V¡Cf-¢p ph−Q−u Eæaj¡−el Em Evf¡ce L−lz E−ml …µR mð¡, Eæa J ¢QLez hR−l ®is¡fÐ¢a 8-15 ®L¢S J ®is£fÐ¢a 5-10 ®L¢S Em f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el c¡j¡¢e ®is¡ hR−l N−s c¤−L¢Sl j−a¡ Em Evf¡ce L−lz H−cl Evf¡¢ca Em ®j¡V¡ J q¡mL¡z

®Øf−el ®j¢l−e¡ ®is¡ ¢ae V¡C−fl; ®kje- V¡Cf-H, V¡Cf-¢h J V¡Cf-¢pz ¢ae¢V V¡CfC Em Evf¡c−el SeÉ ¢hnÄMÉ¡az V¡Cf-¢p ph−Q−u Eæaj¡−el Em Evf¡ce L−lz E−ml …µR mð¡, Eæa J ¢QLez hR−l fÐ¢a¢V ®is¡ J ®is£ ®b−L kb¡œ²−j 8-15 J 5-10 ®L¢S Em f¡Ju¡ k¡uz


Mevw`cï cvjb


M¤hC p¤W¡j J n¢š²n¡m£z j¤M, f¡, p¡c¡ l−Pl; Q¡js¡ ®N¡m¡¢fz ®is¡l ¢nw A¡−R ¢L¿º ®is£l ®eCz

®lð¤−mV (Ramboullet)

é¡¾p J ®Øf−e Evf¢šz haÑj¡−e ¢h−nÄl fÐ¡u pLm Em Evf¡ceL¡l£ ®c−n ¢hÙ¹ª¢a m¡i L−l−Rz

Hl¡ BL¡−l hs Hhw â¦a hdÑen£m S¡az H−cl Q¡js¡u ®L¡−e¡ i¡yS ®eCz j§Mjäm f¢l×L¡l, mð¡ J Oe fn−j A¡hªaz f§ZÑhuú ®is¡ J ®is£l JSe 100-125 J 60-90 ®L¢Sz ®is¡l hy¡L¡−e¡ ¢nw B−Rz j¤Mjäm J f¡−ul ¢cL p¡c¡ J ®N¡m¡¢fz

H−cl Em M¤hC p¤rÁ, j¡wp Eæa j¡−elz hR−l ®is¡fÐ¢a N−s 5 ®L¢S Em f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

lj¢e j¡nÑÑ (Romney Marsh)

CwmÉ¡−äl lj¢e j¡nÑ A’−m H−cl Evf¢šz

Hl¡ AeÉ¡eÉ CE−l¡¢fu S¡−al ®is¡ ®b−L JS−e a¤me¡j§mLi¡−h Ljz f¡ M¡−V¡ a−h p¤N¢Wa, j¤Mjäm J Lf¡m fn−jl …µR ¢c−u Bhªa b¡−Lz f¡−ul qy¡V¤l ¢e−Q p¡c¡ l−Pl fnj ¢c−u Bhªaz M¤l, e¡L J ®Wy¡V L¡−m¡ l−Pl, ®is¡ h¡ ®is£ L¡−l¡C ¢nw ®eCz

H S¡a mð¡ fnj Evf¡ce L−lz fn−jl fÐ¢a¢V …µR M¤hC jpªZ J H−cl Q¡L¢QLÉa¡ Lj, hR−l N−s 5-6 ®L¢S Em f¡Ju¡ k¡uz Hl¡ ®h¢n h¡µQ¡ ®cu e¡z

é¡¾p J ®Øf−el ®lð¤−mV ®is¡ ®b−L hR−l N−s 5 ®L¢S Em f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

CwmÉ¡−äl lj¢e j¡nÑÑ ®is¡l Em M¤hC jpªZz H ®is¡ ®b−L hR−l 5-6 ®L¢S Em f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

¢Qœ 49 x HL¢V ®j¢l−e¡ S¡−al ®is¡

Ae¤n£me (Activity) x jpªZ Em Evf¡ceL¡l£ ®is¡l j−dÉ ®L¡eÚ S¡a¢V EvLªø? A¡fe¡l ja¡j−al üf−r k¤¢š² ¢cez p¡ljjÑ x fnj Evf¡c−el SeÉ ®is¡l …l¦aÅ phÑ¡¢dLz E−ml …Z¡hm£l Jfl ¢i¢š L−l ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p Ll¡ quz B−j¢lL¡, A−ØVÌ¢mu¡, L¡e¡X¡, ¢eE¢SmÉ¡ä Hhw CE−l¡−fl ¢h¢iæ ®c−nl ®is¡l fnj ®b−L Evf¡¢ca n£ah−Ù»l Q¢qc¡ ¢hnÄh¡S¡−l hÉ¡fLz H−cl Em ®b−L ®j¡V¡ Lðm, j¡gm¡l, L¡−fÑV fÐiª¢a °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz h¡wm¡−c−nl ®is¡ fÐd¡ea j¡w−pl SeÉ i¡−m¡z a−h ®is¡l j¡wp H−c−nl A−e−LC fR¾c L−le e¡z i¡la J f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el ®is¡l S¡−al j−dÉ ®m¡¢q, L¡¢µQ, c¡j¡¢e, hmÚ¢M, b¡m, ®L¡L¡ CaÉ¡¢c fÐd¡ez Bl CE−l¡f J B−j¢lL¡l S¡a…−m¡l j−dÉ ®j¢l−e¡, ®lð¤−mV, lj¢e j¡nÑ E−õM−k¡NÉz H−cl °h¢nøÉ i¡la J f¡¢LÙ¹¡−el ®is¡ ®b−L ¢iæ q−u b¡−Lz




p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z L£ L¡l−Z ®is¡−L ®h¢n …l¦aÅ ®cu¡ qu?

L) Q¡js¡ Evf¡c−el SeÉ M) Em Evf¡c−el SeÉ N) j¡wp Evf¡c−el SeÉ O) c¤d Evf¡c−el SeÉ

2z ®L¡eÚ S¡−al ®is¡ p§rÁ Em Evf¡ce L−l? L) ®pi−uV M) Xl−pV N) ®cn£ O) ®j¢l−e¡

3z ®j¢l−e¡ ®is¡ L£ L£ V¡C−fl? L) V¡Cf-H, V¡Cf-¢h J V¡Cf-¢p M) V¡Cf-H J V¡Cf-¢h N) V¡Cf-H, V¡Cf-¢h, V¡Cf-¢p J V¡Cf-¢X O) p§rÁ J mð¡ Em V¡Cf

4z h¡wm¡−cn£ ®is¡l h¤−Ll ®hs La? L) 65 ®p.¢j. M) 40 ®p.¢j. N) 70 ®p.¢j. O) 49 ®p.¢j.

5z c¡j¡¢e ®is¡l j¡b¡l BLª¢a ®Lje? L) mð¡−V M) QJs¡ J ®N¡m¡Lª¢al N) pl¦ J mð¡−V O) ®N¡m¡Lª¢al

6z lj¢e j¡nÑ S¡−al ®is¡ ®b−L hR−l La ®L¢S Em f¡Ju¡ k¡u? L) 7-8 ®L¢S M) 1-2 ®L¢S N) 5-6 ®L¢S O) 4-5 ®L¢S


Mevw`cï cvjb

hÉhq¡¢lL

f¡W 3.4 ¢h¢iæ S¡−al j¢q−ol °h¢nøÉ…−m¡ S¡e¡ J M¡a¡u ®mM¡

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- ®cn£ j¢q−ol BL¡l, BLª¢a hm−a f¡l−hez ®cn£ j¢q−ol p¡−b Eæa S¡−al j¢q−ol f¡bÑLÉ ¢eZÑu Ll−a f¡l−hez Nl¦ J j¢q−ol j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ Ll−a f¡l−hez

fÐ¡p¢‰L abÉ h¡wm¡−c−nl ¢p−mV ®Sm¡u j¢ef¤¢l j¢qo ®cM¡ k¡uz Hl¡ fÐd¡ea j¡wp Evf¡ce, q¡mQ¡o h¡ f¢lhq−Zl SeÉ Ef−k¡N£z ¢L¿º h¡wm¡−c−n ®L¡−e¡ ®L¡−e¡ A’−m j¤ll¡ S¡−al ¢LR¤ j¢qo ®cM¡ k¡uz j¤ll¡ J j¢ef¤¢l S¡−al j−dÉ ¯c¢qL Hhw Evf¡ceNa f¡bÑLÉ ¢el©fe Ll¡ k¡uz j¢qo J Nl¦l j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ M¤h ®h¢n euz j¢q−ol NmLðm ®eC, ®c−q ®m¡j M¤h Lj, Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol ¢nw hs J A−eLV¡ L¡−Ù¹l eÉ¡uz a¡R¡s¡ BL¡−l j¢qo p¡d¡lZa Nl¦ ®b−L hs q−u b¡−Lz HR¡s¡ h¡dL ph…−m¡ ¯h¢nøÉ j¢q−ol ®r−œ Nl¦l j−a¡Cz

j¢qo J Nl¦l j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ AÒfz j¢q−ol NmLðm ®eC, ®c−q ®m¡j Lj, Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol ¢nw hs J L¡−Ù¹l eÉ¡uz p¡d¡lZa BL¡−lJ Hl¡ hs q−u b¡−Lz

fÐ−u¡Se£u EfLlZ HL¢V j¢qo oy¡s h¡ N¡i£, Lmj, ®f¢¾pm, l¡h¡l, hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡ CaÉ¡¢cz L¡−Sl d¡f fÐb−j HL¢V j¢qo ®c−M a¡l A‰fÐa−‰l e¡j S¡e¤e J M¡a¡u ByL¤e z

¢Qœ 50 x HL¢V oy¡s j¢qo

®kph Lªo−Ll h¡¢s−a j¢qo B−R a¡−cl h¡¢s k¡e Hhw fÐaÉri¡−h j¢q−ol BL¡l,

BLª¢a J °c¢qL ¯h¢nøÉ…−m¡ mrÉ Ll¦ez j¢q−ol S¡apj§−ql °h¢n−øÉl p¡−b Bfe¡l ®cM¡ j¢q−ol ¯h¢nøÉ ¢j¢m−u ®cM¤e Hhw

hÉ¡hq¡¢lL M¡a¡u ¢mM¤ez j¢qo ®cM¡l fl a¡l S¡a °h¢nøÉpj§q d¡l¡h¡¢qLi¡−h hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡u ¢m¢fhÜ Ll¦ez



paLÑa¡ fÐaÉri¡−h j¢qo ®cM¡l pju paLÑa¡l p¡−b ANËpl ®q¡ez p¡ljjÑ x h¡wm¡−c−nl ¢p−mV ®Sm¡u j¢ef¤¢l j¢qo A¡−R k¡ fÐd¡ea j¡wp Evf¡ce, q¡mQ¡o h¡ f¢lhq−Zl SeÉ Ef−k¡N£z H−c−nl ®L¡−e¡ ®L¡−e¡ A’−m j¤ll¡ S¡−al j¢qoJ ®cM¡ k¡uz j¢qo J Nl¦l j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ AÒfz j¢q−ol NmLðm ®eC, ®c−q ®m¡j Lj, Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol ¢nw hs J L¡−Ù¹l eÉ¡uz p¡d¡lZa BL¡−lJ Hl¡ hs q−u b¡−Lz HR¡s¡ h¡¢L ¯h¢nøÉ…−m¡ Nl¦l j−a¡Cz


p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z j¢q−ol ®c−q ®m¡j ®Lje?

L) M¤h hs M) Oe N) M¤h ®j¡V¡ O) M¤h Lj

2z Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol ¢nw L£ lLj? L) ®hm¤−el j−a¡ M) ®L¡c¡−ml j−a¡ N) ¢es¡¢el j−a¡ O) L¡−Ù¹l j−a¡


Mevw`cï cvjb

hÉhq¡¢lL

f¡W 3.5 ¢h¢iæ S¡−al R¡N−ml °h¢nøÉ…−m¡ S¡e¡ J M¡a¡u ®mM¡

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- ®h‰m R¡N−ml BL¡l, BLª¢a J °h¢nøÉpj§q hm−a f¡l−hez ®h‰m Hhw kj¤e¡f¡¢l R¡N−ml j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉ Ll−a f¡l−hez

®h‰m R¡N−ml °h¢nøÉpj§q S¡e¡

fÐ¡p¢‰L abÉ ®h‰m R¡Nm h¡wm¡−c−nl HL¢V Aj§mÉ pÇfcz Eæaj¡−el j¡wp J Q¡js¡ Evf¡ce Hhw Oe Oe J A¢dL pwMÉ¡u h¡µQ¡ Evf¡c−el SeÉ H R¡N−ml p¤e¡j ¢hnÄ−S¡s¡z ®h‰m R¡N−ml L¡e M¡s¡, ¢nw ®R¡V J L¡−m¡, Q¡js¡ ®j¡V¡, ®m¡−jl ®N¡s¡ Q¡js¡l Lj Ni£−l fÐ¢høz ®h‰m R¡N−ml L¡e M¡s¡,

¢nw ®R¡V J L¡−m¡, Q¡js¡ ®j¡V¡, ®m¡−jl ®N¡s¡ Q¡js¡l Lj Ni£−l fÐ¢høz

fÐ−u¡Se£u EfLlZ HL¢V ®h‰m R¡Nm, Lmj, ®f¢¾pm, l¡h¡l, hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡ CaÉ¡¢cz L¡−Sl d¡f HL¢V ®h‰m R¡Nm ®c−M fÐb−j Hl ®c−ql ¢h¢iæ Awn J A‰fÐaÉ−‰l e¡j ®S−e ¢eez

¢Qœ 51 x R¡N−ml ®c−ql ¢h¢iæ Awn

1. j¡b¡, 2. Nm¡ J O¡s, 3. ¢fW, 4. fy¡Sl, 5. ®fR−el f¡nÄÑ−cn h¡ gÓÉ¡ˆ, 6. f¡R¡, 7. Jm¡eNË¢¿Û, 8. ®fR−el f¡ J qy¡V¤, 9. c¤−dl h¡V, 10. Jm¡−el pÇj¤Mi¡N, 11. c¤‡¢nl¡, 12. p¡j−el f¡, 13. ®Q¡u¡mz H e¡j…−m¡ f¡WÉhC−u E−õ¢Ma R¢hl p¡−b ¢j¢m−u ¢eez H S¡−al R¡N−ml BL¡l, BLª¢a, JSe, hup fÐiª¢a fÐaÉr Ll¦e J M¡a¡u ¢mM¤ez hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡u ®h‰m R¡N−ml R¢h Hy−L Hl ®c−ql ¢h¢iæ Awn J A‰fÐaÉ‰ ¢Q¢q²a

Ll¦ez



®h‰m R¡N−ml °h¢nøÉpj§q J f¤−l¡ fkÑ−hrZ fÐ¢œ²u¡¢V d¡l¡h¡¢qLi¡−h hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡u ¢mM¤e Hhw ¢nrL−L ®cM¡ez

®h‰m J kj¤e¡f¡¢l R¡N−ml j−dÉ f¡bÑLÉLlZ

fÐ¡p¢‰L abÉ kj¤e¡f¡¢l R¡N−ml L¡e mð¡ J T¤m¿¹, f¡ M¤h mð¡, ®fR−el f¡−u mð¡ ®m¡j B−R, nl£−ll AeÉ¡eÉ ÙÛ¡−el ®m¡j ®R¡Vz

kj¤e¡f¡¢l R¡Nm c¤d Evf¡c−el SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡az H S¡−al R¡N−ml L¡e mð¡ J T¤m¿¹, f¡ M¤h mð¡, ®fR−el f¡−u mð¡ ®m¡j B−R, nl£−ll AeÉ¡eÉ ÙÛ¡−el ®m¡j ®R¡Vz fÐ−u¡Se£u EfLlZ HL¢V kj¤e¡f¡¢l J HL¢V ®h‰m R¡Nm, Lmj, ®f¢¾pm, l¡h¡l, hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡ CaÉ¡¢cz L¡−Sl d¡f fÐb−j HL¢V kj¤e¡f¡¢l J ®h‰m R¡Nm ®c−M H−cl ®c−ql ¢h¢iæ Awn J A‰fÐaÉ−‰l

e¡j ®S−e ¢eez

¢Qœ 52 x HL¢V kj¤e¡f¡¢l J HL¢V ®h‰m R¡Nm

H c¤S¡−al R¡N−ml BL¡l, BLª¢a, JSe, hup fÐiª¢a fÐaÉr Ll¦e J M¡a¡u ¢mM¤ez kj¤e¡f¡¢l J ®h‰m R¡N−ml °h¢nøÉpj§−ql p¡cªnÉ J °hp¡cªnÉ k¡Q¡C Ll¦ez hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡u f¡n¡f¡¢n kj¤e¡f¡¢l J ®h‰m R¡N−ml R¢h Hy−L H−cl ®c−ql ¢h¢iæ

Awn J A‰fÐaÉ‰ ¢Q¢q²a Ll¦ez c¤S¡−al R¡N−ml °h¢nøÉpj§q J f¤−l¡ fkÑ−hrZ fÐ¢œ²u¡¢V d¡l¡h¡¢qLi¡−h hÉhq¡¢lL

M¡a¡u ¢mM¤e Hhw ¢nrL−L ®cM¡ez p¡ljjÑ x Eæaj¡−el j¡wp J Q¡js¡ Evf¡ce Hhw Oe Oe J A¢dL pwMÉ¡u h¡µQ¡ Evf¡c−el SeÉ ®h‰m R¡N−ml p¤e¡j ¢hnÄ−S¡s¡z H S¡−al R¡N−ml L¡e M¡s¡, ¢nw ®R¡V J L¡−m¡, Q¡js¡ ®j¡V¡, ®m¡−jl ®N¡s¡ Q¡js¡l Lj Ni£−l fÐ¢høz kj¤e¡f¡¢l R¡Nm c¤d Evf¡c−el SeÉ ¢hMÉ¡az H S¡−al R¡N−ml L¡e mð¡ J T¤m¿¹, f¡ M¤h mð¡, ®fR−el f¡−u mð¡ ®m¡j B−R, nl£−ll AeÉ¡eÉ ÙÛ¡−el ®m¡j ®R¡Vz


Mevw`cï cvjb


p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z ®h‰m R¡N−ml L¡e ®Lje?

L) mð¡ J T¤m¿¹ M) M¡s¡ N) ®j¡V¡ O) pl¦

2z ®h‰m R¡N−ml ¢nw ®Lje? L) ®R¡V J L¡−m¡ M) ®p¡S¡ J h¡c¡¢j N) mð¡ J hy¡L¡ O) M¡−V¡ J nš²

3z kj¤e¡f¡¢l R¡N−ml L¡−el BL¡l ®Lje? L) mð¡ J T¤m¿¹ M) ¢ae−L¡e¡ J M¡s¡ N) ®R¡V J M¡s[ O) ®N¡m¡L¡l J T¤m¿¹



hÉhq¡¢lL

f¡W 3.6 ®cn£ S¡−al ®is¡l °h¢nøÉ…−m¡ S¡e¡ J M¡a¡u ®mM¡

H f¡W ®n−o Bf¢e- ®cn£ S¡−al ®is¡l BL¡l, BLª¢a, ¢h¢iæ A‰fÐaÉ−‰l e¡j J °c¢qL ¯h¢nøÉpj§q

hm−a J ¢mM−a f¡l−hez fÐ¡p¢‰L abÉ ®cn£ ®is¡ Ae¤æa; H−cl ¢e¢cÑø ®L¡−e¡ °h¢nøÉ ®eCz H S¡−al ®is¡l N¡−ul lP p¡c¡, L¡−m¡, h¡c¡¢j h¡ ¢jnÐ q−u b¡−Lz H−cl−L fÐd¡ea j¡w−pl SeÉ f¡me Ll¡ quz a¡R¡s¡ hR−l fÐ¢a¢V ®is¡ ®b−L N−s NË¡u 500 NË¡j ®j¡V¡ fnj (Em) f¡Ju¡ k¡uz H fnj ¢c−u ®j¡V¡ Lðm, L¡−fÑV, j¡gm¡l CaÉ¡¢c °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz ®cn£ ®is¡ Ae¤æaz hR−l

fÐ¢a¢V ®is¡ ®b−L NË¡u 500 NË¡j ®j¡V¡ fnj (Em) f¡Ju¡ k¡uz

fÐ−u¡Se£u EflLZ HL¢V ®cn£ S¡−al ®is¡, Lmj, ®f¢¾pm, l¡h¡l, hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡ CaÉ¡¢cz L¡−Sl d¡f ®cn£ ®is¡l ®c−ql ¢h¢iæ Awn J A‰fÐaÉ−‰l e¡j ®S−e ¢eez

¢Qœ 53 x ®is¡l ®c−ql ¢h¢iæ Awn

1. j¤M, 2. e¡−Ll ¢Râ, 3. j¤Mj™m, 4. Lf¡m, 5. ®Q¡M, 6. L¡e, 7. Nm¡, 8. h¤L, 9. Ly¡−dl Ef¢li¡N, 10. ¢fW. 11. ®L¡jl, 12. ®L¡j−ll ¢ejÀi¡N, 13. f¡R¡, 14. XL, 15. Eyl¦, 16. qL, 17. ®fR−el f¡, 18. Ly¡¢Q M¤l, 19. f¡−ul f¡a¡, 20. ®fRe d¡l, 21. ®fV, 22. fy¡Sl, 23. pj¡e d¡l, 24. p¡j−el f¡, 25. Ly¡dz E−õM−k¡NÉ °h¢nøÉpj§q i¡−m¡i¡−h mrÉ Ll¦ez hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡u HL¢V ®is¡ Hy−L a¡l A‰fÐaÉ‰pj§q ¢Q¢q²a Ll¦ez Bfe¡l fkÑ−hrZ d¡l¡h¡¢qLi¡−h hÉhq¡¢lL M¡a¡u ¢mM¤e J ¢nrL−L ®cM¡ez

p¡ljjÑ x ®cn£ ®is¡ Ae¤æa; H−cl ¢e¢cÑø ®L¡−e¡ °h¢nøÉ ®eCz hR−l fÐ¢a¢V ®is¡ ®b−L N−s 500 NË¡j ®j¡V¡ fnj (Em) f¡Ju¡ k¡u k¡ ¢c−u ®j¡V¡ Lðm, L¡−fÑV, j¡gm¡l CaÉ¡¢c °a¢l Ll¡ k¡uz


Mevw`cï cvjb


p¢WL Eš−ll f¡−n ¢VL ¢Qq² (√) ¢cez 1z ®is¡l ®m¡j−L L£ h−m?

L) fnj M) Em N) Q¤m O) ®j¡−qu¡l

2z ®cn£ ®is¡ ®b−L hR−l L£ f¢lj¡Z ®j¡V¡ fnj (Em) f¡Ju¡ k¡u? L) 500 NË¡j M) 350 NË¡j N) 600 NË¡j O) 450 NË¡j





1z j¤ll¡ j¢q−ol °h¢nøÉ hZÑe¡ Ll¦ez 2z ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma j¢qo…−m¡l S¡a ¯h¢nøÉ E−õM Ll¦e- l¡¢i, p¤l¡¢V, S¡gl¡h¡¢c, j¢ef¤¢lz 3z Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol °h¢nøÉ L£? L−uL¢V Sm¡i§¢jl j¢q−ol e¡j ¢mM¤ez 4z h¡wm¡−c−nl j¢qo pÇf−LÑ lQe¡ ¢mM¤ez 5z ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma R¡N−ml S¡a…−m¡l e¡−jl f¡−nÄÑ H−cl Evf¡ce °h¢nøÉ, Evf¢š J

Bhq¡Ju¡l Ef−k¡¢Na¡ E−õM Ll¦e- p¡−ee, Bmf¡Ce, kj¤e¡f¡¢l, j¡-V¤, ®h‰m, ®h¡−ul, L¡VÚS¡wz

6z ®L¡eÚ S¡−al R¡Nm p−hÑ¡µQ c¤d Evf¡ce L−l? Hl ¢h¢iæ °h¢nøÉpj§q ¢mM¤ez 7z ®h‰m R¡Nm pÇf−LÑ pw¢rç lQe¡ ¢mM¤ez 8z Em Evf¡ceL¡l£ R¡Nm¢Vl e¡j L£? Hl °h¢nøÉpj§q hZÑe¡ Ll¦ez 9z °c¢qL JSepq L−uL¢V j¡wp Evf¡ceL¡l£ S¡−al R¡N−ml e¡j ¢mM¤ez 10z E−ml …Z¡hm£l Jfl ¢i¢š L−l ®is¡l ®nÐ¢Z¢heÉ¡p Ll¦ez 11z h¡wm¡−cn£ ®is¡ pÇf−LÑ k¡ S¡−ee ¢mM¤ez 12z c¡j¡¢e ®is¡l Evf¢š, °c¢qL J …ZNa °h¢nøÉ E−õM Ll¦ez 13z ®j¢l−e¡ ®is¡ pÇf−LÑ lQe¡ ¢mM¤ez 14z ®lð¤−mV ®is¡l Evf¢š J …ZNa °h¢nøÉ hZÑe¡ Ll¦ez Ešlj¡m¡ - CE¢eV 3 f¡W 3.1 1z N 2z N 3z L 4z M 5z N 6z L f¡W 3.2 1z L 2z L 3z M 4z O 5z L 6z M f¡W 3.3 1z M 2z O 3z L 4z L 5z M 6z N f¡W 3.4 1z O 2z O f¡W 3.5 1z M 2z L 3z L f¡W 3.6 1z M 2z L


Mevw`cï cvjb


BDwbU 4 evQyi cvjb BDwbU 4 evQyi cvjb

`y» Lvgv‡ii fwel¨Z wbf©i K‡i evQy‡ii m‡šÍvlRbK Ae ’vi Ici| KviY, AvR‡Ki evQyiB fwel¨‡Zi `ya Drcv`bkxj Mvfx, DbœZgv‡bi cÖRbb Dc‡hvMx luvo ev gvsm Drcv`bKvix Miæ| ZvB Mevw`cï cvj‡b evQyi cvjb GKwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †h msL¨K Mevw`cï cvwjZ nq Zvi g‡a¨ kZKiv 24 fv‡MiI †ewk evQyi| beRvZ evQy‡ii †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv Kg _vKvq Giv AZ¨šÍ †ivM ms‡e`bkxj nq| GgZve¯’vq mvgvb¨ h‡Zœi Afv‡e evQyi †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i I cieZx©‡Z Gi g„Zz I NU‡Z cv‡i| ZvB my ’ mej evQyi †c‡Z n‡j GKw`‡K †hgb Mf©ve¯’vq Mvfxi myôz hZœ I ch©vß mylg Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb cÖ‡qvRb cÖmeKvjxb I beRvZ evQy‡ii mwVK hZœ| evQyi cvj‡bi Kjv‡KŠkj mwVKfv‡e Aej¤^b bv Kivq cÖwZeQi eû msL¨K evQyi gviv hvq Ges †`‡ki cïm¤ú` ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq| G‡Z Rbmvavi‡Yi Avw_©K ¶q¶wZi cwigvY e¨vcK| ZvB evQyi cvj‡b hZœevb nIqv DwPZ|

G BDwb‡Ui wewfbœ cv‡V evQy‡ii evm¯’vb, cwiPh©v, Lv`¨, †ivMe¨vwa `gb BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© ZvwË¡K I e¨venvwiKmn we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cvV 4.1 evm¯’vb I cwiPh©v

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- v evQyi Kv‡K e‡j Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| v evQy‡ii evm ’v‡bi êwkó¨mg~n ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| v evQy‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvY wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| v evQy‡ii cwiPh©v ej‡Z Kx eySvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| v evQy‡ii cwiPh©vi †KŠkj¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Miægwn‡li ˆkkeKvj‡K evQyi e‡j| mvaviYZ R‡b¥i ci †_‡K GK eQ‡ii wKQy †ewk eq‡mi Miægwn‡li ev”PvB evQyi bv‡g cwiwPZ| G mg‡q evQy‡ii kvixie„Ë I kvixwiK MVb êwkó¨ mv‡c‡¶ evm ’vb ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| ms‡M ms‡M evQy‡ii eqm, Lv`¨vf¨vm, cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡ek, AvenvIqv I †ivMevjvB msµgY nIqvi m¤¢ve¨ZvI we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| evQy‡ii ewaòz kvixie„‡Ëi w`‡K j¶¨ †i‡L Ges Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb, hZœ I cwiPh©vi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i cÖvK…wZK ~‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ evm ’vb ˆZwi Kiv DwPZ| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki evQy‡ii R‡b¥i IRb M‡o

15-20 †KwR nq| Aek¨ DbœZ msKi Rv‡Zi evQy‡ii R‡b¥i IRb 25-30 †KwR n‡q _v‡K| RvZ wfbœ nIqvq Zv‡ì evm¯’vb Ges cwiPh©vI wfbœ n‡e|

evQy‡ii kvixie„Ë I kvixwiK MVb êwkó¨, eqm, Lv`¨vf¨vm, cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡ek, AvenvIqv, †ivMevjvB msµg‡Yi m¤¢ve¨Zv BZ¨vw` we‡ePbv K‡i evm¯’vb ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq|

evm ’v‡b cÖPzi Av‡jv-evZv‡mi eë ’v _vK‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡ì cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki êwkó¨ we‡ePbvq †i‡L evm ’vb ’vcb Kiv DwPZ|

wPÎ 54 t 5wU evQy‡ii _vKvi Dc‡hvMx †Lvc

cÖwZwU eo evQy‡ii Rb¨ 1.52 wgUvi × 2.13 wgUvi = 3.24 eM© wgUvi A_©vr 5 dzU × 7 dzU = 35 eM© dzU RvqMvi wfwË‡Z evQy‡ii evm ’vb ˆZwi Kiv hvq| G evm¯’v‡b cÖPzi Av‡jv-evZv‡mi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡ì cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki êwkó¨ we‡ePbvq †i‡L e„wócvZ I el©vKv‡ji

Mevw`cï cvjb

K ©gv³ Ae ’v cwinv‡ii j‡¶¨ cïi evm ’vb ’vcb evÃbxq| G evm ’vb KuvPv A_ev cvKv n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z evQy‡ii gjg~Î wb®‹vk‡bi h_vh_ eë ’v _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU N‡i †QvU †QvU †Lvc (calf pen) ˆZwi K‡i cÖwZ †Lv‡c GKwU K‡i evQyi †i‡L cvjb Kiv hvq| †m‡¶‡Î G

†Lvç‡jvi cÖwZwUi cwimi n‡e 0.91 wgUvi × 1.22 wgUvi × 1.07 wgUvi A_©vr 3 dzU × 4

dzU × 3.5 dzU| Ab¨w`‡K, GKwU wbw ©ó Av‡jvevZvm eë ’vm¤úbœ N‡i GKmv‡_ mgeqmx 5-10wU evQyi cvjb Kiv hvq| Z‡e Dfq‡¶‡ÎB N‡ii mvg‡b †eówb †Niv †Lvjv RvqMv _vKv ìKvi hv‡Z evQyi e¨vqvg I †Ljvayjv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Abykxjb (Activity) t aiæb, Avcbvi Lvgv‡i 12wU evQyi Av‡Q| G‡ì‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v

†Lv‡c ivLv n‡j me©‡gvU KZUzKz RvqMvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| (m~Ît GKwUi Rb¨ 0.91 wgUvi × 1.22 wgUvi × 1.07 wgUvi = 1.19 Nb wgUvi RvqMvi cÖ‡qvRb) evQy‡ii †Lv‡c LowePvwj w`‡q weQvbv ‰Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e| †g‡S cvuKv n‡j 2.54 †m.wg. ev GK BwÂ cyiæ weQvbvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †g‡S KvuPv n‡j Zv †hb K ©gv³ I m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z bv nq †m eë ’v Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z I †bvsiv cwi‡e‡k evQyi dzmdzm cÖ vn (Pneumonia) †iv‡M fz‡M _v‡K| G †ivM evQy‡ii Rb¨ gvivZ¥K ¶wZi KviY nq| 1.5-2.0 gvm eq‡mi evQyi‡K eo evQy‡ii evm ’v‡b ’vbvšÍi Kiv DwPZ †hLv‡b GKm‡½ A‡bK evQyi cÖwZcvwjZ nq| GKK_vq evm¯’vb n‡e Av‡jvwKZ, cwi®‹vi I ïK‡bv|

evQy‡ii †Lv‡c LowePvwj w`‡q weQvbv ‰Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e| †g‡S cvKv †nvK ev KuvPv †nvK Zv ïK‡bv ivL‡Z n‡e|

evQy‡ii cwiPh©v evQy‡ii cwiPh©v ej‡Z G‡ì

Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb, †ivMe¨vwa `gb, †`Lv‡kvbv Kiv BZ¨vw` eySvq|

evQy‡ii cwiPh©v ej‡Z G‡ì Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb, †ivMevjvB gy³ ivLv, †`Lv‡kvbv Kiv BZ¨vw` eySvq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k evQyi cÖwZcvj‡b Avjv`v †Kv‡bv hZœ I †mevi †iIqvR †bB| wKš‘ GwU cï cvjb weÁv‡bi GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| evQyi f‚wgô nIqvi ci †_‡K ˆ`wnK cwic°Zv AR©b K‡i mvej¤^x bv nIqv ch©šÍ G‡ì cvjb Kiv nq| G mgqKvjUv evQy‡ii R‡b¥i w`b †_‡K 180 w`b ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| GLv‡b evQyi cwiPh©vi Kjv‡KŠkj eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1) evQyi‡K Mvfxi ya cvb Kiv †kLv‡bv t evQyi‡K `ya cvb Kiv‡bv †kLv‡Z nq| R‡b¥i ciB evQzi Zvi gv‡qi evU †_‡K ya Pz‡l wb‡Z cv‡i bv| evQyi‡K ZvB evU gy‡L cy‡i `ya Uvbv †kLv‡Z nq| cvwievwiK Lvgv‡i †Zv e‡UB, e„n`vKvi `y» Drcv`b Lvgv‡iI evQyi‡K nv‡Z Zz‡j cvb Kiv‡Z nq| Mvfxi ya Drcv`b ¶gZv Kg n‡j †Zv K_vB †bB| †m‡¶‡Î gv Mvfx †_‡K †`vnbK…Z `y‡ai AwZwi³ `ya cvb Kiv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| evQyi‡K ˆkk‡e 37.50 †m. ZvcgvÎvq `ya cvb Kiv‡bv nq| Gi `y‡Uv c×wZ i‡q‡Q, †hgb- GK. †evZ‡j K‡i I `yB. evjwZ‡Z K‡i| Z‡e †evZ‡j (nipple feeding) K‡i `ya cvb Kiv‡bvi myweav n‡jv G‡Z A‡c¶vK…Z †QvU †Xv‡K `ya evQy‡ii cvK¯’jx‡Z Xz‡K _v‡K| GLv‡b D‡j−L¨, evQy‡ii cvK¯’jxi cª‡Kvô PviwU| †evZj cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| weï× cvwb I Miæi `ya 1:2 Abycv‡Z wgwk‡q cvZjv K‡i cvb Kiv‡bv DËg|

R‡b¥i ciB evQzi Zvi gv‡qi evU †_‡K ya Pz‡l wb‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB evQyi‡K evU gy‡L cy‡i ya Uvbv †kLv‡Z nq|

2) Lvgvi ch©v‡q evQyi wPwýZKiY ev Kv‡b U¨vM b¤î jvMv‡bv t evQyi wPwýZKi‡Yi Rb¨ wbRx©evYy cš’vq Kv‡b U¨vM b¤î (tag number) jvMv‡Z nq| GUv †QvU AvKv‡ii cvwievwiK Lvgv‡i †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb bv n‡jI eo Lvgv‡i LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| cïi RvZ Dbœqb ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv M‡elYv Kv‡R cÖwZwU Mevw`cïi Avjv`v Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv AZ¨vek¨K| GRb¨ evQy‡ii gvZvwcZv Abymv‡i wPwýZKiY LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| mxmvi cv‡Z b¤î _v‡K hv evQy‡ii Kv‡b GKwU we‡kl h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ cwi‡q †`qv nq|

evQyi wPwýZKi‡Yi Rb¨ wbRx©evYy cš’vq Kv‡b U¨vM b¤î jvMv‡Z nq|


evQyi cvjb

3) cwiwgZ Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb, gjg~Î I weQvbv cwi®‹vi Kiv t evQyi cÖwZcvj‡b ˆ`wbK cwiwgZ Lv`¨ cwi‡ek‡bi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| ewa©òz evQy‡ii Pvwn`v Abymv‡i Rb¥ †_‡K ^qsm¤ú~Y© bv nIqv ch©šÍ Lv`¨ZvwjKv Abymv‡i wbqwgZ Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov

¯^v¯’¨m¤§Zfv‡e cÖwZcvj‡bi Rb¨ evQy‡ii kqb I i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi NiwU‡Z gjg~Î wb®‹vk‡bi h_vh_ eë ’v _vK‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv gjg~Î †_‡K A ^v ’ Ki cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq Ges G‡Z evQyi K…wgmn bvbv ai‡bi †ivMe¨vwa‡Z AvµvšÍ nq| †h weQvbv evQy‡ii N‡i ev †Lv‡c †`qv nq ZvI gv‡S g‡a¨ cwi®‹vi K‡i ïK‡bv ivL‡Z n‡e| m uvZm¨vu‡Z Ae ’vq G‡ì dzmdzm cÖ vn n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z ¯‹vDi †iv‡MiI m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

evQyi‡K ˆ`wbK cwiwgZ Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z n‡e| ewa©òz evQy‡ii Pvwn`v Abymv‡i wbqwgZ Lv`¨ mieivn Kiv DwPZ|

wPÎ 55 t evQy‡ii cwiPh©v Kiv n‡”Q

4) evQyi mgqg‡Zv †Lv‡c IVv‡bv I bvgv‡bv t evQy‡ii †Lv‡c G‡ì‡K wbqwgZ IVvbvgv Kiv‡Z nq| mvivw`b †Lv‡c Ave× ivLv †hgb wVK bq †Zgwb w`bfi †Lvjv RvqMvq wePib Ki‡Z †`qvI DwPZ bq| GUv MÖx®§, el©v, kxZ †gŠmyg wbwe©‡k‡l Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| e„wó‡Z †fRv ev AwZwi³ VvÛvq _vK‡j evQy‡ii dzmdzm cÖ`vn †ivM n‡Z cv‡i|

5) evQy‡ii cÖvZ¨wnK ch©‡e¶Y I †ivMwPwKrmv t cÖvZ¨wnK ch©‡e¶Y I †ivMe¨vwa‡Z wbqwgZ Ilya †meb evQyi cwiPh©vi Ab¨Zg Kibxq KvR| ZvQvov mgq mgq ˆ`wnK e„w×i Z_¨ ev AebwZi cwigvc Kiv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb| Rb¥ †_‡K gvwmKwfwË‡Z ˆ`wbK IRb cwigvc Kiv cï cwiPh©vi GK wbqggvwdK KvR| G KvRwU MÖvgxY cvwievwiK Lvgv‡i m¤¢e bv n‡jI e„n`vKvi Miæi Lvgv‡i AZ¨vek¨K KvR wn‡m‡eB we‡ewPZ| ˆ`wnK e„w× ev IRb Z_¨ evQy‡ii ¯^vfvweK kvixie„‡Ëi cwiPvqK|

cÖvZ¨wnK ch©‡e¶Y I †ivMe¨vwa‡Z wbqwgZ Ilya †meb evQyi cwiPh©vi Ab¨Zg Kibxq KvR|

mvigg© t R‡b¥i ci †_‡K GK eQ‡ii wKQy †ewk eq‡mi Miægwn‡li ev”PvB evQyi| evQy‡ii kvixie„Ë I kvixwiK MVb êwkó¨, eqm, Lv`¨vf¨vm, cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡ek, AvenvIqv, †ivMevjvB msµgY nIqvi m¤¢ve¨Zv cªf…wZ we‡ePbv K‡i evm¯’vb ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| Avgv‡ì †`kx Mvfxi evQyi I DbœZ msKi Rv‡Zi evQy‡ii R‡b¥i IRb h_vµ‡g 15-20 I 25-30 †KwR nq| evQy‡ii evm¯’v‡b G‡ì‡K †Lv‡c †i‡L cvjb Kiv hvq| G‡KKwU evQy‡ii Rb¨

†Lv‡ci cwimi n‡e 0.91 wgUvi × 1.22 wgUvi × 1.07 wgUvi| wbqwgZ Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb, †ivMevjvB gy³ ivLv, †`Lv‡kvbv Kiv BZ¨vw`‡K evQy‡ii cwiPh©v e‡j| evQyi cwiPh©vi Kjv‡KŠkj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ G‡ì‡K Mvfxi `ya cvb Ki‡Z †kLv‡bv, Lvgvi ch©v‡q evQyi wPwýZKiY, cwiwgZ Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb, gjg~Î I weQvbv cwi®‹vi Kiv, mgqg‡Zv †Lv‡c IVv‡bv I bvgv‡bv, cÖvZ¨wnK ch©‡e¶Y I †ivMwPwKrmv Kiv BZ¨vw` cÖavb|

¯‹zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U

87

Mevw`cï cvjb

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.1

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b|

1| †Kvb& eq‡mi Miægwn‡li ev”Pv‡K evQyi e‡j? K) R‡b¥i ci †_‡K GK eQ‡ii wKQy †ewk L) R‡b¥i ci †_‡K GK eQ‡ii wKQy Kg M) R‡b¥i ci †_‡K `yeQ‡ii wKQy Kg N) R‡b¥i ci †_‡K `yeQ‡ii wKQy †ewk

2| evQy‡ii †Lv‡ci cwimi KZ? K) 0.91 wgUvi × 1.22 wgUvi × 1.07 wgUvi L) 0.85 wgUvi × 1.22 wgUvi × 1.07 wgUvi M) 0.91 wgUvi × 1.35 wgUvi × 1.25 wgUvi N) 1.00 wgUvi × 1.25 wgUvi × 1.05 wgUvi

3| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki evQy‡ii R‡b¥i IRb KZ? K) M‡o 10-15 †KwR L) M‡o 15-20 †KwR M) M‡o 20-25 †KwR N) M‡o 25-30 †KwR

4| evQy‡ii ˆ`wnK e„w× ev IRb Z_¨ Kx‡mi cwiPvqK? K) my¯’v‡¯’¨i cwiPvqK L) ¯^vfvweK kvixie„‡Ëi cwiPvqK M) Lv`¨ `¶Zvi cwiPvqK N) Drcv`‡bi cwiPvqK


evQyi cvjb

cvV 4.2 evQy‡ii Lv`¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- � evQy‡ii cvK ’jxi MVb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � evQy‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ I cywói cwigvY wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| � eqmwfwË‡Z evQy‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � eqmwfwË‡Z evQy‡ii Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

evQy‡ii kvixwiK e„w× I weKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Dcv`vbmg„× ch©vß Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb| Z‡e Lv‡`ï cywógvb, cwigvY cÖf…wZ Rvbvi c~‡e© evQy‡ii cvK ’jx m¤ú‡K© ÁvbvR©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡Z evQy‡ii Rb¨ eqm‡f‡` Lv`¨ZvwjKv (ration) ˆZwi Ki‡Z myweav nq| cvK¯’jx evQy‡i iæ‡gb I †iwUKzjvg

GK‡Î hZ eo A¨v‡ev‡gRvg I I‡gRvg GK‡Î Zvi wØ¸b| ˆkk‡e evQy‡ii A¨v‡ev‡gRvg 2 wjUvi ya aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges m¤ú~Y© cvK ’jx 4.5 wjUv‡ii Kg ya aviY K‡i|

c~Y©eq¯‹ Miæi cvK¯’jxi cÖ‡Kvô PviwU| evQy‡iiI PviwU| c~Y©eq¯‹ Miæi cvK ’jxi PviwU cÖ‡Kv‡ôi g‡a¨ 80% Ry‡o _v‡K cÖ_g cÖ‡Kvô ev iæ‡gb (rumen), gvÎ 5% wØZxq cÖ‡Kvô ev †iwUKzjvg (reticulum), 8% `Lj K‡i Z…Zxq cÖ‡Kvô ev I‡gRvg (omasum) Ges PZz_© cÖ‡Kvô ev mwZ¨Kvi cvK ’jx Z_v A¨v‡ev‡gRvg (abomasum) `Lj K‡i _v‡K gvÎ 7%| evQy‡i iæ‡gb I †iwUKzjvg GK‡Î hZ eo A¨v‡ev‡gRvg I I‡gRvg GK‡Î Zvi wØ¸b (wPÎ 56 †`Lyb)| evQy‡ii eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ G AbycvZ cwiewZ©Z nq| 10-12 mßv‡ni evQy‡i I‡gRvg-A¨v‡ev‡gRvg, †iwUKzjvg-iæ‡g‡bi gvÎ A‡a©‡K †b‡g Av‡m| GK eQi eq‡m G AvbycvwZK nvi c~Y©eq¯‹ Miæi mgvb n‡q hvq| ^vfvweK Ae ’vq ya mivmwi A¨v‡evgRv‡g P‡j hvq| Z‡e A¨v‡ev‡gRv‡gi cwim‡ii †ewk `ya cvb Kiv‡j Zv iæ‡g‡b P‡j hvq| ˆkkeKv‡j evQy‡ii iæ‡gb †h‡nZz AKvh©Ki _v‡K ZvB AwZwi³ `ya cv‡b cvK¯’jxi wech©q †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- `y‡ai cPb ai‡Z cv‡i| we‡klÁ‡ì g‡Z, ˆkk‡e evQy‡ii A¨v‡ev‡gRvg 2 wjUvi `ya aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges m¤ú~Y© cvK¯’jx 4.5 wjUv‡ii Kg `ya aviY K‡i| Miæi RvZ‡f‡` G cwigvY `ya avi‡Yi cv_©K¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`kx evQyi‡K ˆ`wbK 1.0-1.5 wjUvi Ges msKi Rv‡Zi evQyi‡K 2.0 wjUvi ch©šÍ `ya cvb Kiv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 56 t evQyi I eq¯‹ Miæi cvK ’jxi cÖ‡Kv‡ôi Zzjbvg~jK AvKvi

Abykxjb (Activity) t evQy‡ii eqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ cvK ’jxi wewfbœ cª‡Kv‡ôi †h cwieZ©b nq Zv wjLyb|

Lv`¨ I kw³i cwigvY cvuP-Qq mßvn eq‡mi AvM ch©šÍ

evQyi †Kv‡bv Avukhy³ †gvUv Lv`¨ †L‡Z cv‡i bv|

evQy‡ii ¶z ª cwicvKZš¿ GKmv‡_ A‡bK Lv`¨ nRg Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cvuP-Qq mßvn eq‡mi AvM ch©šÍ evQyi †Kv‡bv Avukhy³ †gvUv Lv`¨ (roughage) †L‡Z cv‡i bv| GgbKx, k³mg_© `k gvm eq‡mi evQyiI ïay Avukhy³ †gvUv Lv`¨ †L‡q †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| G mgq evB‡ii cywó Avm‡Z n‡e hv `ya ev `vbv`vi (concentrate) Lvevi †_‡K Avm‡Z cv‡i| weÁvbx gwim‡bi (Morrison)


89

Mevw`cï cvjb

g‡Z, 45.5 †KwR ˆ`wnK IR‡bi evQy‡ii Rb¨ 0.70-1.0 †KwR †gvU nRg‡hvM¨ cywói (total digestive nutrients) cÖ‡qvRb|

evQy‡ii Lv`¨ZvwjKvq Lv‡`ï 5wU Dcv`vb, †hgb- kK©iv, Avwgl, †ønc`v_©, LwYRc`v_© I Lv`¨cÖvY ev wfUvwgb _vK‡Z n‡e| GQvov cÖPzi cwigv‡Y weï× cvwbI cvb Kiv‡Z nq| evQy‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_g Qq gv‡m Avwg‡li Pvwn`v ªæZ †e‡o hvq| `ya DrK…óZi Avwg‡li Drm| `y‡ai cwie‡Z© Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Drm †_‡K Avwgl LvIqv‡Z n‡j Avwg‡li Dr‡mi cÖwZ Aek¨B „wó w`‡Z n‡e|

ˆkk‡e evQy‡ii kix‡ii Avwgl As‡ki g‡Zv Aw ’Z‡š¿iI ªæZ e„w× N‡U| †h‡nZz Aw ’ ev nv‡oi cÖavb Ask K¨vjwmqvg I dmdivm ZvB Lv`¨ ZwjKvq K¨vjwmqvg I dmdivm ch©vß cwigv‡Y _vK‡Z n‡e| `ya LwYR Dcv`vbmg~n h_v_© cwigv‡Y mieivn K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e ya Qvovi ci evQy‡ii Lv`¨ZvwjKvq cÖvqB K¨vjwmqvg I dmdiv‡mi AcÖZzjZv †`Lv †`q| ZvQvov Av‡qvwWb AcÖZzj Lv‡`¨ Gi Afve †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î Av‡qvwWbhy³ jeY mieivn Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Ab¨w`‡K, eqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †mvwWqvg, g¨vM‡bwmqvg, cUvwkqvg, mvjdvi, †jvnv I Zvgvi cÖ‡qvRbI †e‡o hvq| evQyi‡K `vbv`vi wgkªY I wKQy DbœZgv‡bi wjwMDgRvZxq meyR Nvm mieivn Ki‡j G mg¯Í LwYRc`v_© ch©vß cwigv‡Y cvq Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ iæ‡g‡bi AvKviI eo n‡Z _v‡K| Lv‡`ï mv‡_ †h RxevYy iæ‡g‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i Zv eske„w× K‡i Ges Lv`¨ cwicvK K‡i| AwaKš‘, me mgq evQyi‡K Lv`¨jeY mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|

ˆkk‡e evQy‡ii Aw ’Z‡š¿i ªæZ e„w× N‡U| Aw ’i cÖavb Ask K¨vjwmqvg I dmdivm weavq Lv`¨ZwjKvq K¨vjwmqvg I dmdivm ch©vß cwigv‡Y _vK‡Z n‡e|

Lv`¨cÖvY ev wfUvwgb n‡jv Lv‡`ï me©‡kl Dcv`vb| Z‡e AšÍZ Pvi mßvn ch©šÍ evQyi‡K kvj`ya (colostrum) I `ya cvb Kiv‡bv n‡j wfUvwg‡bi Afve †`Lv †`q bv| †h‡nZz iæ‡gb cy‡ivcywi weKvk jvf bv Kiv ch©šÍ cvK¯’jx‡Z wfUvwgb ms‡k−wlZ n‡Z cv‡i bv, ZvB Lv‡`¨ Gi mieivn _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| LwYR I wfUvwgb mnR Dcv‡q evQy‡ii Lv‡`¨ mieivn Kivi Dcvq n‡jv G `y‡Uv Lv`¨ Dcv`vb `vbv`vi wgkª‡Y cwigvYg‡Zv †hvM Kiv|

evQy‡ii Lv`¨ mieivn Avgv‡ì †`‡k evQyi cvjb DbœZ we‡k¦i c×wZ¸‡jv †_‡K Avjv`v| DbœZ we‡k¦ evQyi Rb¥v‡bvi 24 N›Uvi g‡a¨B Zvi gv †_‡K c„_K K‡i †bqv nq| m¤ú~Y© K…wÎg Dcv‡q Lv`¨ mieivn Kiv nq| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k evQyi Rb¥v‡bvi cÖvq 6 gvm gv‡qi mv‡_ _v‡K Ges evU Pz‡l `ya cvb K‡i| K…lK Kx Lvgvi Dfq ch©v‡qB GKB c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq| AZGe Avgv‡ì †`‡k evQy‡ii Lv`¨ mieivn DbœZ †`‡ki c×wZ †_‡K Avjv`v nIqv evÃbxq| GKwU K_v Aek¨B ¯§iY ivLv DwPZ †h, evQyi‡K Lv`¨-cywó mieivnB eo K_v bq cywó kix‡ii Kv‡R jvMvi Rb¨ ìKvi êÁvwbKfv‡e cwiPh©v|

DbœZ we‡k¦ evQyi Rb¥v‡bvi 24 N›Uvi g‡a¨B gv †_‡K c„_K K‡i †bqv nq| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k Giv cÖvq 6 gvm gv‡qi mv‡_ _v‡K I evU Pz‡l `ya cvb K‡i|

M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q, Avgv‡ì †`‡k Lvgvi ch©v‡q evQy‡ii cywó mgm¨v †`Lv hvq R‡b¥i cÖ_g 6 gv‡mi g‡a¨| wKš‘ K…lK ch©v‡q evQy‡ii 6 gvm eq‡mi c‡i G mgm¨vi m„wó nq hLb evQyi Zvi gv‡qi wbKU n‡Z †Kv‡bv `ya bv cvq ev Kg cwigv‡Y cvq| d‡j Zv‡K Ab¨ Lvev‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj n‡Z nq| ych©v‡qi mgm¨v m¤^‡Ü wKQy Av‡jvKcvZ bv Ki‡j mgvavb cvIqv gykwKj n‡e|

K) K…lK ch©v‡qi mgm¨v t G ch©v‡q hZw`b Mvfxi `ya ch©vß _v‡K ZZw`b K…l‡Ki B”Qvq A_ev Mvfxi KviPzwci Rb¨ evQyi cÖ‡qvRbgvwdK ya cvq| Mvfxi ya Drcv`b mvaviYZ 6 gv‡mi c‡i K‡g hvq Ges K…lKI g‡b K‡i evQyi‡Zv eo n‡q‡Q| AZGe GLb `ya cvb Ki‡Z bv w`‡jB Pj‡e| wKš‘ ZLb Zvi †h DbœZgv‡bi k³ Lvevi ìKvi c‡o K…lK †mUv nq‡Zv †Lqvj K‡ib bv| Ab¨w`‡K, Avgv‡ì †`‡ki evQyi mvaviYZ LoRvZxq wbægv‡bi Lvevi Lvq| d‡j evQyi Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Acywó‡Z fzM‡Z kyiæ K‡i|

Mvfxi ya Drcv`b mvaviYZ 6 gv‡mi c‡i K‡g hvq Ges K…lKI g‡b K‡i evQyi eo n‡q †M‡Q|


evQyi cvjb

L) Lvgvi ch©v‡qi mgm¨v t G ch©v‡q `ya Drcv`b‡K evwYwR¨K „wó‡KvY †_‡K wPšÍv Kiv nq| d‡j cÖvqB evQy‡ii ya mieivn n«vm cvq Ges R‡b¥i ci evQyi cÖvq ygvm k³ Lvevi †_‡K †Zgbfv‡e cywóI MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| AZGe evQy‡ii ^v ’ Lvivc nq| Ab¨ KviYwU cÖvqB g~j KviY e‡j we‡ewPZ nq Avi Zv n‡jv cywó mieiv‡ni mv‡_ evQy‡ii myôy cwiPh©vi Afve| Lvgvi ch©v‡q A‡bK evQyi GKmv‡_ cvjb Kiv nq| †Kv‡bvfv‡e hw` `‡ji GKwU evQyi †c‡Ui cxovq (Avgvkq ev Wvqwiqv) AvµvšÍ nq ZLb `‡ji Ab¨ evQyi¸‡jvI Amy ’ n‡q c‡o| †m‡¶‡Î ch©vß cywó mieivn Ki‡jI H `‡ji †Kv‡bv evQyiB fv‡jv ^v‡ ’ i AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov A‡bK †ivMRxevYy †g‡S (hv cÖvqB †fRv _v‡K) †_‡K, cvwb ev Lv`¨ ª‡eï mvnv‡h¨ GK evQyi n‡Z Ab¨ evQy‡i ev GK `j n‡Z Ab¨ `‡j msµwgZ n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j †`Lv hvq, cy‡iv Lvgv‡ii evQy‡ii ^v ’ R‡b¥i ci cÖvqB Lvivc _v‡K| eqm evo‡j evQy‡ii kix‡ii †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv e„w× cvq Ges k³ Lvevi †_‡K ch©vß cywó †c‡q _v‡K weavq eqtcÖvwßi mv‡_ mv‡_ evQy‡ii ¯^v¯’¨ Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í fv‡jv n‡Z _v‡K|

eqm evo‡j evQy‡ii kix‡ii †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv e„w× cvq Ges k³ Lvevi †_‡K ch©vß cywó †c‡q _v‡K weavq eqtcÖvwßi mv‡_ mv‡_ evQy‡ii ^v ’ Av‡¯Í Av‡ Í fv‡jv n‡Z _v‡K|

eq‡mi wfwË‡Z Avgv‡ì †`‡ki evQy‡ii Lv`¨ mieivn wZbwU c‡e© wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v- eq‡mi wfwË‡Z Avgv‡ì †`‡ki evQy‡ii Lv`¨ mieivn wZbwU c‡e© wef³ Kiv hvq|

K) Zij Lv`¨ ce© t 0-2 mßvn eqm ch©šÍ L) Zij I ïK‡bv Lv`¨ ce© t 3-24 mßvn eqm ch©šÍ M) ïK‡bv Lv`¨ ce© t 25-52 mßvn eqm ch©šÍ

K) Zij Lv`¨ ce© t G c‡e©i cÖ_g mßv‡n evQyi‡K kvj`ya cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| GKev‡i †ewk bv cvb Kwi‡q Kgc‡¶ w`‡b `yevi cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| evQyi Rb¥ MÖnY Kivi ciciB `ya †`vnb K‡i PvgP w`‡q evQyi‡K cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| evQyi hLb ùvov‡bv wkL‡e ZLb Ijv‡bi wbKU wb‡q evU gy‡L cy‡i Pzl‡Z cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z n‡e| wKQy¶Y cÖwk¶Y w`‡j evQyi evU Pz‡l `ya cvb Kiv wkL‡e| hw` mgm¨vi m„wó nq Zvn‡j evQyi‡K cÖ_‡g Av½yj †Pvlvi cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z n‡e| Zvici evQyi‡K Ijv‡bi wbKU wb‡q Av½yj Pzl‡Z w`‡Z n‡e Ges Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í Av½yj mwi‡q evU gy‡L w`‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í evQyi `ya cvb Kiv wk‡L hv‡e| evQyi‡K hw` KLbI †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y †evZj ev evjwZ n‡Z `ya cvb Kiv‡Z nq Zvn‡jI GKBfv‡e cÖwk¶Y †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡ì‡K KLbI †Rvi K‡i ya cvb Kiv‡bv DwPZ bq G‡Z `ya dzmdz‡m wM‡q wbD‡gvwbqvi m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| evQyi hLb wb‡Ri B”Qvq †jR †b‡o †b‡o `ya cvb Ki‡e ZLb eyS‡Z n‡e †m my¯’ I fv‡jvfv‡e e„w× cv‡e| ZvQvov ya cv‡bi mgq n‡j Giv WvKvWvwK Ki‡e I †jR bvov‡Z ïiæ Ki‡e|

Zij Lv`¨ c‡e© cÖ_g mßv‡n evQyi‡K kvj ya cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| Gici evU Pz‡l ya cvb Kiv‡bv †kLv‡Z n‡e| evQyi hLb wb‡Ri B”Qvq †jR †b‡o †b‡o ya cvb Ki‡e ZLb eyS‡Z n‡e †m my ’ I fv‡jvfv‡e e„w× cv‡e|

wPÎ 57 t Lv`¨ Mªn‡Yi mgq evQyi †jR bvo‡Q

Lvevi mgq evQy‡ii G Ae¯’v‡K KbwWkbW& wi‡d¬· (conditioned reflex) e‡j| KbwWkbW& wi‡d¬‡·i Rb¨ `ya mivmwi B‡mv‡dwRqvj MÖæf (esophageal groove) w`‡q mwZ¨Kvi cvK¯’jx ev


91

Mevw`cï cvjb

A¨v‡ev‡gRv‡g cÖ‡ek Ki‡e| d‡j evQy‡ii ¯^v¯’Ï fv‡jv _vK‡e| evQy‡ii †jR bvov Lye fv‡jv wb‡ ©wkKv hv ya mwZ¨Kvi cvK ’jx‡Z †cuŠQvi cÖZ¨qb K‡i|

evQy‡ii eqm `ymßvn n‡jB Zv‡K wKQy `vbv`vi Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e| Lv`¨ wgkªY ˆZwii mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z G‡Z Avu‡ki fvM A‡c¶vK…Z Kg _v‡K

L) Zij I ïK‡bv Lv`¨ ce© t evQy‡ii eqm ymßvn n‡jB Zv‡K wKQy `vbv`vi Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e| mviwY 14-G `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï wZbwU wgkªY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Aí eq¯‹ evQy‡ii Rb¨ wgkªY ˆZwii mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z G‡Z Avu‡ki fvM A‡c¶vK…Z Kg _v‡K| Avwg‡li cwigvY cÖwZ †KwR wgkª‡Yi ï®‹c`v‡_© 200-220 Mªvg Ges †gUvejvB‡Rej kw³ 12.0-13.0 †gMvRyj _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY G mg‡q evQy‡ii iæ‡gb †QvU _v‡K Ges Kg Lv‡`¨ hv‡Z †ewk cywó cvq †mw`‡K j¶¨ ivLv ìKvi| eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï cwigvY evwo‡q `y‡ai cwigvY Kwg‡q †`qv DwPZ (Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb QK Abyhvqx)| G‡Z evQyi cvj‡bi LiP K‡g hv‡e Ges iæ‡g‡biI ¯^vfvweK e„w× NU‡e| KLbI `ya w`‡q evQy‡ii Z…òv †gUv‡bv DwPZ bq| ch©vß cwigvY cwi®‹vi cvwb †hvMvb w`‡Z n‡e| G‡Z evQyi `y‡ai cywói m‡e©vËg eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| evQy‡ii GKgvm eqm †_‡KB wKQy wKQy KwP meyR Nvm mieivn Kiv DwPZ| evQyi Zvi B‡”Qg‡Zv †L‡q wb‡e| Avgv‡ì †`‡k KwP `~e©v Nvm ev Pvl Kiv fzÆv, 30-35 w`b eq¯‹ †bwcqvi, cviv BZ¨vw` Nvm †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| Kg eqmx evQy‡ii Rb¨ kxZKv‡j †Lmvwi, gvmKjvB Ges el©vKv‡j KvDwc, Bwcj-Bwcj, ZuyZ MvQ ev âÂvi cvZv BZ¨vw` AwaK cywóKi KuvPv Nvm| G ai‡bi Nvm evQy‡ii mvivRxe‡bi Rb¨B cÖ‡qvRb|

wPÎ 58 t evQy‡ii Lv`¨ I cvwb mieivn

we‡`‡k mvaviYZ cÖ_g mßvn †k‡lB evQyi‡K Zvi gv n‡Z c„_K Kiv nq Ges ÔweKí yaÕ ev Ôwgé wi‡c−Qvi (milk replacer)Õ mieivn Kiv nq| 65% w¯‹g wgé, 20% Dw™¢¾ †Zj, †hgb- bvwi‡Kj †Zj, 10% †Nvj ev gvVvi cvwb Ges 5% wfUvwgb I LwYR`ªe¨ w`‡q weKí `ya ˆZwi Kiv hvq| weKí `y‡ai me¸‡jv Dcv`vb GKm‡½ †RvMvo Kiv A‡b‡Ki c‡¶ m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i A_ev Lye †ewk LiP co‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e Mvfx ya Kg w`‡j ev Amy ’ n‡q co‡j Dc‡iv³fv‡e weKí `ya ˆZwi K‡i mieivn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

M) ïK‡bv Lv`¨ ce© t G mg‡q evQy‡ii iæ‡gb cÖvq cwic° _v‡K| AZGe G eq‡m evQyi‡K Zvi B”Qvbymv‡i AvukRvZxq Lv`¨, h_v- LoRvZxq ïK‡bv Lv`¨, wewfbœ cÖKvi meyR Nvm I Pvj, Mg, †Qvjv I †Lmvwii Kzov BZ¨vw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e Ges `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï cwigvY n«vm Ki‡Z n‡e| evQyi †h‡nZz G eq‡m `ya cvb K‡i bv ZvB G‡ì Lv‡`¨ Zv cÖ‡qvRbgvwdK †hvM Kiv DwPZ| mviwY 14-G G eq‡mi evQy‡ii Rb¨ wZbwU wgkªY ‰Zwi K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Gme wgkª‡Yi yGKwU Lv`¨ Dcv`vb cvIqv bv †M‡j mg‡MvÎxq Ab¨ Dcv`vb w`‡q Zv cwieZ©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| meyR Nvm LvIqv‡j Zvi mv‡_ 10% bvjx ¸o fv‡jvfv‡e wgwk‡q w`‡j evQy‡ii ^v ’ fv‡jv _vK‡e| G Ae ’vq `vbv`vi wgkªY eqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Kwg‡q †`qv hvq|

ïK‡bv Lv`¨ c‡e© evQy‡ii iæ‡gb cÖvq cwic° _v‡K| G eq‡m evQyi‡K Zvi B”Qvbymv‡i AvukRvZxq Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e I `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï cwigvY n«vm Ki‡Z n‡e|


evQyi cvjb

Abykxjb (Activity) t evQy‡ii Lv`¨ mieiv‡ni wZbwU c‡e©i g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiæb| mviwY 14 t Zij I ïK‡bv Lv`¨ c‡e© evQy‡ii Rb¨ `vbv`vi Lv`¨ wgkªY

Lv‡`ï bvg kZKiv Ask (ï®‹c`v‡_©) wgkªY 1 wgkªY 2 wgkªY 3

Mg/f‚Æv/Pvj fv½v 10 15 15 M‡gi fzwk 35 30 35 Pv‡ji fzwk 20 25 20 †Lmvwii fzwk 10 - - mwilvi ‰Lj - - 25 wZ‡ji ˆLj 15 10 - bvwi‡K‡ji ˆLj - 15 - ïUwK gvQ 5 - - wSbyK/jvBg‡÷vb cvDWvi 3 3 3 Lv`¨jeY 2 2 2

†gvU 100 100 100 * 3bs wgkªYwU eKbv evQyi‡K LvIqv‡bv DwPZ bq| mvaviY mZKZ©v t evQyi‡K kyK‡bv `vbv`vi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡bvi Af¨vm Kiv‡bv DwPZ| cvwb‡Z ¸‡j `vbv`vi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡bvi c×wZ‡Z Lv`¨ cP‡bi gva¨‡g †ivMe¨vwa Qov‡bvi m¤¢ebv _v‡K| `vbv`vi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡bvi ci my›ìfv‡e Lv`¨vavi cwi®‹vi K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| `vbv`vi Lv‡`¨ hv‡Z †cvKv, dv½vm ev `yM©Ü bv nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| wgkªY ˆZwi Kivi mgq me Lv`¨ mwVK Abycv‡Z †`qv DwPZ| evQyi‡K Kgc‡¶ w`‡b yevi Lv`¨ mieivn Kiv DwPZ|

evQyi‡K kyK‡bv `vbv`vi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡bvi Af¨vm Kiv‡bv DwPZ| cvwb‡Z ¸‡j `vbv`vi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡bvi c×wZ‡Z Lv`¨ cP‡bi gva¨‡g †ivMe¨vwa Qov‡bvi m¤¢ebv _v‡K|

evQy‡ii Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb t mviwY 15 †gvZv‡eK evQyi‡K Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb Kiv hvq| G Abyµ‡g mviwY 15-G cÖvmw½K wKQy Z_¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q|

mviwY 15 t eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ evQy‡ii Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb

evQy‡ii eqm cwi‡ekb‡hvM¨ Lv`¨ Dcv`vb

cÖ_g 2 mßvn mKvj I we‡K‡j †gvU yevi kvj ya mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| 3-12 mßvn w`‡b yevi ya cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov Z…Zxq mßvn †_‡K wKQy KwP cvZv,

Nv‡mi WMv Ges 8g mßvn †_‡K mvgvb¨ `vbv`vi Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e| 13-16 mßvn w`‡b `yevi `ya cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| †mmv‡_ gv_vwcQy 500 MÖvg `vbv`vi I 1.0

†KwR meyR Nvm LvIqv‡Z n‡e| 17-20 mßvn `ya cvb w`‡b `yevi| †mmv‡_ gv_vwcQy 750 MÖvg `vbv`vi Lv`¨ I 3.0 †KwR

meyR Nvm cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z n‡e| 21-24 mßvn `ya cvb w`‡b `yevi| †mmv‡_ 1.0 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨ I 5.0-7.0 †KwR meyR

Nvm w`‡Z n‡e| 25-35 mßvn `ya cvb eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ 1.0-1.5 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨, 5.0-7.0 †KwR

meyR Nvm I 1.0-2.0 †KwR Lo (straw) LvIqv‡Z n‡e| 36-50 mßvn 1.5-2.0 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨, 10.0-12.0 †KwR meyR Nvm I 2.0-3.0 †KwR

Lo LvIqv‡Z n‡e| evQy‡ii Lv`¨ cwi‡ek‡b †h Abyµg †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q Zv‡Z meyR Nvm cvZvi cvkvcvwk `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï D‡j−L Av‡Q| G `vbv`vi (concentrate) Lv`¨ mviwY 16-G D‡j−wLZ Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ¯‹zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U

93

Mevw`cï cvjb

mviwY 16 t evQy‡ii `vbv`vi Lv‡`¨ wewfbœ Lv`¨ ª‡eï cwigvY

Lv`¨ Dcv`vb cwigvY

M‡gi fywk †Qvjv P‚Y© †Lmvwi P‚Y© miMg P‚Y© mwilvi ˆLj nvo P‚Y© jeY

5.0 †KwR 1.0 †KwR 2.0 †KwR 700 MÖvg 1.0 †KwR 200 MÖvg 100 MÖvg

†gvU 10.0 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv‡`¨ †h Dcv`vb hy³ n‡q‡Q Zvi `yGKwU Dcv`vb bv cvIqv †M‡j Zvr¶wbKfv‡e Ab¨ Dcv`vb hy³ Kiv P‡j| †hgb miMg Gi cwie‡Z© Pv‡ji Kuyov eënvi Kiv hvq| `vbv`vi Lv`¨ wgkªY GK‡Î GKvwaK evQy‡ii Rb¨ ˆZwi K‡i ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ msi¶YI Kiv P‡j| G †_‡K evQyiwcQy wbw`©ó cwigvY Lv`¨ evQy‡ii †Lv‡c cÖ`Ë Lv`¨ cv‡Î (feed trough) mKvjwe‡Kj cwi‡ekb Kiv hvq |

mvigg© t c~Y©eq¯‹ Miæi cvK ’jxi PviwU cÖ‡Kv‡ôi g‡a¨ 80% Ry‡o _v‡K iæ‡gb (rumen), 5% †iwUKzjvg (reticulum), 8% I‡gRvg (omasum) I 7% A¨v‡ev‡gRvg (abomasum)| eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ G AbycvZ cwiewZ©Z nq| ˆkkeKv‡j evQy‡ii iæ‡gb AKvh©Ki _v‡K| evQy‡ii ¶z`ª cwicvKZš¿ GKmv‡_ A‡bK Lv`¨ nRg Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cvuP-Qq mßvn eq‡mi AvM ch©šÍ Giv †Kv‡bv Avukhy³ †gvUv Lv`¨ (roughage) †L‡Z cv‡i bv| ˆkk‡e evQy‡ii Aw ’Z‡š¿i ªæZ e„w× N‡U| ZvB Lv`¨ZwjKvq K¨vjwmqvg I dmdivm ch©vß cwigv‡Y _vK‡Z n‡e| DbœZ we‡k¦ evQyi Rb¥v‡bvi 24 N›Uvi g‡a¨B gv †_‡K c„_K K‡i †bqv nq| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k evQyi cÖvq 6 gvm gv‡qi mv‡_ _v‡K| Zij Lv`¨ c‡e©i cÖ_g mßv‡n evQyi‡K kvj`ya cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| evQyi hLb wb‡Ri B”Qvq †jR †b‡o †b‡o `ya cvb Ki‡e ZLb eyS‡Z n‡e †m my¯’ I fv‡jvfv‡e e„w× cv‡e| evQy‡ii eqm `ymßvn n‡jB wKQy `vbv`vi Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e| Lv`¨ wgkªY ˆZwii mgq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z G‡Z Avu‡ki fvM A‡c¶vK…Z Kg _v‡K| ïK‡bv Lv`¨ c‡e© evQyi‡K Zvi B”Qvbymv‡i AvukRvZxq Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e I `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï cwigvY n«vm Ki‡Z n‡e| evQyi‡K `vbv`vi Lv`¨ cvwb‡Z ¸‡j LvIqv‡bv hv‡e bv| KviY, G‡Z Lv`¨ cP‡bi gva¨‡g †ivMe¨vwa Qov‡bvi m¤¢ebv _v‡K|


evQyi cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| 10-12 mßv‡ni evQy‡ii I‡gRvg-A¨v‡ev‡gRvg iæ‡gb-†iwUKzjv‡gi KZ Ask?

K) GK-Z…Zxqvsk L) A‡a©K M) wZb-PZz_©vsk N) GK-cÂgvsk

2| †`kx I msKi evQyi‡K ‰`wbK h_vµ‡g KZUzKz ya cvb Kiv‡Z nq? K) 1.0-1.5 I 2.0 wjUvi L) 0.5-1.0 I 1.5 wjUvi M) 1.0-2.0 I 2.5 wjUvi N) 0.75-1.25 I 1.75 wjUvi

3| weÁvbx gwim‡bi g‡Z, 45.5 †KwR ˆ`wnK IR‡bi evQy‡ii Rb¨ †gvU nRg‡hvM¨ cywói cÖ‡qvRb KZUzKz? K) 0.5-0.7 †KwR L) 0.6-0.8 †KwR M) 0.7-1.0 †KwR N) 1.0-1.25 †KwR

4| evQy‡ii ïK‡bv Lv`¨ ce©wUi e¨vwß KZ? K) 25-52 mßvn L) 20-52 mßvn M) 22-52 mßvn N) 30-52 mßvn

5| Zij I ïK‡bv Lv`¨ c‡e© cÖwZ †KwR wgkª‡Y ï®‹c`v‡_© h_vµ‡g KZUzKz Avwgl I †gUvejvB‡Rej kw³ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb? K) 180-200 Mªvg I 10.0-12.0 †gMvRyj L) 190-200 Mªvg I 11.0-12.0 †gMvRyj M) 200-240 Mªvg I 12.0-13.0 †gMvRyj N) 200-220 Mªvg I 12.0-13.0 †gMvRyj

6| 30-52 mßvn eq‡mi evQyi‡K ˆ`wbK KZUzKz `vbv`vi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡Z n‡e? K) 1.0-1.25 †KwR L) 1.0-1.5 †KwR M) 1.5-2.5 †KwR N) 1.75-2.0 †KwR


95

Mevw`cï cvjb

cvV 4.3 evQy‡ii †ivMe¨vwa `gb

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- � evQy‡ii †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi mvaviY c`‡¶cmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � evQy‡ii K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ivM I Zvi cªwZKvi ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

wPwKrmv weÁv‡b GKwU cÖev` Av‡Q †ivMe¨vwai wPwKrmv A‡c¶v cÖwZ‡ivaB †kªq| evQyi Drcv`‡bI GKB cÖev` cÖ‡hvR¨| evQyi cÖwZcvj‡b `y‡Uv welq D‡j−L¨‡hvM¨, h_v- 1. †ivMe¨vwai cÖwZ A‡c¶vK…Z cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZvm¤úbœ evQyi evQvB K‡i cÖwZcvjb Kiv I 2. wPwKrmvi †P‡q †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi cÖwZ bRi †`qv| evQy‡ii †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ wbæwjwLZ welq¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e cvjb Kiv DwPZ| h_v- evQyi cÖwZcvj‡b `y‡Uv welq

D‡j−L¨‡hvM¨, h_v- 1. †ivMe¨vwai cÖwZ A‡c¶vK…Z cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZvm¤úbœ evQyi evQvB K‡i cÖwZcvjb Kiv I 2. wPwKrmvi †P‡q †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi cÖwZ bRi †`qv|

evQy‡ii Ni‡`vi, Lv`¨ I cvwbi cvÎ Ges Ab¨vb¨ eënvh© wRwbmcÎ RxevYybvkK Ilya w`‡q RxevYygy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ì †Mvei I Pbv mwVKfv‡e cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|

wewfbœ eq‡mi evQyi‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v N‡i ev †Lv‡c (pen) cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| me mgq mylg Lv`¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| cuPv ev evwm Lvevi mieivn Kiv hv‡e bv| †Kv‡bv evQy‡ii g‡a¨ Amy ’Zvi j¶Y †`Lv gvÎ Zv‡K Avjv`v K‡i †dj‡Z n‡e Ges

wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| msµvgK †iv‡M g„Z evQyi‡K Lvgvi †_‡K ~‡i gvwUi wb‡P Mfxi MZ© K‡i Zv‡Z gvwU Pvcv

w`‡Z n‡e Ges Dcwifv‡M Pzb ev wW.wW.wU. (D.D.T.) Qwo‡q †kvab Ki‡Z n‡e| me eq‡mi evQyi‡K wbqwgZ K…wgbvkK Ilya LvIqv‡Z n‡e I msµvgK †ivMcÖwZ‡iv‡ai

Rb¨ wUKv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ 59 t GKwU my¯’ mej evQyi

evQy‡i †ivMe¨vwai cÖ‡Kvc eo Miæi Zzjbvq †ewk| †mRb¨ cÖwZ‡iva eë ’v Aej¤^b Kivi ciI †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv †ivMe¨vwa‡Z Giv AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov wKQy †ivM Av‡Q hv ïay evQy‡iiB n‡q _v‡K| evQy‡ii †ivMcªwZ‡iva I wPwKrmvi e¨vcv‡i ’vbxq †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi mv‡_ civgk© Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G cv‡V ïay evQy‡i nq Ggb wKQy †ivMe¨vwa Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Rxe‡bi GK ch©v‡q AwaKvsk

evQyiB mvaviY ¯‹vDi †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq| G †iv‡M evQy‡ii Rxebxkw³ K‡g hvq Ges Ab¨vb¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv ev‡o|

mvaviY ¯‹vDi (Common scour) GwU eQy‡ii AwZ mvaviY †ivM| Rxe‡bi GK ch©v‡q AwaKvsk evQyiB G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq| G †ivM †Zgb gvivZ¥K bq| wKš‘ G †iv‡M †h ¶wZmvwaZ nq Zv cwigvc Kiv Am¤¢e| G †iv‡M evQy‡ii Rxebxkw³ K‡g hvq Ges Ab¨vb¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv ev‡o| Z‡e †hme evQyi kvj`ya cvb K‡i †m¸‡jvi †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv †ewk _vKvq Giv G †iv‡Mi wkKvi Kg nq|


evQyi cvjb

KviY t G †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ AwZwi³ Lv`¨ MÖnY cÖavb| ZvQvov VvÛv `ya cvb Kiv‡bv, Acwi®‹vi cv‡Î Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb, KjywlZ ˆZRmc‡Îi (†hgb- †evZj, evjwZ BZ¨vw`) eënvi †_‡K e`nRg m„wó BZ¨vwÌ G †iv‡Mi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e msµvgK ¯‹vD‡ii (infectious scours) †¶‡Î KZ¸‡jv Akbv³K…Z RxevYy mswk−ó _v‡K| G Ae¯’vq †iv‡Mi gvivZ¥K cwiYwZ îƒc 24-48 N›Uvi g‡a¨ evQy‡ii g„Zz N‡U|

j¶Y t G †iv‡Mi cÖ_g j¶Y AjmZv| µgvš^‡q †Pv‡Li wbivb›` fve, Kv‡bi cZb, ewa©Z k¦vmcÖk¦vm I A‡bK mgq AwZwi³ ZvcgvÎv †`Lv hvq| me‡k‡l cvZjv cvqLvbv n‡q _v‡K|

wPwKrmv I cªwZ‡iva t msµvgK †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi hv‡Z bv N‡U †mRb¨ c~e© †_‡KB `gb eë ’v MªnY Kiv DwPZ| †Kbbv GKevi ¯‹vDi n‡q †M‡j wPwKrmv †Zgb Kvh©Kix nq bv| G †ivM `g‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© eë ’v wbæiƒc-

GKevi ¯‹vDi n‡q †M‡j wPwKrmv †Zgb Kvh©Kix nq bv| ZvB G †ivM `g‡bi Rb¨ h_vh_ ¯v ’ m¤§Z eë ’v MªnY K‡i evQyi cÖwZcvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

h_vh_ ^v ’ m¤§Z cÖwZcvjb| †ivMvµvšÍ evQyi‡K my ’ ‡jv †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv I evQyi cÖwZcvjb cÖv½b m¤ú~Y© cwi®‹vi-

cwi”Qbœ I RxevYygy³ ivLv| evQyi‡K kvj`ya cvb Kiv‡bv| hZœmnKv‡i Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb Kiv| R‡b¥i ci evQy‡ii bvwf wU¼Pvi Av‡qvwWb (tincture iodine) ev 10% wmjfvi bvB‡UªU

(silver nitrate) ªe‡Y †aŠZKiY G †ivM `g‡b LyeB Kvh©Ki|

ZvQvov Lv`¨ Kwg‡q cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvi KvR ïiæ Kiv hvq| 120-180 wg.wj. †iwoi †Zj (castor oil) LvB‡q AvbycvwZK nv‡i mvjdv¸qvwWwbb, mvjdv_¨vwjwWb, mvjdvWvqvwRb ev mvjdv‡givwRb †meb Kiv‡j DcKvi cvIqv hvq| cvwbk~b¨Zv †`Lv w`‡j wkivi gva¨‡g M −y‡KvR Bb‡RKkb Ki‡jI DcKvi cvIqv hvq|

dzmdzm cÖ vn (Pneumonia) Avgv‡ì †`kmn c„w_exi A‡bK

†`‡kB evQyi g„Zz i GKwU cÖavb KviY wbD‡gvwbqv| Ab¨vb¨ †ivMRxevYy QvovI m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z I †fRv Ae ’vq evQyi ivLvI G †iv‡Mi AwZ mvaviY KviY|

dzmdzm cÖ vn ev wbD‡gvwbqv evQy‡ii AwZ mvaviY †ivM| ¯‹vDi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y evQyi hLb `ye©j Ae¯’vq cwZZ nq ZLbB G †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq| Avgv‡ì †`kmn c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡kB evQyi g„Zz i GKwU cÖavb KviY n‡”Q wbD‡gvwbqv|

KviY t eû Kvi‡Y G †ivM n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb- e¨vK‡Uwiqv, fvBivm, ciRxex, QÎvK cÖf…wZi Avµg‡Y| Kv‡RB GwU GKwU RwUj †ivM| G †iv‡Mi RxevYy ev ciRxex¸‡jv Lv`¨ I cvwb, †ivMvµvšÍ evQy‡ii ¯úk© ev k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi m‡½ Qov‡Z cv‡i| m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z I †fRv Ae ’vq evQyi‡K ivLvI G †iv‡Mi AwZ mvaviY KviY|

j¶Y t kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv 400 †mjwmqvm ch©šÍ IV‡Z cv‡i| k¦vm-cÖk¦vm `ªæZ nq Ges hZ ZxeªZi n‡Z _v‡K evQyi ZZ Aembœ n‡q c‡o| Kvwk nq, bvK w`‡q mw`© S‡o| bv‡Ki Pvgov ïwK‡q hvq, Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡g hvq I mvaviY AjmZvmn evQyi wb‡¯ÍR n‡q c‡o I ï‡q _vK‡Z cQ›` K‡i|

wPwKrmv t †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv D‡j −wLZ †h †Kv‡bv GKwU mvj‡dv‡bgvBW ev A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Ilya w`‡q wPwKrmv Kiv‡j mydj cvIqv hvq| Z‡e GKvwaK †ivMRxevYy RwoZ _vKvq mwVK Ilya wbev©Pb Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb- mvjdvwWwgwWb, †cwbwmwjb, †UUªvmvBwK¬b, A¨vw¤úwmwjb, UvBjywmb cÖf…wZ|

cªwZ‡iva t evQyi‡K Mig I ïK‡bv cwi‡e‡k ivL‡Z n‡e| ¯‹zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U

97

Mevw`cï cvjb

QÎvK AvµgY (Ringworm) AvµvšÍ evQy‡ii kix‡ii wewfbœ

As‡ki †jvg S‡i c‡o| Z¡‡Ki ¶Z ’vb eªv‡ki mvnv‡h¨ cwi®‹vi K‡i †mLv‡b wU¼Pvi Av‡qvwWb 7% I m¨vwjmvBwjK A¨vwmW 2% GK‡Î wgwk‡q GKw`b cici †gvU 10 w`b e¨env‡i mydj cvIqv hvq|

evQyi Lye mn‡R QÎvK w`‡q AvµvšÍ nq| GUv †Qvuqv‡P †ivM Ges GK cï Ab¨ cïi ms¯ú‡k© G‡j †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi N‡U| QÎvK Pvgovi Dc‡ii ¯Í‡i evmv ev‡a| kxZKv‡jB G‡iv‡Mi AvwaK¨, MÖx®§Kv‡j GwU A „k¨ n‡q hvq|

j¶Y t AvµvšÍ evQy‡ii kix‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki †jvg S‡i c‡o| G‡Z PzjKvwb nq Ges evQyiwU me mgq AvµvšÍ Ask †eov ev †Lv‡ci †`qv‡j NlvNwl Ki‡Z Pvq|

wPwKrmv t AvµvšÍ evQy‡ii Z¡‡Ki ¶Z ’vb eªv‡ki mvnv‡h¨ cwi®‹vi K‡i †mLv‡b †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv D‡j −wLZ †h †Kv‡bv GKwU Ilya jvMv‡Z n‡e| h_v- 1. wU¼Pvi Av‡qvwWb 7% I m¨vwjmvBwjK A¨vwmW 2% GK‡Î wgwk‡q GKw`b cici †gvU 10 w`b| 2. ûBUwdì gjg (Whitfield's ointment- hv 3% m¨vwjmvBwjK A¨vwmW, 5% †evwiK A¨vwmW I f¨v‡mwjb mn‡hv‡M 100 MÖvg ˆZwi Kiv nq) cÖwZw`b GKevi K‡i GK mßvn|

cªwZ‡iva t †ivMcªwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ mg¯Í evQy‡ii †Lvc I Avevm¯’j we‡kvab `ªe¨ w`‡q †kvab Ki‡Z n‡e| AvµvšÍ cï‡K Ab¨¸‡jv †_‡K Avjv`v ivL‡Z nq|

ev`jv †ivM (Black Quarter) evQy‡ii eqm 6 gvm n‡j ev`jv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| ev`jv GKwU e¨vK‡UwiqvNwUZ (bacteria) †ivM| el©vKv‡j m uvZm¨vu‡Z cwi‡e‡k G †ivM msµvwgZ nq|

j¶Y t G †ivM AwZ Zxeª AvKv‡i n‡j †Kv‡bv j¶Y cÖKv‡ki c~‡e©B evQyi gviv hvq| g„Zz GZ AvKw¯§K bv n‡j ¶zavgv›`¨, R¡i (40.0-41.7° †m.), †c‡U M¨vm Rgv, gyLeÜwb ïwK‡q hvIqv, bv‡K †ú®§v, Aemv`fve BZ¨vw` †`Lv hvq| j¶Y cÖvKv‡ki 12-36 N›Uvi g‡a¨ evQyi gviv hvq| †ivM Z‡ZvUv Zxeª AvKv‡i †`Lv bv w`‡j Dc‡ii j¶Y¸‡jvi m‡½ cv‡qi gvsm‡cwk AvµvšÍ nq| gvsm‡cwk Mig nq I dz‡j hvq| G‡Z cÖPÊ e¨v_v nq| d‡j nuvU‡Z †M‡j cï †Lvovq| AvµvšÍ gvsm‡cwk wUc‡j cP& cP& fR fR kã nq| G Ae ’vq 12-72 N›Uvi g‡a¨ evQyi gviv hvq|

evQy‡ii eqm 6 gvm n‡j ev`jv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| AwZ Zxeª AvKv‡i †ivM n‡j †Kv‡bv j¶Y cÖKv‡ki c~‡e©B evQyi gviv hvq| Z‡ZvUv Zxeª AvKv‡i bv n‡j j¶Y cÖKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK ev mvj‡dv‡bgvBWRvZxq Ilya w`‡q wPwKrmv bv Kiv‡j c‡i wPwKrmvq †Kv‡bv KvR n‡e bv|

wPwKrmv t j¶Y cÖKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK ev mvj‡dv‡bvBWRvZxq Ilya w`‡q wPwKrmv bv Kiv‡j c‡i Ily‡a KvR n‡e bv| †cwbwmwjb ev †UUªvmvBwK¬bRvZxq Ilya †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi cigk©g‡Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

cªwZ‡iva t cªwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv mg‡q evQyi‡K ev`jv †iv‡Mi wUKv cª`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

K…wg †ivM (Worm infestation) K…wgi Avµg‡Y evQy‡ii †`‡ni e„w× K‡g hvq I KgbxqZv bó nq| ¶zavgv›`¨ †`Lv †`q, `~M©Ühy³ cvZjv cvqLvbv K‡i| cwi‡k‡l i³k~b¨ n‡q c‡o, †PvL M‡Z© Xz‡K hvq, †Pvqvj ev †`‡ni wewfbœ RvqMvq cvwb R‡g I wccvmv e„w× cvq|

evQyi cÖavbZ †MvjK…wg w`‡qB †ewk AvµvšÍ nq| Z‡e wdZv ev cvZvK…wg w`‡qI AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i|

j¶Y t AvµvšÍ evQy‡ii ^v ’ Lvivc n‡q hvq, ey‡Ki nvo¸‡jv †f‡m I‡V| †cU dz‡j I‡V I evQyi ax‡i ax‡i `ye©j n‡q c‡o| †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK e„w× K‡g hvq I KgbxqZv bó nq| g‡ji m‡½ gv‡S g‡a¨ K…wg ev K…wgi Ask †ei n‡q Av‡m| ¶zavgv›`¨ †`Lv †`q| cªvqB cvZjv cvqLvbv K‡i I cvqLvbvq MÜ _v‡K| cwi‡k‡l evQyi i³k~b¨ n‡q c‡o, wb‡¯ÍR I d¨vKv‡k †`Lvq, †PvL M‡Z© Xz‡K hvq, †Pvqvj ev †`‡ni wewfbœ RvqMvq cvwb R‡g I wccvmv e„w× cvq|

wPwKrmv t †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv Mevw`cïi K…wg wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ wewfbœ Ilya, †hgb- †g‡eÛvRj, K¨vg‡eÊvRj, _v‡qvwd‡bU cÖf…wZ mwVK gvÎvq †me‡bi gva¨‡g mn‡RB G †ivM wbivgq Kiv hvq|


evQyi cvjb

cªwZ‡iva t K…wg cªwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv evQyi‡K wbqwgZ K…wgbvkK Ilya LvIqv‡Z n‡e| AvuwPj (Warts) evQy‡ii †`‡ni bvbv ’v‡b AvuwPj DV‡Z cv‡i, we‡kl K‡i †PvL, Mjv ev Nv‡o| G¸‡jv †Zgb †Kv‡bv ¶wZ K‡i bv| G¸‡jv fvBiv‡mi Kvi‡Y nq| kj¨wPwKrmv ev Acv‡ik‡bi gva¨‡g G¸‡jv Acmvib Kiv hvq|

Abykxjb (Activity) t G cv‡V D‡j−wLZ evQy‡ii wewfbœ †ivM¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avcbvi `„wó‡Z †Kvb&wU †ewk gvivZœK? Avcbvi gZvg‡Zi ¯^c‡¶ hyw³ cª`vb Kiæb| mvigg© t evQyi cÖwZcvj‡b `y‡Uv welq D‡j−L¨‡hvM¨, h_v- 1. †ivMe¨vwai cÖwZ A‡c¶vK…Z cÖwZ‡iva ¶gZvm¤úbœ evQyi cvjb Kiv I 2. wPwKrmvi †P‡q †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi cÖwZ bRi †`qv| evQy‡i †ivMe¨vwai cÖ‡Kvc eo Miæi Zzjbvq †ewk| †mRb¨ cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯’v Aej¤^b Kivi ciI †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv †ivMe¨vwa‡Z Giv AvµvšÍ nq| ZvQvov wKQy †ivM Av‡Q hv ïay evQy‡iiB n‡q _v‡K| †mKvi‡YB evQy‡ii †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ †ivMRxevYygy³ cwi‡e‡k ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Zfv‡e G‡`i‡K cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| evQy‡ii wewfbœ †iv‡Mi g‡a¨ mvaviY ¯‹vDi, dzmdzm cÖ vn, QÎvK AvµgY, ev`jv †ivM, K…wg †ivM, AvuwPj BZ¨vw` cªavb| evQy‡ii †ivMcªwZ‡iva I wPwKrmvi e¨vcv‡i ¯’vbxq †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi mv‡_ civgk© Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|


99

Mevw`cï cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| evQy‡ii g‡a¨ Amy¯’Zvi j¶Y †`Lv w`‡j Kx c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e?

K) Avjv`v K‡i †dj‡Z n‡e L) wPwKrmv Kiv‡Z n‡e M) Ab¨‡`i †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e N) evRv‡i wewµ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e

2| †Kvb& †iv‡M evQy‡ii Rxebxkw³ K‡g hvq I Ab¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K? K) mvaviY ¯‹vDi L) dzmdzm cª`vn M) Wvqwiqv N) K…wg †ivM

3| †Kvb& †iv‡Mi Avµg‡Y evQy‡ii †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki †jvg S‡i hvq? K) dzmdzm cª`vn L) QÎvK AvµgY M) ev`jv N) mvaviY ¯‹vDi

4| †Kvb& †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡j evQy‡ii cv wUc‡j cP& cP& fR fR kã nq? K) K…wg †ivM L) QÎvK msµgY M) dzmdzm cª vn N) ev`jv

5| †Kvb& †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡j evQy‡ii †Pvqv‡ji wb‡P cvwb R‡g? K) dzmdzm cª`vn L) K…wg †ivM M) Wvqwiqv N) mvaviY ¯‹vDi

6| Kx‡mi Kvi‡Y evQy‡ii AvuwPj nq? K) fvBivm L) QÎvK M) e¨vK‡Uwiqv N) †cÖv‡Uv‡Rvqv


evQyi cvjb

eënvwiK cvV 4.4 evQy‡ii `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï wgkªY ˆZwi Kiv

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- � wnmvewbKvk K‡i evQy‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Dcv`vbmg„× Lv‡`ï wgkªY ˆZwi Ki‡Z

cvi‡eb|

ï®‹ c`v‡_©i wfwË‡Z 20% Avwglmg„× GKwU `vbv`vi Lv`¨ wgkªY ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ wnmveKiY, Lv`¨ bgybv wgkªY I Lv`¨ msi¶Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|

kZKiv 20 fvM Avwglmg„× GKwU `vbv`vi Lv`¨ wgkªY ˆZwi Kiv

cªvmw½K Z_¨ G Lv`¨ wgkªY ˆZwii Rb¨ wnmveKiY, Lv`¨ bgybv wgkªY I Lv`¨ msi¶Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| aiæb, Avcbvi nv‡Z Mg fv½v, M‡gi fywk, wZ‡ji ˆLj, ïuUwK gv‡Qi ¸u‡ov, wSby‡Ki cvDWvi I jeY Av‡Q| G Lv`¨¸‡jv w`‡q ï®‹ c`v‡_©i wfwË‡Z kZKiv 20 fvM Avwglmg„× GKwU `vbv`vi Lv`¨ wgkªY ˆZwi Ki‡eb| D³ Lv`¨ bgybv¸‡jv‡Z Dcw ’Z ï®‹ c`v_© (dry matter) I Avwg‡li cwigvY mviwY 17-G †`qv Av‡Q|

mviwY 17 t wewfbœ Lv`¨bgybvq ï®‹ c`v_© I Avwg‡li kZKiv Ask

Lv`¨ bgybvi bvg ï®‹ c`v_© (bgybvi kZKiv Ask)

Avwgl (ï®‹ c`v‡_©i kZKiv Ask)

Mg fv½v M‡gi fywk wZ‡ji ˆLj ïuUwK gv‡Qi ¸u‡ov wSby‡Ki cvDWvi jeY

85.0 90.0 85.0 85.0

- -

12.0 17.0 27.0 50.0

- -

cª‡qvRbxq DcKiY GRb¨ wbæwjwLZ DcKiY¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| h_v- Avwg‡li kZKiv nvimn Lv`¨ bgybvmg~‡ni ZvwjKv, GKwU K¨vjKz‡jUi, Kjg, †cwÝj, ivevi, eënvwiK LvZv, GKwU †ejPv, GKwU Qvjvi e¯Ív BZ¨vw`| D³ Lv`¨ bgybv w`‡q 100 †KwR ï®‹ c`v‡_©i GKwU wgkªY ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi avç‡jv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|

Kv‡Ri avc eënvwiK LvZvq 7wU Kjvgwewkó GKwU QK (mviwY 18-Gi g‡Zv) ˆZwi Kiæb| cÖ_g Kjv‡g Lv‡`ï bvg, wØZxq Kjv‡g ï®‹ c`v‡_©i kZKiv Ask I Z…Zxq Kjv‡g

Avwg‡li kZKiv Ask wjLyb| PZz_© Kjv‡g wgkª‡Y cÖwZwU Lv`¨ bgybvi cwigvYg‡Zv Ask AvbygvwbKfv‡e wjLyb| cÂg I lô Kjv‡g Lv`¨ bgybvi Ask Abyhvqx Avwgl I Lv`¨ bgybvi cwigvY wnmve

Kiæb| Avwgl wnmve Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi m~ÎwU eënvi Kiæb-

eënvwiK LvZvq 7wU Kjvgwewkó GKwU QK ˆZwi Kiæb| cÖ_g Kjv‡g Lv‡`ï bvg, wØZxq Kjv‡g ï®‹ c`v‡_©i kZKiv Ask I Z…Zxq Kjv‡g Avwg‡li kZKiv Ask wjLyb|

aiæb, M‡g Avwg‡li kZKiv fvM ÔKÕ Ges †gvU wgkª‡Y Ask ÔLÕ fvM| AZGe wgkª‡Y

M‡gi Avwg‡li †gvU cwigvY n‡e = K

100 × L †KwR|


101

Mevw`cï cvjb

wgkª‡Y Lv`¨ bgybvi Ask wnmve Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi m~ÎwU eënvi Kiæb-

g‡b Kiæb, M‡g ï®‹ c`v_© kZKiv ÔMÕ fvM Ges †gvU wgkª‡Y M‡gi ï®‹ c`v‡_©i Ask

ÔNÕ fvM| AZGe wgkª‡Y M‡gi cwigvY n‡e = NM × 100 †KwR|

cwigvY Abyhvqx Avwgl cvIqvi Rb¨ 4-Gi Kjv‡g D‡j−wLZ fvM¸‡jv K‡qKevi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i|

mviwY 18 t Lv`¨ wgkª‡Y Lv`¨ bgybvq ï®‹ c`v_© I Avwg‡li Ask wnmve Kivi QK

Lv`¨ bgybvi bvg ï®‹ c`v_© (%)

Avwgl (%)

wgkª‡Y ï®‹ c`v‡_©i

kZKiv fvM (%)

wgkª‡Y Avwg‡li

fvM (†KwR)

wgkª‡Y Lv`¨ bgybvi fvM

(†KwR)

gšÍe¨

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Mg fv½v 85.0 12.0 30 3.6 35.2 M‡gi fywk 90.0 18.0 30 5.4 33.3 wZ‡ji ˆLj 85.0 27.0 30 8.1 35.3 ïuUwK gv‡Qi ¸u‡ov 85.0 50.0 6 3.0 7.0 wSby‡Ki cvDWvi - - 3 - 3.0 jeY - - 1 - 1.0

†gvU 20.1 114.8

cÖ_‡g Mg fv½v, M‡gi fywk I wZ‡ji ˆLj wgwk‡q wbb| Gici ïuUwK gv‡Qi u‡ov, wSby‡Ki cvDWvi I jeY fv‡jvfv‡e wgwk‡q Av‡ Í Av‡¯Í M‡gi fywk I wZ‡ji ˆL‡ji wgkª‡Yi mv‡_ †gkvb|

Gevi 6 bs Kjv‡g D‡j −wLZ cwigvY †gvZv‡eK Lv`¨ bgybv¸‡jv †g‡c cwi®‹‹vi †g‡S‡Z ivLyb| cÖ_‡g Mg fv½v, M‡gi fywk I wZ‡ji ˆLj wgwk‡q wbb| Gici ïuUwK gv‡Qi u‡ov, wSby‡Ki cvDWvi I jeY fv‡jvfv‡e wgwk‡q Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í M‡gi fywk I wZ‡ji

ˆL‡ji wgkª‡Yi mv‡_ wgwk‡q wbb| nvZ ev †ejPv w`‡q †gkv‡Z cv‡ib| †gwk‡bi mvnv‡hÏ †gkv‡bv hvq|

wgwkªZ `vbv`vi Lv`¨ GKwU e Ívq f‡i msi¶Y Kiæb I e¯Ív n‡Z evQyi‡K cªwZw`b cwigvYg‡Zv †L‡Z w`b|

Dc‡iv³ avç‡jv wbR nv‡Z Kiæb| cy‡iv cªwµqvwU eënvwiK LvZvq wjLyb I wUDUi‡K †`Lvb|

mvigg© t ï®‹ c`v‡_©i wfwË‡Z 20% Avwglmg„× GKwU `vbv`vi Lv`¨ wgkªY ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ wnmveKiY, Lv`¨ bgybv wgkªY I Lv`¨ msi¶Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| eënvwiK LvZvq 7wU Kjvgwewkó GKwU QK ˆZwi K‡i cÖ_g Kjv‡g Lv‡`ï bvg, wØZxq Kjv‡g ï®‹ c`v‡_©i kZKiv Ask I Z…Zxq Kjv‡g Avwg‡li kZKiv Ask, PZz_© Kjv‡g wgkª‡Y cÖwZwU Lv`¨ bgybvi cwigvYg‡Zv Ask, cÂg I lô Kjv‡g Lv`¨ bgybvi Ask Abyhvqx Avwgl I Lv`¨ bgybvi cwigvY wnmve K‡i wjLyb| cª_‡g Mg, M‡gi fywk I wZ‡ji ˆLj wgwk‡q wbb| Gici ïuUwK gv‡Qi u‡ov, wSby‡Ki cvDWvi I jeY fv‡jvfv‡e wgwk‡q Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í M‡gi fywk I wZ‡ji ˆL‡ji wgkª‡Yi mv‡_ †gkvb| wgwkªZ `vbv`vi Lv`¨ GKwU e Ívq f‡i msi¶Y Kiæb I e Ív n‡Z evQyi‡K cªwZw`b cwigvYg‡Zv †L‡Z w`b|


evQyi cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| gv‡Qi u‡ovq ï®‹ c`v_© I Avwgl h_vµ‡g KZUzKz?

K) 85.0% I 50.0% L) 80.0% I 45.0% M) 70.0% I 50.0% N) 90.0% I 60.0%

2| cÖ_‡g †Kvb& Lv`¨`ªe¨¸‡jv †gkv‡eb? K) ïuUwK gv‡Qi u‡ov I M‡gi fywk L) Mg fv½v, M‡gi fywk I wZ‡ji ˆLj M) Mg fv½v I wSby‡Ki cvDWvi N) wZ‡ji ˆLj I ïuUwK gv‡Qi u‡ov


103

Mevw`cï cvjb

P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb - BDwbU 4

msw¶ß I iPbvg~jK cªkœ 1| evQyi ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb? 2| evQy‡ii Ni ˆZwii kZ© Kx? 3| evQyi cwiPh©vi Kjv‡KŠkj¸‡jvi bvg D‡j−L Kiæb I G¸‡jvi †h †Kv‡bv GKwUi eY©bv

w`b| 4| evQy‡ii Lv`¨ZvwjKvq †Kb wewfbœ LwYRc`v_© mieivn Ki‡Z nq? 5| Avgv‡`i †`‡k K…lK I Lvgvi ch©v‡q evQy‡ii cywó mgm¨v¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb| 6| evQyi‡K Kxfv‡e Mvfxi evU Pz‡l `ya cvb Ki‡Z †kLv‡eb? 7| eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ evQyi‡K mieivnK…Z Lv`¨ Dcv`vbmg~‡ni cwigvY D‡j−L

Kiæb| 8| evQy‡ii AwZ mvaviY †ivM †Kvb&wU? GwU eY©bv Kiæb| 9| QÎvK Avµg‡Y evQy‡ii Kx ¶wZ nq I Zv cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq Kx? 10| ev`jv †iv‡Mi j¶Y I wPwKrmv eY©bv Kiæb|

DËigvjv - BDwbU 4

cvV 4.1 1| K 2| K 3| L 4| L cvV 4.2 1| L 2| K 3| M 4| K 5| N 6| L cvV 4.3 1| M 2| K 3| L 4| N 5| L 6| K cvV 4.4 1| K 2| L


BDwbU 5 Mvfx cvjb BDwbU 5 Mvfx cvjb

mycÖvPxbKvj †_‡K gvbyl Mvfx cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| cÖvPxb †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv, wgkixq I fviZxq mf¨Zvi weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq, RxweKv wn‡m‡e mgvRe× gvby‡li mf¨Zvq cïcvjb mgv`„Z wQj| K…wli AMÖMwZ I weKv‡ki mv‡_ cï cvjb, Mvfx cvjb A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ| AvR‡Ki we‡k¦ †hLv‡bB K…wl weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q Mvfxi `ya Drcv`b I eënvi †mLv‡bB wkí wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k cï cvjb GKwU cÖvPxb †ckv| wKš‘ Ab¨vb¨ †ckv I RxweKvi g‡Zv GwU †Zgbfv‡e weKwkZ nq wb| Aek¨ weMZ K‡qK eQi hver Mvfx cvjb I `y» Lvgvi cÖwZôvq gvby‡li g‡a¨ wKQyUv mvov j¶¨ Kiv hv‡”Q| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cïm¤ú` Awa`ß‡ii GK wn‡m‡e ejv n‡q‡Q, eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡k cÖvq 30 nvRvi e¨vw³gvwjKvbvaxb cvwievwiK y» Lvgvi (homestead dairy farm) cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b `y»eZx Mvfxi msL¨v cÖvq 60 j¶| weMZ 1983-Õ84 mv‡ji K…wl ïgvwii Z_¨ †gvZv‡eK G Mvfx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kZKiv gvÎ 5wU DbœZ Rv‡Zi, †hgb- nj‡÷Bb-wd«wRqvb, Rvwm©, kvwnIqvj, wmwÜ cªf…wZ| evwK meB AbybœZ †Rey UvB‡ci †`kx Mvfx hv‡ì ya Drcv`b ¶gZv AZ¨šÍ Kg| wKš‘ Giv Avgv‡ì cwi‡ek I cvjb c×wZ‡Z †ek †UKmB| A_P êÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z jvjbcvjb I cÖRbb Kiv‡j G‡ì Drcv`b ¶gZv AviI e„w× cv‡e| d‡j Lvgvwii Avq-†ivRMviI †e‡o hv‡e| G BDwb‡Ui wewfbœ cv‡V Mvfxi evm¯’vb I cwiPh©v, Lv`¨, ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z jvjbcvjb I †ivMcÖwZ‡iva c×wZ cÖf…wZ wel‡q ZvwË¡K I eënvwiKmn we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| cvV 5.1 Mvfxi evm¯’vb I cwiPh©v

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- � n Mvfxi evm ’vb Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| � n Mvfxi Ni ˆZwii kZ© ‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| � n N‡i cÖwZwU Mvfxi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvY wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| � n Mvfxi cwiPh©v ej‡Z Kx †evSvq Zv ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| � n Mvfx cwiPh©vi wewfbœ †KŠkj¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Mvfxi evm¯’vb Mvfxi evm ’vb‡K †Mvkvjv e‡j| G‡`‡k †Mvqvj NiI ejv nq| Avi hviv Mvfx cvjb K‡i y‡ai eëmv K‡ib Zv‡ì‡K †Mvqvjv e‡j| Kv‡RB †Mvqvj Ni ev †Mvkvjv, †Mvqvjv I y‡ai g‡a¨ GKwU m¤úK© we`¨gvb| GLv‡b Mvfx n‡”Q †Kw› ªK RxešÍ e ‘| êÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z ywU cš’vq Mvfx cvjb Kiv nq, h_v- 1. Pvibf‚wg‡Z Miæ Piv‡bvi gva¨‡g I 2. †Mvkvjvq †eu‡a †i‡L Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb I gjg~Î wb®‹vk‡bi gva¨‡g| Avgv‡ì †`‡k Gi †Kv‡bvwUB weKwkZ nq wb| GRb¨ †Mvkvjv ev †Mvqvj N‡i Mvfx cÖwZcvjbB G‡`‡k Mvfx cvj‡bi c×wZ wn‡m‡e mgvw ªZ| G †Mvkvjv evwoi AbwZ ~‡i (45-60 wgUvi) GKwU DuPz RvqMvq wbg©vY Kiv †kªq, hv‡Z yM©Ü I Miæi gjg~Î †_‡K gvby‡li mgm¨v m„wó bv nq| †Mvkvjvi RvqMv wbe©vP‡b PviwU wel‡qi cÖwZ `„wó †`qv cª‡qvRb, h_v- 1. h_vh_ b ©gv I cqtcÖbvjxi eë ’v, 2. †jvKvjq †_‡K ~‡i ’vcb Kiv 3. DËi`w¶YgyLx nIqv I 4. Pvibf‚wgi myweav ev Mvfx evB‡i Avbv-†bqvi myweav _vKv| Gici †Mvkvjv wbg©v‡Y wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| h_v-

êÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z yfv‡e Mvfx cvjb Kiv nq, h_v- 1. Pvibf‚wg‡Z Miæ Piv‡bvi gva¨‡g I 2. †Mvkvjvq †eu‡a †i‡L Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb I gjg~Î wb®‹vk‡bi gva¨‡g| G‡`‡k †Mvkvjv ev †Mvqvj N‡i Mvfx cvjbB mgvw ªZ|

ï®‹ cwi‡ek I AvenvIqvq †Mvkvjv ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| †Mvkvjvi †g‡S †h ªe¨mvgMÖx w`‡qB ˆZwi Kiv †nvK bv †Kb Zv Aek¨B ï®‹ ivL‡Z n‡e|

†MvkvjvwU Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zv‡Z mn‡RB cÖPzi Av‡jv-evZvm PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvc, Av ª©Zv cÖf…wZ wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|

Mevw`cï cvjb

†Mvkvjv †Kv‡bvµ‡gB m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z nIqv Pj‡e bv| G‡Z Mvfxi wewfbœ ciRxex ev

RxevYyNwUZ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K| †Mvkvjv Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zv‡Z e„wói cvwb cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| †MvkvjvwU gReyZ I Avivg`vqK nIqv PvB| wekªvg I e¨vqvg Kivi Rb¨ †Mvkvjvq

cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| †Mvkvjv †hb mn‡RB cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ Kiv hvq Ges cvwb wb®‹vk‡bi h_vh_ eë ’v

_v‡K| †Mvkvjv Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zv Mvfxi Rb¨ wbivc` Avkªq¯’j nq|

Mvfxi evm¯’vb ˆZwii g~‡j _vK‡Q wbivcËv I `y‡h©vM`ywe©cvK †_‡K AvZ¥i¶vg~jK eë¯’v| GKB mv‡_ Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb, gjg~Î wb®‹vkb, AvivgAv‡qm, hZœ I cwiPh©vi me iKg eë¯’v|

AZGe, Mvfxi evm ’vb ˆZwii g~‡j _vK‡Q Mvfxi wbivcËv I y‡h©vM ywe©cvK †_‡K AvZ¥i¶vg~jK eë ’v| GKB mv‡_ Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb, gjg~Î wb®‹vkb, AvivgAv‡qm, hZœ I cwiPh©vi me iKg eë ’v|

†Mvkvjvi D”PZv 2.75-3.0 wgUvi (9-10 dzU) n‡Z n‡e| Lv`¨ cwi‡ek‡bi Rb¨ Pvwo ev Mvgjv I cvwbi cvÎ †Mvkvjvq _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU Pvwo ev Mvgjv I cvwbi cv‡Îi cwimi n‡e h_vµ‡g 1.0 wgUvi × 1.2 wgUvi (40 BwÂ × 48 BwÂ) I 0.3 wgUvi × 0.6 wgUvi (12 BwÂ× 24 BwÂ)| †Mvkvjvi cÖwZwU Mvfxi Rb¨ AvocvZv (chute) _v‡K †hLv‡b Mvfx †eu‡a ivL‡Z nq| Lvev‡ii Pvwo cvKv KbwµU I AvocvZv gm„Y †jvnvi iW ev euvk w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv nq| †g‡S hv‡Z wcw”Qj bv nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj †i‡L ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZwU Mvfxi Rb¨ 5 eM© wgUvi RvqMvB h‡_ó| Avevi eo `y» Lvgvi¸‡jv‡Z `ymvwi‡Z Mvfx cvjb Kiv nq| GLv‡b `yfv‡e Mvfx ivLv nq, †hgb- gy‡LvgywL I wecixZgywL K‡i| gy‡LvgywL cvj‡bi †¶‡Î Ni 11 wgUvi (36 dzU) cÖk¯’ n‡e Ges wecixZgywL cvj‡bi †¶‡Î Ni 10.4 wgUvi (34 dzU) cÖk ’ n‡e|

eo y» Lvgvi¸‡jv‡Z `ymvwi‡Z Mvfx cvjb Kiv nq, h_v- gy‡LvgywL I wecixZgywL|

wPÎ 60 t GKwU AvaywbK †Mvkvjvi wfZ‡ii `„k¨

Abykxjb (Activity) t aiæb, Avcbvi Lvgv‡i 8wU y»eZx Mvfx Av‡Q| G‡ì Rb¨ me©‡gvU KZUzKz RvqMvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e? (m~Ît GKwU Mvfxi Rb¨ 5 eM© wgUvi RvqMvi cÖ‡qvRb) Mvfx cwiPh©vi Rb¨ ¯v¯’¨ I

nvefveMZ cwiPh©v, mvaviY †`vlÎ�wU wbivgqMZ cwiPh©v, cÖRbb I cÖmeMZ cwiPh©v, †`vnbKv‡ji cwiPh©v BZ¨vw` myôzfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

Mvfxi cwiPh©v Mvfx cwiPh©vi j¶¨ n‡jv Mvfx hv‡Z mve©¶wYK ^v ’ eZx I Kg©¶g _v‡K †m eë ’v Kiv| Mvfx cwiPh©vi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv myôzfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| h_v-

^v ’ I nvefveMZ cwiPh©v,

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

106

Mvfx cvjb

mvaviY eÀf¨vm ev †`vlÎæwU wbivgqMZ cwiPh©v, cÖRbb I cÖmeMZ cwiPh©v, †`vnbKv‡ji cwiPh©v BZ¨vw`|

1) ^v ’ I nvefveMZ cwiPh©v t ^v ’ I nvefveMZ cwiPh©v ej‡Z mvaviY ¯^v‡¯’ï Dci ïf cÖwZwµqv K‡i Ggb ai‡bi Kg©KvÛ m¤úv`b‡K eySvq| †hgb- Mvfxi kixi AvPov‡bv (grooming), e¨vqvg, Lyi KvUv, wks mvRv‡bv I wks‡Q`b (dehorning) BZ¨vw`| Gme cwiPh©vq Mvfxi ^v ’ fv‡jv _v‡K Ges Drcv`‡b ïf cÖfve c‡o|

2) mvaviY eÀf¨vm ev †`vlÎæwU wbivgq t †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Mvfxi g‡a¨ `ya †`vn‡bi mgq †`vnbKvwi‡K jvw_ gviv, wb‡Ri evU †Pvlv ev N‡ii †eov fv½v cªf…wZ eÀf¨vm †`Lv hvq| GKevi Gme eÀf¨vm †Kv‡bv Mvfx‡K †c‡q em‡j Zv wVK Kiv †ek KwVb| Z‡e Dchy³ wPwKrmvi gva¨‡g wKQy †`vlÎæwU wbivgq Kiv m¤¢e| †hgb- `ya †`vn‡bi mgq jvw_ gviv mvaviYZ cÖ_gevi ev”Pv †`qv ev bexb Mvfxi (heifer) †ejvq †`Lv hvq| G‡¶‡Î Mvfxi jvw_ gvivi cªK„Z KviY †R‡b †m Abyhvqx Zv cªwZKv‡ii eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e| KviY bv †R‡b Av›`v‡Ri Ici cªwZKv‡ii e¨ve¯’v wb‡j Mvfxi g‡a¨ GwU me mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| ZLb †m Mvfxi ya †`vn‡bi Rb¨ wkKj ev iwk w`‡q Zvi ycv evav Qvov MZ¨šÍi _v‡K bv| G iKg AviI †hme eÀf¨v‡mi D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv wbivg‡qi wKQy cš’v D™¢veb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- evU †Pvl‡bi †ejvq wkKj ev lvu‡oi bv‡K civ‡bvi AvswU Mvfxi bv‡K cwi‡q †`qv hvq A_ev KuvUvhy³ †Vvbv (muzzle strap) ev Vzwj Pvwc‡q w`‡j Mvfx evU Pzl‡Z cv‡i bv| †eov fv½vi Af¨vm wbivgq KwVb, Z‡e AvµgYvZ¥K †`vlhyy³ n‡j Mvfxi bv‡K k³ nv‡Z Nywl gviv †h‡Z cv‡i|

†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Mvfxi g‡a¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi eÀf¨vm ev †`vlÎ�wU †`Lv hvq| Dchy³ wPwKrmvi gva¨‡g wKQy †`vlÎ�wU wbivgq Kiv m¤¢e|

3) cÖRbb I cÖemeMZ cwiPh©v t Mvfxi cÖRbb I cÖmeMZ cwiPh©v Ki‡Z n‡j G‡ì kvixiZ‡Ë¡i Ávb _vKv Avek¨K| Mvfxi Mf©aviYKvj I FZzP‡µi ˆ`N © h_vµ‡g 281+5 I 21+3 w`b| ev”Pv cÖm‡ei 75-110 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Mvfx‡K cvj †`qv‡bv DwPZ| cÖme I cieZx© Mf©avi‡Yi g‡a¨ 60 w`‡bi †ewk Qvo †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| †Kbbv G mg‡qi g‡a¨ Rivqy ¯^vfvweK n‡q hvq| Gme welq we‡iPbv K‡i Mvfxi cwiPh©v Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z Mvfxi ya Drcv`b mwVK n‡e| †Kv‡bv Mvfx‡K GKevi Mf©aviY Kiv‡Z †h msL¨K cvj w`‡Z nq †m msL¨v w`‡q Zvi cÖRbb `¶Zv (breeding efficiency) hvPvB Kiv nq| Mf©aviY I cÖmeKv‡j Mvfx‡K mwVKfv‡e hZœ I cwiPh©v Ki‡Z nq| G mgq Ae‡njv I AeÁv Ki‡j ev”Pv bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i; ZvQvov Mvfxi cªRbb I Mf©aviY ¶gZvI bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| cÖmeKvj hZB AMÖmi nq ZZB Mvfxi ewnt†hŠbv‡½i Pvgov gm„Y n‡q I‡V| †j‡Ri ycv‡ki wjMv‡g›U Aembœ n‡q c‡o I Ijvb dz‡j I‡V| Mvfxi g‡a¨ Aw¯’i fve †`Lv hvq| G mgq Mvfx‡K wbKU ’ cï nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ^v ’ cix¶v Kiv‡Z nq| Mvfx‡K †iPK Lvevi (laxative feed), †hgb- fywk I ˆLj †L‡Z w`‡Z nq| cÖm‡ei cÖ_g j¶Y †`Lv w`‡jB Mvfx‡K kvšÍ †i‡L ch©‡e¶Y Kiv DwPZ hv‡Z cÖvK…wZKfv‡e cÖme KvRwU wbwe©‡Nœ n‡Z cv‡i| hw` 2/3 N›Uv ci cÖme cÖwµqv Avi AMÖmi bv nq Zvn‡j wbKU¯’ †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk© wb‡Z n‡e| G mgq Rivqy‡Z evQy‡ii Ae¯’vb wbix¶Y Kiv ìKvi| hw` mvg‡bi cv y‡Uv I gv_vi Ae ’vb mvg‡bi w`‡K bv nq Zvn‡j †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi mnvqZv †bqv Acwinvh©| evQyi f‚wgó n‡j 2/3 w`b Mvfxi mv‡_ †Q‡o †`qvB DËg| cÖwZwU ch©v‡q j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z evQyi I Mvfx †Kv‡bv `ywe©cv‡K bv c‡o| evQyi cÖm‡ei ci Mvfx‡K Lvevi I Cl`yò cwi®‹vi cvwb cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici 2/3 w`b †iPK Lvevi cwi‡ekb evÃbxq| Mvfxi Mf©dzj (placenta) bv cov ch©šÍ

Mvfxi Mf©aviYKvj I FZzP‡µi ˆ`N © h_vµ‡g 281+5 I 21+3 w`b| ev”Pv cÖm‡ei 75-110 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Mvfx‡K cvj †`qv‡bv DwPZ| cÖme I cieZx© Mf©avi‡Yi g‡a¨ 60 w`‡bi †ewk Qvo †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|

Rivqy‡Z evQy‡ii mvg‡bi cv `y‡Uv I gv_vi Ae¯’vb hw` mvg‡bi w`‡K bv nq Zvn‡j †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi mnvqZv †bqv Acwinvh©|

Ijvb †_‡K ya †Q‡o †`qv GKwU cÖwZeZ© wµqv hv m¤ú~Y© †`vn‡b AZ¨vek¨K| Kv‡RB ya †`vn‡bi mgq wfwZcÖ I wbh©vZbg~jK c`‡¶c †_‡K Mvfx‡K gy³ ivL‡Z n‡e|

K…wl I cjøx Dbœqb ¯‹zj

107

Mevw`cï cvjb

mhZœ „wó ivL‡Z n‡e| evQy‡ii bvwf wbRx©evYy cš’vq KvUv cÖ‡qvRb| ev”Pv cÖm‡ei ci Mvfxi IRb K‡g hvq| †ewk Lvevi cwi‡ekb K‡i I mwVK cwiPh©vi gva¨‡g Zv cywl‡q w`‡Z n‡e|

4) y» †`vnbKv‡ji cwiPh©v t y» †`vnb wb‡RB GKwU AwZms‡e`bkxj cÖwµqv| †`vn‡bi g~j j¶¨ n‡jv Ggbfv‡e †`vnb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Ijvb †_‡K m¤ú~Y© `ya †U‡b †ei K‡i Avbv hvq| Ijvb †_‡K `ya †Q‡o †`qv (let down) GKwU cÖwZeZ© wµqv hv m¤ú~Y© †`vn‡b AZ¨vek¨K| myZivs mKj cÖKvi wfwZcÖ I wbh©vZbg~jK c`‡¶c †_‡K Mvfx‡K gy³ ivL‡Z n‡e| ya †`vn‡bi mgq y‡Uv AZ¨vek¨K KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e, h_v- 1. Ah_v Mvfx‡K D‡ËwRZ Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKv I 2. `ªæZZvi mv‡_ †`vnbKvR †kl Kiv| `ya †`vnbKv‡j Mvfx‡K m¤ú~Y© kvšÍ I myw ’i ivL‡Z n‡e| G mgq gkvgvwQ DrcvZ Ki‡j Mvfxi †`vnb cÖwµqvq e¨vNvZ m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 61 t ^v ’ m¤§Z Dcv‡q Mvfxi y» †`vnb

Mvfx cwiPh©vi Avi GKwU j¶¨ n‡”Q Mvfx‡K †cvKvgvKo I gkvgvwQ †_‡K wbivc` `yi‡Z¡ ivLv| ZvQvov Mvfxi †c‡U hv‡Z K…wgi wWg cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mRb¨ Lv`¨ cwi‡ek‡b m`vmZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|

mvigg© t êÁvwbK c×wZ‡Z `yfv‡e Mvfx cvjb Kiv nq, h_v- 1. Pvibf‚wg‡Z Miæ Piv‡bvi gva¨‡g I 2. †Mvkvjvq †eu‡a †i‡L Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb I gjg~Î wb®‹vk‡bi gva¨‡g| G‡`‡k †Mvkvjv ev †Mvqvj N‡i Mvfx cvjbB mgvw ªZ| Mvfxi evm ’vb ˆZwii g~‡j _vK‡Q wbivcËv I y‡h©vM ywe©cvK †_‡K AvZ¥i¶vg~jK eë ’v| GKB mv‡_ Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb, gjg~Î wb®‹vkb,

AvivgAv‡qm, hZœ I cwiPh©vi me iKg eë ’v| cÖwZwU Mvfxi Rb¨ 5 eM© wgUvi RvqMvB h‡_ó| eo `y» Lvgvi¸‡jv‡Z `ymvwi‡Z Mvfx cvjb Kiv nq, h_v- gy‡LvgywL I wecixZgywL| Mvfx cwiPh©vi j¶¨ n‡jv Mvfx hv‡Z mve©¶wYK ^v ’ eZx I Kg©¶g _v‡K †m eë ’v Kiv| Mvfx cwiPh©vi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv myôzfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| h_v- ¯^v¯’¨ I nvefveMZ cwiPh©v, mvaviY eÀf¨vm ev †`vlÎæwU wbivgqMZ cwiPh©v, cÖRbb I cÖmeMZ cwiPh©v, †`vnbKv‡ji cwiPh©v BZ¨vw`|


108

Mvfx cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| †Mvqvj Ni evwo †_‡K KZ ~‡i ˆZwi Kiv †kªq?

K) 25-30 wgUvi L) 10-15 wgUvi M) 20-25 wgUvi N) 45-60 wgUvi

2| Mvfxi N‡ii D”PZv KZ nIqv DwPZ? K) 1.75-2.00 wgUvi L) 2.75-3.00 wgUvi M) 3.75-4.00 wgUvi N) 4.75-5.00 wgUvi

3| Mvfxi Mf©aviYKvj I FZzP‡µi ˆ`N©¨ h_vµ‡g KZ? K) 281±5 I 21±3 w`b L) 280±2 I 18±3 w`b M) 270±3 I 25±3 w`b N) 275±5 I 21±2 w`b

4| evQz‡ii R‡b¥i KZ w`b ch©šÍ Mvfx‡K †iPK Lvevi †`qv DwPZ? K) 10/12 w`b L) 7/8 w`b M) 2/3 w`b N) 8/10 w`b


109

Mevw`cï cvjb

cvV 5.2 Mvfxi Lv`¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- n Mvfxi Lv‡`ï cª‡qvRbxqZv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| n mylg Lv`¨ Kv‡K e‡j Zv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| n Mvfxi Rb¨ mylg Lv`¨ wn‡me K‡i ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| n Mvfxi `vbv`vi Lv`¨ I mylg Lv`¨ZvwjKv D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| n Mvfxi Lv`¨ msi¶Y I cªwµqvRvZKiY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Mvfxi Lv‡`ï cª‡qvRbxqZv Mvfxi kvixwiK e„w× I †KvlKjvi weKvk, Zvc I kw³ Drcv`b, †`n msi¶Y I †KvlKjvi ¶qc~iY, `ya I gvsm Drcv`b, cªRb‡b m¶gZv AR©b, Mf©¯’ ev”Pvi weKvk mvab cªf…wZ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dchy³ Lv‡`ï cª‡qvRb| wfbœ wfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Lv`¨`ª‡eï Pvwn`vq †ek ZviZg¨ nq| †hgb- †`‡ni ¶qc~iY, †`n‡K Kg©¶g ivLv cªf…wZ Kv‡R †h cwigvY cywói cª‡qvRb nq `ya, gvsm cªf…wZ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ †m¸‡jv QvovI AwZwi³ cywói cª‡qvRb c‡o| Lv`¨ ª‡eï wewfbœ Dcv`vbmg~n m¤ú‡K© B‡Zvc~‡e© evQyi cvjb BDwb‡U ejv n‡q‡Q; G Dcv`vb¸‡jv Mvfxi RbÏ cÖ‡qvRb| Z‡e ya Drcv`b Mvfxi Rb¨ GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi KvR e‡j GRb¨ Mvfxi Lv`¨ †hvMv‡bi †¶‡Î we‡kl „wó w`‡Z n‡e| Lv`¨ ª‡eï †Kv‡bv Dcv`v‡bi Afve n‡j Mvfxi †`‡n Zvi cÖwZwµqv m„wó nq| kw³i Rb¨ kK©iv, †`‡ni ¶qc~iY I Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Avwgl, †mœn, LwYR, wfUvwgb Ges mgy`q ˆRe ivmvqwbK Kg©Kv‡Ûi Rb¨ cÖPzi weï× cvwbi cª‡qvRb nq| mKj AZ¨vek¨K Lv`¨ ªe¨‡K cwicvP¨ cywó (digestible nutrients) bv‡g D‡j−L Kiv n‡jI cwicvP¨ cywó ej‡Z kK©iv, †mœn I Avwgl‡KB †evSv‡bv nq| wewfbœ Lv‡`ï cwicvP¨ cywói gv‡b cv_©K¨ _v‡K| kK©iv †h kw³ †`q AvwglI †m cwigvY kw³ †hvMvq| wKš‘ †mœnc`v_©, kK©iv I Avwg‡li †P‡q 2.25 ¸Y †ewk kw³ †`q| Avwgl ïay kw³B †`q bv, kixi MV‡bi †gŠwjK ˆRe Dcv`vb Z_v A¨vgvB‡bv A¨vwmWI w`‡q _v‡K| LwYRc`v_© I wfUvwgb †Kv‡bv kw³ †`q bv, wKš‘ G¸‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ e¨wZ‡i‡K kix‡ii Kg©PvÂj¨ ev Drcv`b †Kv‡bv wKQyB wVKg‡Zv nq bv| G¸‡jv kix‡i Lye mvgvb¨ cwigv‡Y cÖ‡qvRb n‡jI AZ¨vek¨K; AZGe Gme Lv‡`ï †kªYx I cÖK„wZ we‡ePbv K‡i wewfbœ Lv`¨`ª‡eï mgš^‡q Mvfxi mvwe©K cÖ‡qvR‡b mylg Lv`¨ (balanced diet) cÖ ‘Z Ki‡Z nq|

Mvfxi kvixwiK e„w×, Zvc I kw³ Drcv`b, †`n msi¶Y I ¶qc~iY, ya I gvsm Drcv`b, cªRb‡b m¶gZv AR©b, Mf© ’ ev”Pvi weKvk cªf…wZi Rb¨ Dchy³ Lv‡`ï cª‡qvRb|

kK©iv †h kw³ †`q AvwglI †m cwigvY kw³ †hvMvq| wKš‘ †mœnc`v_©, kK©iv I Avwg‡li †P‡q 2.25 ¸Y †ewk kw³ †`q|

mylg Lv`¨ (Balanced diet) †hme Lv`¨ wgkª‡Y cïi ˆ`wnK cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ Dchy³ cwigvY I Abycv‡Z me iKg cywó Dcv`vb _v‡K †m¸‡jv‡K mylg Lv`¨ e‡j| cÖwZwU Mvfxi Rb¨ mylg Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb| KviY Lv‡`¨ wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi mylgZvi Afve n‡j Mvfx Zvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx cywó Dcv`vb cvq bv| d‡j †`nMVb I Drcv`b ¶gZv K‡g hvq| mylg Lv`¨ wbgœwjwLZ kZ©¸‡jv c~iY Ki‡e-

†hme Lv`¨ wgkª‡Y cïi ˆ`wnK cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ Dchy³ cwigvY I Abycv‡Z me iKg cywó Dcv`vb _v‡K †m¸‡jv‡K mylg Lv`¨ e‡j|

GwU iæwPKi (palatable) n‡e, cwigvY I AvKv‡i (bulk) mwVK n‡e, my ^v y n‡e Ges `v‡g m¯Ív n‡e|

Mvfxi Lv`¨`ªe¨ mvaviYZ wZb fv‡M wef³, †hgb- Avukhy³ Lv`¨, `vbv`vi Lv`¨ I wdW A¨vwWwUfm&|

Mvfxi Lv`¨`ªe¨ mvaviYZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq, †hgb- Avukhy³ Lv`¨ (roughages), `vbv`vi Lv`¨ (concentrates) I wdW A¨vwWwUfm& (feed additives)| Avukhy³ Lv‡`ï g‡a¨ LowePvwj, KvuPv Nvm, jZvcvZv, mvB‡jR (silage) BZ¨vw`B cªavb| `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï g‡a¨ wewfbœ km¨`vbv, M‡gi fywk, Pv‡ji Kzov, ˆLj BZ¨vw`B cªavb| wdW A¨vwWwUfm&-Gi g‡a¨ wSbyKP‚Y©, wewfbœ wfUvwgb I LwYRc`v_© cªf…wZ i‡q‡Q| Gme cï Lv`¨ cª‡qvRbg‡Zv msMÖn K‡i Mvfx‡K


110

Mvfx cvjb

cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z n‡e| cï‡K †h cwigvY Lv`¨ cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z nq Zv GK ai‡bi _v¤^ iæj (thumb rule) wbq‡g wbiƒcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-

cÖwZw`b GKwU Mvfx †h cwigvY †gvUv Avukhy³ Lv`¨ †L‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K Zv †L‡Z †`qv| cÖwZ 1.5 wjUvi `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Mvfx‡K Lo I KvuPv Nv‡mi m‡½ cÖwZw`b 0.5 †KwR

`vbv`vi Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e| ïay Lo †L‡j cÖwZ 1.25 wjUvi `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Mvfx‡K cªwZw`b 0.5 †KwR AwZwi³

`vbv`vi Lv`¨ cª vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

cï cywó we`¨vq cÖwZ 45.5 †KwR (100 cvDÛ) ˆ`wnK IR‡bi wfwË‡Z Lv`¨ZvwjKv ev im` eiv‡Ïi bxwZI Pvjy Av‡Q| cÖwZ 45.5 †KwR (100 cvDÛ) ˆ`wnK IR‡bi Rb¨ 0.9 †KwR (2 cvDÛ) Avukhy³ Lv`¨ eivÏ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G bxwZ Abyhvqx cÖ_g 2.4 †KwRi Rb¨ 2.4 †KwR I cieZx© cÖwZ 0.9 †KwR Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ 0.23 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨ eivÏ K‡i im` †hvMvb w`‡Z n‡e|

Lv`¨ ˆZwi I wnmve c×wZ Mvfxi Lv`¨ ˆZwi‡Z wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| h_v-

Mvfxi Rb¨ meyR Nvm AMÖMY¨| Lv`¨ ZvRv I †`vlgy³ n‡Z n‡e| Nv‡mi cwe‡Z© Ab¨ imv‡jv Lv`¨ (succulent feed), h_v- mvB‡jR (silage), g~jv,

kvjMg, wgwóAvjy BZ¨vw` ïK‡bv Nvm ev L‡oi mv‡_ wgwk‡q †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| WvjRvZxq Nvm cywóKi; Z‡e G¸‡jv fzÆv, †bwcqvi BZ¨vwì mv‡_ wgwk‡q w`‡Z n‡e

†Kbbv, ïay WvjRvZxq Nvm LvIqv‡j Wvqwiqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| WvjRvZxq Nvm cywóKi; Z‡e G¸‡jv fzÆv, †bwcqvi BZ¨vwì mv‡_ wgwk‡q bv w`‡j Wvqwiqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

†bwcqvi Nv‡mi KvÊ k³ n‡j †K‡U UzK‡iv UzK‡iv K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| †Rvqvi, evRiv BZ¨vw` Nvm KwP Ae¯’vq KL‡bv LvIqv‡Z †bB; †Kbbv G Nv‡m KwP Ae¯’vq cÖæwmK A¨vwmW (prusic acid) bvgK GK cÖKvi gvivZ¥K wel _v‡K| ZvB G Nvm †ewk LvIqv‡j Mvfx gviv hvIqv m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

Wvj, Mg, fyÆv cªf…wZ `vbv`vi Lv`¨¸‡jv †f‡½ LvIqv‡Z n‡e| Z‡e ¸u‡ov wgwn K‡i LvIqv‡bv wVK bq|

cïi nRgkw³ K‡g †M‡j Lv`¨ wm× K‡i LvIqv‡j mn‡R nRg nq| cïi AvKvi, †`nRvZ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY, kª‡gi cwigvY, eqm BZ¨vwì Ici wbf©i K‡i

cwiwgZ Lv`¨ I Avwgl mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| cïi AvKvi, †`nRvZ Drcv`b, kª‡gi cwigvY, eqm BZ¨vwì Ici wbf©i K‡i cwiwgZ Lv`¨ I Avwgl mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|

455 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU Mvfx ïay Ajmfv‡e KvUv‡j ˆ`wbK Zvi 2.73 †KwR †gvU cwicvP¨ cywó ev wU.wW.Gb. (total digestible nutrients or T.D.N.) I 273 MÖvg cwicvP¨ Avwgl ev wW.wc.-Gi (digestible protein or D.P.) cÖ‡qvRb n‡q _v‡K| G Mvfx hw` Drcv`b ev kª‡gi KvR K‡i Z‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq wU.wW.Gb. I wW.wc.-Gi Rb¨ AwZwi³ Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|

cÖwZ 100 †KwR kvixwiK IR‡bi Rb¨ GKwU Mvfxi ˆ`wbK 2-3 †KwR ïK‡bv Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi ìKvi nq| myZivs 455 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU Mvfx ˆ`wbK cÖvq 9.10-11.36 †KwR ï®‹ c`v_© ev wW.Gg. (dry matter or D.M.) †L‡Z cv‡i|

cÖwZ 100 †KwR kvixwiK IR‡bi Rb¨ GKwU Mvfxi ˆ`wbK 2-3 †KwR ïK‡bv Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi ìKvi nq| Z‡e cï hv wKQy Lv‡e Zvi wW.Gg. †hb 11.36 †KwRi †ewk bv nq Ges G Lv‡`ï

wU.wW.Gb. 2.73 †KwR I wW.wc. 2.73 †KwR n‡Z n‡e| g‡b Kiæb, GKwU Mvfx‡K ïay fzÆv Nvm LvIqv‡bv n‡”Q| cÖwZ GKk fvM fyÆv Nv‡m cÖvq

20% wW.Gg. _v‡K| myZivs 455 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU Mvfx hw` Ajm nq Z‡e Ajm Ae ’vq Zv‡K 45.5 †KwR fyÆv Nvm †L‡Z w`‡Z n‡e|


111

Mevw`cï cvjb

GLb †`Lv hvK, 45.5 †KwR fyÆv Nv‡m Kx cwigvY wW.wc. I wU.wW.Gb. Av‡Q| Lv`¨ Dcv`vbmg~‡ni ZvwjKvq †`Lv hvq- 45.5 †KwR f‚Ævq 1.2% wW.wc. I 16.3% wU.wW.Gb. _v‡K| myZivs hw` H Mvfx‡K 45.5 †KwR fyÆv Nvm LvIqv‡bv hvq Zvn‡j cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq †m cÖvq wØ¸Y wW.wc. I wU.wW.Gb. †c‡q _v‡K| A_©vr Zv‡K 22.75 †KwR Nvm LvIqv‡j Zvi ˆ`wnK Pvwn`v cÖvq wg‡U hvq| Avi H Mvfx hw` ˆ`wbK 4.55 †KwR K‡i ya (4% evUvi d¨vUm¤§„×) †`q Zvn‡j Zv‡K AwZwi³ Lv`¨ w`‡Z n‡e| ZvwjKv Abymv‡i 4.55 †KwR ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ 186 Mªvg wW.wc. I 1.41 †KwR wU.wW.Gb.-Gi cÖ‡qvRb| ZvwjKv †`‡L Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, cÖwZ †KwR fyÆv Nv‡m 6 Mªvg wW.wc. Ges 72.73 Mªvg wU.wW.Gb. _v‡K| Kv‡RB 15.9 †KwR ya †`q (4% evUvi d¨vUm¤§„×) Ggb Mvfx‡K (22.75+15.9) = 38.65 †KwR fyÆv Nvm LvIqv‡j Zvi Lv`¨ Pvwn`v c~iY nq| Kvh©‡¶‡Î GKwU Mvfxi Rb¨ G cwigvY fyÆv msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB wKQy Nvm, Lo I `vbv`vi Lv`¨ w`‡q Zvi cywó Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï GKwU wgkªY ˆZwi Kiv n‡j G‡Z ˆLj 25%, M‡gi fywk 25%, †Lmvwii Wvj 25%, fyÆvi u‡ov 25% †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| G wgkª‡Yi cÖwZ 0.455 †KwR‡Z cÖvq 14% wW.wc. I 70% wU.wW.Gb. cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| †h wgkª‡Y 6.63 †KwR wW.wc. I 31.8 †KwR wU.wW.Gb. _v‡K †mLvb †_‡K 2.27 †KwR `vbv`vi wgkªY Mvfx‡K LvIqv‡bv n‡j Mvfx Zvi †`‡ni Rb¨ 318 Mªvg wW.wc. cv‡e| G cwigvY Zvi †gvU Pvwn`vi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-

wW.wc. (D.P.) wU.wW.Gb. (T.D.N.)†`n i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨- 4.55 †KwR `ya (4% evUvi d¨vUm¤§„×) Drcv`‡bi Rb¨-

273 Mªvg

186 Mªvg

2.73 †KwR

1.41 †KwR †gvU= 459 Mªvg 4.14 †KwR 22.75 †KwR Nvm- 277 Mªvg 3.68 †KwR 2.27 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv‡`¨- 318 Mªvg 1.59 †KwR †gvU= 1,054 Mªvg 9.41 †KwR

myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q MvfxwU‡K ˆ`wbK 22.75 †KwR fzÆv Nvm I 2.27 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡j cywó Pvwn`v mwVKfv‡e †gUv‡bv m¤¢e nq| Abykxjb (Activity) t 4.55 †KwR `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ 186 MÖvg wW.wc. I 1.41 †KwR wU.wW.Gb.-Gi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j 10 †KwR ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ Kx cwigvY wW.wc. I wU.wW.Gb.-Gi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e? Mvfxi `vbv`vi Lv`¨ mviwY 19 (K, L, M I N)-G Mvfxi `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï K‡qKwU m~Î †`qv n‡q‡Q| Mvfxi `vbv`vi Lv`¨ ˆZwi‡Z G¸‡jv †_‡K †h †Kv‡bv GKwU m~Î eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| mviwY 19 (K, L, M I N) t Mvfxi `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï m~Îmg~n

19 (K) t cª_g m~Î 19 (L) t wØZxq m~Î

Dcv`vb cwigvY (%) Dcv`vb cwigvY (%)

ev`v‡gi ˆLj 25 mwilvi ˆLj 25 M‡gi fywk 25 M‡gi fywk 25 Pv‡ji Kzov 25 Wv‡ji fywk 25 †Lmvwii Wvj 25 ey‡Ui Wvj 25 19 (M) t Z…Zxq m~Î 19 (N) t PZz_© m~Î


112

Mvfx cvjb

Dcv`vb cwigvY (%) Dcv`vb cwigvY (%)

wZ‡ji ‰Lj 25 Mg fv½v 25 fyÆvi ¸‡uov 25 bvi‡K‡ji ˆLj 25 M‡gi fywk 25 M‡gi fywk 25 †Lmvwii Wvj 25 KjvB‡qi Wvj 25

we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Dc‡iv³ m~Î¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi m‡½ cÖwZwU Mvfx‡K ˆ`wbK 120 MÖvg jeY I 60 MÖvg LwYRc`v_© (nv‡oi ¸u‡ov ev Afv‡e P‡Ki ¸u‡ov) LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

Drm t m¤úvw`Z, gvP©-1988| cï cvjb, K…wl m¤úÖmviY Awa`ßi, Lvgvievwo, XvKv, c„. 34|

Mvfxi Lv`¨ZvwjKv ev im` (ration) Mvfx‡K 24 NÈvq †h wbw ©ó cwigvY Lv`¨ ev Lv`¨mgwó †L‡Z †`qv nq Zv‡K Lv`¨ZvwjKv, im` ev †ikb e‡j|

Mvfx‡K ˆ`wbK A_v©r 24 NÈvq †h wbw ©ó cwigvY Lv`¨ ev Lv`¨mgwó †L‡Z †`qv nq, Zv‡K Lv`¨ZvwjKv, im` ev †ikb e‡j| mviwY 20-G cÖvq 100 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU Mvfxi Rb¨ mylg Lv`¨ZvwjKvi GKwU bgybv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| mviwY 20 t 100 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU Mvfxi mylg Lv`¨ZvwjKv

Dcv`vb cwigvY

av‡bi Lo 2.0 †KwR Kzov 0.5 †KwR M‡gi fywk 0.5 †KwR wZ‡ji ˆLj 0.2 †KwR BDwiqv 35.0 MÖvg wPUv¸o 0.5 MÖvg meyR Nvm 2.0 MÖvg jeY 25.0 MÖvg

we‡kl ªóe¨ t `vbv`vi Lv`¨¸‡jv‡Z jeY I BDwiqv GKmv‡_ wgwk‡q w`‡Z n‡e| Lo I meyR Nvm †QvU †QvU K‡i †K‡U Gi m‡½ wgwk‡q LvIqv‡Z n‡e|


mviwY 21 I 22-G h_vµ‡g 100-150 Ges 200-250 †KwR IR‡bi Mvfxi mylg Lv`¨ZvwjKvi GKwU K‡i bgybv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

mviwY 21 t 100-150 †KwR IR‡bi Mvfxi mylg Lv`¨ZvwjKv

Dcv`vb cwigvY

BDwiqv cvwb w`‡q †fRv‡bv Lo (5%) 5.0 †KwR meyR Nvm 1.0 †KwR M‡gi fywk 1.2 †KwR ˆaBÂv exR 0.53 †KwR jeY 25.0 MÖvg

we‡kl `ªóe¨ t 5 †KwR L‡oi Dci BDwiqv †gkv‡bv cvwb (5%) fv‡jvfv‡e wQwU‡q w`‡q Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 3/4 w`b cwjw_b KvMR w`‡q †X‡K ivL‡Z n‡e| Lo I meyR Nvm GKmv‡_ LvIqv‡Z n‡e| Avi `vbv`vi Lv‡`¨i m‡½ jeY wgwk‡q Avjv`vfv‡e LvIqv‡bv DwPZ|



113

Mevw`cï cvjb

mviwY 22 t 200-250 †KwR IR‡bi `y»eZx Mvfxi mylg Lv`¨ZvwjKv

Dcv`vb cwigvY

av‡bi Lo 3.0 †KwR meyR Nvm 6.0 †KwR BDwiqv 45.0 Mªvg M‡gi fywk/Kzov 2.0 †KwR wZ‡ji ˆLj 0.5 †KwR jeY 40 MÖvg

we‡kl `ªóe¨ t av‡bi Lo I meyR Nvm GKmv‡_ wgwk‡q LvIqv‡Z n‡e| BDwiqv, M‡gi fywk/Kzov, wZ‡ji ˆLj I jeY GKmv‡_ fv‡jvfv‡e wgwk‡q LvIqv‡Z n‡e|


Mvfxi Lv`¨ msi¶Y Mvfxi Lv`¨ mwVKfv‡e msi¶Y

Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j †hgb bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb Ach©vß msi¶‡Y Lv‡`ï ¸Yv¸Y bó nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

Mvfxi Lv`¨ mwVKfv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j †hgb bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb Ach©vß msi¶‡Y Lv‡`ï ¸Yv¸Y bó nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| G Lv`¨ †L‡q Mvfxi †ivMe¨vwa n‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k cï Lv`¨ msi¶‡Yi mgm¨v i‡q‡Q, we‡kl K‡i `vbv`vi Lv`¨| Dò I m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z cwi‡e‡k Gme Lv`¨ mn‡RB c‡P hvq| Gi cÖavb KviY Avgv‡ì Dò-Av`©ª AvenvIqvq QÎvKRvZxq Dw™¢‡ì eskwe¯Ívi e¨vcK nq I mn‡R Ab¨vb¨ †ivMRxevYy Rb¥vq| Kv‡RB me mgq ïK‡bv cwi‡e‡k cï Lv`¨ msi¶Y Kiv DwPZ|

GQvov Lv`¨mvgMÖx cÖ ‘ZKi‡YI mgm¨v †_‡K hvq| †gvUv Avukhy³ Lv`¨ †hgb †K‡U UzK‡iv UzK‡iv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q †Zgwb mnRcvP¨ nIqvi Rb¨ wKQy wKQy exRRvZxq Lv`¨ P‚Y© KiviI cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| †Kbbv Mvfx me mgq k³ exR cwic~Y©fv‡e wPev‡bv QvovB wM‡j †d‡j| G‡Z cvK ’jx‡Z cvPK im †Zgbfv‡e KvR K‡i bv| d‡j cvPK i‡mi AcPq N‡U| cwicvKZš¿ †_‡K G¸‡jv g‡ji mv‡_ Av ÍB †ei n‡q Av‡m| G Kvi‡Y k³ exRRvZxq Lv`¨ P‚Y© K‡iB cwi‡ekb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ‡qvR‡b Lv`¨`ªe¨ †K‡U KzwP KzwP K‡i (chopping), wKQy †¶‡Î ivbœv K‡i ev wfwR‡q LvIqv‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| Lv`¨`ª‡eï cywógvb A¶zbœ †i‡LB Gfv‡e cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|

†gvUv Avukhy³ Lv`¨ †hgb †K‡U UzK‡iv UzK‡iv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q †Zgwb mnRcvP¨ nIqvi Rb¨ wKQy wKQy exRRvZxq Lv`¨ P‚Y© KiviI cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|

Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi D‡Ïk¨

n‡jv- Lv`¨‡K mn‡R nR‡gi Dc‡hvMx Kiv, msi¶YKvj evov‡bv I AcPq †iva Kiv, ¸YMZ gvb e„w× Kiv, bvovPvovi myweav Ges gRy‡ì ’vb euvPv‡bv|

eûKvj †_‡KB Mevw`cïi Lv`¨‡K cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi cÖ‡Póv Pj‡Q| Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv-

Lv`¨‡K mn‡R nR‡gi Dc‡hvMx Kiv, Lv`¨ msi¶YKvj evov‡bv I AcPq †iva Kiv, Lv‡`ï ¸YMZ gvb e„w× Kiv, Lv`¨ bvovPvovi myweav Ges Lv`¨ gRy‡ì ’vb euvPv‡bv|

eûKvj Av‡M †_‡KB av‡bi Lo‡K Kw÷K †mvWv (1%) wgwkªZ cvwb w`‡q †kvab K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q †h, Lo †ek big nq, d‡j Mvfx ^vfvwe‡Ki Zzjbvq wKQy †ewk Lo Lvq Ges nRgI nq †ek ZvovZvwo| Pzb †gkv‡bv cvwb w`‡qI cÖvq GKB iKg K‡i Lo †kvab Kiv hvq| G‡Z djI nq GKB cÖKvi| wKš‘ Gai‡bi ¶vi (alkali) †kvab cÖwµqv mvaviY K…lK ev Lvgvi gvwjK cQ›` K‡ib bv| G †kvab c×wZ‡Z wKQy AmyweavI Av‡Q| †hgb- G‡Z eo eo †PŠev”Pv jv‡M|


114

Mvfx cvjb

ivmvqwbK ªe¨ I AwZwi³ kªwgK I mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq| wewfbœ LiP wgwj‡q wn‡me Ki‡j G c×wZ‡Z †Zgb jvf nq bv|

5% BDwiqv cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q L‡oi Dci mgfv‡e wQwU‡q Zv wKQyw`b Av”Qvw`Z K‡i ivL‡j wjMwbb big n‡q hvq I Mevw`cï †m Lv`¨ †L‡q mn‡R nRg Ki‡Z cv‡i|

eZ©gv‡b BDwiqv (5%) w`‡q †kva‡b av‡bi L‡oi ¸YMZ gvb D‡j−L‡hvM¨fv‡e e„w× cvq e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb, av‡bi Lo †mjy‡jvR (cellulose) I †nwg‡mjy‡jvR (hemicellulose) bvgK `ycªKvi †k¦Zmvi Ges wjMwbb (lignin) bvgK GKcªKvi KwVb c`v_© w`‡q RwUjfv‡e Av”Qvw`Z _v‡K| †ivgš’K cÖvYxi cvK ’jx‡Z †h ARmª AbyRxe _v‡K, †m¸‡jvi c‡¶ wjMwb‡bi AveiY †f` K‡i †mjy‡jvR, †nwg‡mjy‡jvR ¯Íi ch©šÍ †cuŠQv‡Z †ek mgq jv‡M| cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, 5% BDwiqv cvwb‡Z wgwk‡q L‡oi Dci mgfv‡e wQUv‡j I †m Lo‡K wKQyw`b Av”Qvw`Z K‡i ivL‡j wjMwbb big n‡q hvq Ges Mevw`cï †m Lv`¨ †L‡j Zv AwZ mn‡R nRg n‡q hvq| L‡oi gva¨‡g BDwiqv cvK¯’jx‡Z wM‡q A¨v‡gvwbqv‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges †m A¨v‡gvwbqvi cÖfv‡e nRg cÖwµqvq mnvqK Gme AbyRx‡ei msL¨v A‡bK †e‡o hvq| †ivgš’K cÖvYx Abvwgl bvB‡Uªv‡Rbhy³ c`v_©‡K (N.P.N. or non-protien nitrogenous substance) Avwg‡l iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Abykxjb (Activity) t av‡bi Lo cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi wewfbœ c×wZi g‡a¨ Avcbvi `„wó‡Z †Kvb&wU †ewk Dc‡hvMx? Avcbvi gZvg‡Zi ¯^c‡¶ hyw³ w`b| mvigg© t Mvfxi kvixwiK e„w× I †KvlKjvi weKvk, Zvc I kw³ Drcv`b, †`n msi¶Y I †KvlKjvi ¶qc~iY, `ya I gvsm Drcv`b, cªRb‡b m¶gZv AR©b, Mf©¯’ ev”Pvi weKvk mvab cªf…wZ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Dchy³ Lv‡`ï cª‡qvRb| kK©iv †h kw³ †`q AvwglI †m cwigvY kw³ †hvMvq| wKš‘ †mœnc`v_©, kK©iv I Avwg‡li †P‡q 2.25 ¸Y †ewk kw³ †`q| Mvfxi Lv`¨`ªe¨ mvaviYZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq, †hgb- Avukhy³ Lv`¨, `vbv`vi Lv`¨ I wdW A¨vwWwUfm&| cïi AvKvi, †`nRvZ Drcv`‡bi cwigvY, kª‡gi cwigvY, eqm BZ¨vwì Ici wbf©i K‡i cwiwgZ Lv`¨ I Avwgl mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| Mvfx‡K ˆ`wbK 22.75 †KwR fyÆv Nvm I 2.27 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡j cywó Pvwn`v mwVKfv‡e †gUv‡bv m¤¢e nq| Mvfx‡K 24 NÈvq †h wbw ©ó cwigvY Lv`¨ ev Lv`¨mgwó †L‡Z †`qv nq, Zv‡K Lv`¨ZvwjKv ev †ikb e‡j| Mvfxi Lv`¨ mwVKfv‡e msi¶Y Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j †hgb bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb Ach©vß msi¶‡Y Lv‡`ï ¸Yv¸Y bó nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| Lv`¨ cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv- Lv`¨‡K mn‡R nR‡gi Dc‡hvMx Kiv, msi¶YKvj evov‡bv I AcPq †iva Kiv, ¸YMZ gvb e„w× Kiv, bvovPvovi myweav Ges gRy‡ì ’vb euvPv‡bv|


115

Mevw`cï cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| †mœn c`v_© kK©iv I Avwg‡li †P‡q KZ †ewk kw³ †`q?

K) 2.25 ¸Y L) 1.25 ¸Y M) 3.25 ¸Y N) 4.25 ¸Y

2| ïay Lo †L‡j 1.25 wjUvi `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZw`b Mvfx‡K KZUzKz `vbv`vi Lv`¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e? K) 1.0 †KwR L) 0.7 †KwR M) 0.5 †KwR N) 0.8 †KwR

3| 455 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU Mvfx Ajmfv‡e KvUv‡j ˆ`wbK h_vµ‡g Zvi KZUzKz wU.wW.Gb. I wW.wc.-Gi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e? K) 2.73 †KwR I 200 MÖvg L) 2.00 †KwR I 270 MÖvg M) 2.73 †KwR I 273 MÖvg N) 2.50 †KwR I 250 MÖvg

4| Mvfxi `vbv`vi Lv‡`¨i m‡½ ˆ`wbK h_vµ‡g KZUzKz K‡i jeY I nv‡oi u‡ov mieivn Kiv DwPZ? K) 100 I 50 MÖvg L) 120 I 60 MÖvg M) 75 I 50 MÖvg N) 150 I 100 MÖvg

5| Kx w`‡q av‡bi Lo cÖwµqvRvZ Kiv nq? K) 1% Kw÷K †mvWv, Pyb ev 5% BDwiqv wgwkªZ cvwb L) 1% Kw÷K †mvWv ev Pzb wgwkªZ cvwb M) Pzb ev 5% BDwiqv wgwkªZ cvwb N) 1% Kw÷K †mvWv ev 5% BDwiqv wgwkªZ cvwb

6| av‡bi L‡oi cÖvPx‡i Kx Kx ˆRe c`v_© _v‡K? K) wjMwbb I †mjy‡jvR L) †mjy‡jvR I †nwg‡mjy‡jvR M) †mjy‡jvR, †nwg‡mjy‡jvR I wjMwbb N) †nwg‡mjy‡jvR I wjMwbb


116

Mvfx cvjb

cvV 5.3 Mvfxi ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z jvjbcvjb I †ivMcÖwZ‡iva c×wZ

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- n Mvfxi ^v ’ m¤§Z jvjbcvj‡bi wewaeë ’v¸‡jvi bvg wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| n Mvfxi cÖRbb I cÖm‡e wbRx©evYy c×wZ Aej¤^‡bi c×wZ e¨vL¨v K‡i wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| n Kxfv‡e Amy ’ Mvfx‡K my ’ ‡jvi †_‡K c„_K Ki‡eb I g„Z Mvfxi mrKvi Ki‡eb Zv

ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| n bvg, eënvi gvÎv, cÖ‡qvM c×wZ I mgqmn Mvfxi wewfbœ msµvgK †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡laK

wUKv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Mvfxi ^v ’ m¤§Z jvjbcvjb wel‡q B‡Zvg‡a¨B Mvfxi evm ’vb I cwiPh©v cvV †_‡K Avgiv wKQyUv †R‡bwQ| G cv‡V Mvfxi ^v ’ m¤§Z jvjbcvjb welqwU AviI mywbw`©ófv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ^v ’ m¤§Z jvjbcvjb ej‡Z Ggb KZ¸‡jv ¯^v¯’¨MZ wewaeë¯’v‡K †evSvq hv G hverKvj mviv c„w_ex‡Z cïm¤ú` Drcv`‡b eëüZ n‡q G‡m‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv-

¯^v ’ m¤§Z jvjbcvjb ej‡Z Ggb KZ¸‡jv ¯^v¯’¨MZ wewaeë ’v‡K †evSvq hv G hverKvj mviv c„w_ex‡Z cïm¤ú` Drcv`‡b eëüZ n‡q G‡m‡Q|

1. evm ’vb wbg©v‡Y Av‡jv-evZv‡mi eë¯’v I `y‡hv©M wbeviY Kiv, 2. Lv`¨ I cvwbi cvÎ cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ivLv, 3. cÖRbb I cÖm‡e wbRx©evby c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv, 4. gjg~Î wb®‹vkb Kiv, 5. Amy ’ Mvfx c„_KxKiY I g„Z Mvfxi mrKvi, 6. wbqwgZ K…wgbvkK eënvi Kiv, 7. msµvgK e¨vwai cÖwZ‡laK wUKv cÖ‡qvM Kiv BZ¨vw`|

GLv‡b G¸‡jv we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

1. evm ’vb wbg©v‡Y Av‡jv-evZv‡mi eë ’v I `y‡hv©M wbeviY Kiv †Mvkvjv Ggbfv‡e wbgv©Y Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z G‡Z Mvfxi Rb¨ ch©vß Av‡jv-evZvm I cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi eë¯’v _v‡K|

†Mvkvjv Ggbfv‡e wbgv©Y Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Mvfxi Rb¨ ch©vß Av‡jv-evZv‡mi eë ’v _v‡K| GKB mv‡_ G‡Z Mvfx‡K cÖvK…wZK y‡hv©M †_‡K i¶v KiviI eë ’v _vK‡Z n‡e| †h †Kv‡bv ga¨g AvKv‡ii Mvfx cÖwZw`b 90.1 †KwRi (200 cvDÛ) AwaK evZvm MÖnY K‡i| cÖk¦vmK…Z evZv‡m Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi (CO

2) AvwaK¨ 0.03% †_‡K 5.53%-G DbœxZ nq| Avi

Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY 20.94% †_‡K 14.29%-G K‡g hvq| GKwU Mvfx †_‡K Ab¨wU Kgc‡¶ 1.5 wgUvi (5 dzU) `~‡i ivLv DwPZ| †Mvkvjv wbgv©‡Yi mgq G welqwU we‡ePbvq ivLv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| †Mvkvjvi RvqMv eivÏI G wfwË‡ZB Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z Mvfxi ^v ’ fv‡jv _vK‡e|

2. Lv`¨ I cvwbi cvÎ cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ivLv Lv`¨ I cvwbi cvÎ me mgq

cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ivL‡Z n‡e| Lv`¨ I cvwbi cvÎ me mgq cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ivL‡Z n‡e| KviY, cvÎ Acwi”Qbœ I †bvsiv _vK‡j G‡Z mn‡RB wewfbœ †ivMRxevYy evmv eva‡e I d‡j Mvfxi †ivMvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv †`‡e| Kv‡RB G w`KUvq we‡kl bRi w`‡Z n‡e|

3. cÖRbb I cÖm‡e wbRx©evYy c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv

K…wÎg cÖRb‡b †ivMe¨vwa Qov‡bvi cÖ‡Kvc Kg _vK‡jI wbRx©evYy c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv bv n‡j †ivMe¨vwa Qov‡Z cv‡i|

cÖRbb I cÖm‡ei gva¨‡g Mvfx‡Z †ivMe¨vwa Qov‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ cÖvK…wZK c×wZ‡Z luv‡oi gva¨‡g cªRbb Kiv‡j G m¤¢vebvUv †ewk _v‡K| K…wÎg cÖRb‡b †ivMe¨vwa Qov‡bvi cÖ‡Kvc A‡bK K‡g hvq| wKš‘ Zv hw` wbRx©evYy c×wZ‡Z Kiv bv nq Zvn‡j †ivMe¨vwa Qov‡Z cv‡i, we‡kl K‡i †hŠb †ivMmg~n| myZivs K…wÎg cÖRb‡bi cÖwZwU c`‡¶c wbR©xevYy c×wZ‡Z Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB †hŠbe¨vwa Qov‡bv eÜ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov cÖmeKv‡jI h_vixwZ avÎxwe`¨vi wbqgKvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j Mvfx †ivMRxevYy KZ©„K AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU †Wqwi dvg© ev


117

Mevw`cï cvjb

cvwievwiK y» Lvgv‡i RxevYygy³ avÎxK¶ ivL‡Z n‡e| wbR©xevYy c×wZ eënv‡ii m‡ev©Ëg cš’v n‡jv cwi®‹vi I dzUv‡bv cvwb w`‡q hš¿cvwZ †aŠZ Kiv| evwYwR¨KwfwË‡Z cwiPvwjZ eo `y» Lvgvi¸‡jv‡Z A‡Uv‡K¬f (autoclave) bvgK hš¿ w`‡q hš¿cvwZ RxevYygy³ K‡i eënvi Kiv nq| 4. gjg~Î wb®‹vkb Kiv †Wqwi dvg© ev cvwievwiK y»

Lvgvi †hLv‡bB Mvfx jvjbcvjb Kiv n‡e †mLv‡bB gjg~Î wbM©gY I wb®‹vk‡bi ch©vß eë ’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

†Wqwi dvg© ev cvwievwiK y» Lvgvi †hLv‡bB Mvfx jvjbcvjb Kiv n‡e †mLv‡bB gjg~Î wbM©gY I wb®‹vk‡bi ch©vß eë ’v _vK‡Z n‡e| Mvfxi evm ’v‡b †miKg b ©gv I cqtcÖbvjx ‰Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z gjg~Î DcRvZ wn‡m‡e mvi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kv‡R eënv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU wbw ©ó ’v‡b msi¶Y Kiv hvq| cÖwZw`b AšÍZ GKevi cvwb †X‡j †Mvkvjv cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| gv‡m AšÍZ GKevi RxevYybvkK Ilya, †hgb- wdbvBj (phenyle) ev Av‡qvmvb (iosan) w`‡q †kvab Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z gjg~Î †_‡K Mvfx‡Z †ivMe¨vwa Qov‡bv I cwi‡ek ywlZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv n«vm cv‡e| 5. Amy ’ Mvfx c„_KxKiY I g„Z Mvfxi mrKvi Kiv `y» Lvgv‡i †Kv‡bv Mvfx

msµvgK †iv‡M gviv †M‡j Zvi mrKvi cÖ‡qvRb| g„Z Mvfxi ke‡`n gvwUi 0.5 wgUvi wb‡P MZ© K‡i cuy‡Z †d‡j Zvi Dcwifv‡M Pzb ev wW.wW.wU. (D.D.T.) Qwo‡q †kvab Ki‡Z n‡e|

†h †Kv‡bv y» Lvgv‡i g„Z Mvfxi mrKvi Kivi h_vh_ eë ’v ivL‡Z n‡e| Mvfx †Kv‡bv msµvgK †iv‡M gviv †M‡j Zvi mrKvi cÖ‡qvRb| g„Z Mvfxi ke‡`n gvwUi 0.5 wgUvi wb‡P MZ© K‡i cuy‡Z †dj‡Z n‡e Ges Dcwifv‡M Pzb ev wW.wW.wU. (D.D.T.) Qwo‡q †kvab Ki‡Z n‡e| Avi Amy ’ Mvfx¸‡jv‡K Avjv`v K‡¶ ivLv DwPZ, we‡kl K‡i AmyLwU hw` †Kv‡bv msµvgK e¨vwa nq| †Qvuqv‡P Mf©cvZ ev eªæ‡m‡jvwmm †ivM n‡j Zv ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z wewaeë ’v w`‡qB wbqš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e| †Qvuqv‡P Mf©cvZ Mvfxi GKwU gvivZ¥K e¨vwa| m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z I A ^v ’ Ki cwi‡e‡k G †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi N‡U| G †iv‡Mi Drm me mgqB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv cÖm~wZ Mvfx| cÖm~wZ K‡¶ †Kv‡bv Mvfx _vKvKvjxb 3-4 mßvn ch©šÍ Ab¨ my ’ Mvfxi mskª‡e Avbv hv‡e bv| GKvwaK Mvfx cÖm~wZ n‡j N‡ii g‡a¨ †eov w`‡q Avjv`v K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| ev”Pv cªm‡ei c‡i cÖm~wZ K¶¸‡jv cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges RxevYybvkK Ilya w`‡q †kvab Ki‡Z n‡e| Mf©cv‡Zi †¶‡Î †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK †Rj, U¨ve‡jU ev Bb‡RKkb †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl †¶‡Î Rbbv‡½ WzP (douche) †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e, †m‡¶‡Î A¨vwµd¬vwfb (acreflavin) Qvov Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Ilya w`‡q WzP †`qv hv‡e bv|

wPÎ 62 t GKwU my¯’ mej Mvfx

6. wbqwgZ K…wgbvkK eënvi Kiv ewnt I AšÍt Dfq ciRxexi weiæ‡×B K…wgbvkK eënvi Kiv evÃbxq, we‡kl K‡i hK…r I Abœbvjxi K…wgi Rb¨ †Zv e‡UB|

K…wgi wWg hÎZÎ †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy we‡kl Dc‡hvMx| wewfbœ ai‡bi gvwQ, gkv, DKzb, AvUvwj, Ab¨vb¨ KxUcZ½ I kvgyK K…wgmn †ek wKQy †iv‡Mi evnK| Giv wb‡RivB Avevi ciRxex wn‡m‡e Mvfxi †`‡n Avkªq wb‡q †ek wKQy †ivM m„wó K‡i| myZivs ewnt I AšÍt


118

Mvfx cvjb

Dfq ciRxexi weiæ‡×B K…wgbvkK eënvi Kiv evÃbxq, we‡kl K‡i hK…r I Abœbvjxi K…wgi Rb¨ †Zv e‡UB| GQvovI i‡q‡Q KZ¸‡jv GK‡Kvlx ciRxex| wewfbœ cÖRvwZi K…wgi weiæ‡× KvR K‡i Ggb K…wgbvkK Ilya wbKU ’ †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv wbqwgZ eënvi K‡i Mvfxi K…wg `gb Kiv hvq| 7. msµvgK e¨vwai cÖwZ‡laK wUKv cÖ‡qvM Kiv wbKU ’ †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi

civgk©g‡Zv Mvfx‡K wbqwgZ msµvgK †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡laK wUKv †`qv cï †ivM wbevi‡Yi m‡ev©Ëg cš’v|

Mvfxi msµvgK e¨vwai g‡a¨ Lyiv †ivM (foot and mouth disease), ZoKv (anthrax), ev`jv (black quarter), Mjv‡dvjv (haemorrhagic septicaenia), msµvgK Mf©cvZ (brucellosis), RjvZ¼ (rabies) BZ¨vw` D‡j−L‡hvM¨| GQvovI g¨v÷vBwUm (mastitis) ev IjvbcÖ`vn `y»eZx Mvfxi GKwU AwZ mvaviY †ivM| Dc‡iv³ †ivM¸‡jvi cÖwZ‡laK ev wUKv miKvixfv‡e G‡`‡k ˆZwi nq Ges Zv wewfbœ cï nvmcvZvj I wWm&‡cbmvwi‡Z mieivn Kiv nq| Kv‡RB wbKU¯’ †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv Mvfx‡K wbqwgZ Gme msµvgK †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡laK wUKv †`qv cï †ivM wbevi‡Yi m‡ev©Ëg cš’v| Aek¨ IjvbcÖ v‡ni †Kv‡bv cÖwZ‡laK wUKv †bB| GRb¨ †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv wPwKrmv KivB DËg| mviwY 23-G evsjv‡`‡k cÖ ‘Z Mvfxi wewfbœ †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡laK wUKvi bvg, eënvi gvÎv, cÖ‡qvM c×wZ I mgq D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q| mviwY 23 t evsjv‡`‡k cÖ ‘Z Mvfxi wewfbœ †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡laK wUKvi bvg, eënvi gvÎv, cÖ‡qvM c×wZ I mgq

bvg eënvi gvÎv cÖ‡qvM c×wZ mgq

ZoKv †iv‡Mi wUKv

1 wg.wj. Mjvi wXjv Pvgovi wb‡P Bb‡RKkb w`‡Z n‡e

eQ‡i GKevi wUKv cª‡qvM Kiv nq

ev`jv †iv‡Mi wUKv


6 gvm AšÍi wUKv w`‡Z n‡e

Lyiv †iv‡Mi wUKv

UªvBf¨v‡j›U- 9 wg.wj. WvBf¨v‡j›U- 6 wg.wj. g‡bvf¨v‡j›U- 3 wg.wj.

MjvK¤^‡ji Z¡‡Ki wb‡P Bb‡RKkb w`‡Z n‡e

4-6 gvm cici wUKv w`‡Z n‡e

Mjv‡dvjv †iv‡Mi wUKv


eQ‡i GKevi wUKv w`‡Z n‡e

wiÛvi‡c÷ †iv‡Mi wUKv

1 wg.wj. Pvgovi wb‡P Bb‡RKkb w`‡Z n‡e

GKevi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j K‡qK eQi ch©šÍ cªwZ‡iva ¶gZv _v‡K

Abykxjb (Activity) t Mvfxi †ivMcÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ hv hv Kiv DwPZ Zv hyw³mnKv‡i wjLyb| mvigg© t ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z jvjbcvjb ej‡Z Ggb KZ¸‡jv ¯^v¯’¨MZ wewaeë¯’v‡K †evSvq hv G hverKvj mviv c„w_ex‡Z cïm¤ú` Drcv`‡b eëüZ n‡q G‡m‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv- evm¯’vb wbg©v‡Y Av‡jv-evZv‡mi eë ’v I y‡hv©M wbeviY Kiv, Lv`¨ I cvwbi cvÎ cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ivLv, cÖRbb I cÖm‡e wbRx©evby c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv, gjg~Î wb®‹vkb Kiv, Amy ’ Mvfx c„_KxKiY I g„Z Mvfxi mrKvi Kiv, wbqwgZ K…wgbvkK eënvi Kiv, msµvgK e¨vwai cÖwZ‡laK wUKv cÖ‡qvM Kiv BZ¨vw`| Mvfxi wewfbœ †ivM `g‡bi Rb¨ †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv mg‡q wUKv cÖ`vb I K…wgbvkK eënvi Kiv DwPZ|


119

Mevw`cï cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| cÖwZ N›Uvq GKwU ga¨g AvKv‡ii Mvfx Kx cwigvY evZvm MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i?

K) 75.1 †KwRi †ewk L) 100.1 †KwR M) 90.1 †KwRi †ewk N) 121.1 †KwR

2| Mvfxi cÖk¦vmK…Z evZv‡m Aw·‡Rb KZ % †_‡K K‡g KZ %- G †b‡g Av‡m? K) 20.94% †_‡K 14.29% L) 22.94% †_‡K 16.29% M) 20.94% †_‡K 15.29% N) 21.94% †_‡K 14.29%

3| Mvfxi g„Z‡`n gvwUi KZ Mfx‡i cuyZ‡Z n‡e? K) 1.0 wgUvi L) 0.75 wgUvi M) 0.25 wgUvi N) 0.5 wgUvi

4| evsjv‡`‡k Lyiv †iv‡Mi Kx Kx wUKv Av‡Q? K) g‡bvf¨v‡j›U I WvBf¨v‡j›U L) g‡bvf¨v‡j›U, WvBf¨v‡j›U I UªvBf¨v‡j›U M) WvBf¨v‡j›U I UªvBf¨v‡j›U N) WvBf¨v‡j›U I †UUªvf¨v‡j›U


120

Mvfx cvjb

eënvwiK cvV 5.4 Mvfxi `vbv`vi Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- � wewfbœ Lv`¨ DcKiY AvbycvwZK nv‡i wgwk‡q y»eZx Mvfxi Rb¨ `vbv`vi Lv`¨ cÖ ‘Z

Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvmw½K Z_¨

Lv`¨ ˆZwii c×wZ me Mvfxi Rb¨B GKB iKg| Z‡e cvjb c×wZ I D‡Ï‡kï wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ DcKiY¸‡jvi cwigvY Kg‡ewk n‡q _v‡K|

y»eZx Mvfxi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ DcKiY I Lv`¨ZvwjKvmg~n ZvwË¡K cv‡V (cvV 5.3) Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Lv`¨ ˆZwii c×wZ me Mvfxi Rb¨B GKB iKg| Z‡e cvjb c×wZ I D‡Ï‡kï wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ DcKiY¸‡jvi cwigvY Kg‡ewk n‡q _v‡K| G cv‡V `y»eZx Mvfxi `vbv`vi Lv`¨ cÖ ‘Z Kivi GKwU bgybv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

y»eZx Mvfxi Rb¨ 10 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï cÖ ‘Z cÖYvjx

cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY GRb¨ mviwY 24-G D‡j−wLZ cwigvY Lv`¨ DcKiY wewfbœ cv‡Î msMÖn Kiæb| ZvQvov Kjg, †cwÝj, ivevi, eënvwiK LvZv, GKwU Qvjvi e Ív BZ¨vwìI cª‡qvRb n‡e|

mviwY 24 t y»eZx Mvfxi `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï DcKiYmg~‡ni cwigvY

Dcv`vb cwigvY

wZ‡ji ˆLj 2.5 †KwR fzÆvi ¸u‡ov 2.5 †KwR M‡gi fywk 2.5 †KwR †Lmvwii Wvj 2.5 †KwR

we‡kl `ªóe¨ t Gim‡½ 60 MÖvg LwYRc`v_© I 120 MÖvg Lv`¨ je‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e|

Kv‡Ri avc

cÖ_‡g N‡ii ïK‡bv †g‡S Svo~ w`‡q cwi®‹vi Kiæb| cwigv‡Y Kg Ggb DcKiY¸‡jv, †hgb- LwYRc`v_©, Lv`¨ jeY cÖf…wZ GKm‡½

fv‡jvfv‡e †gkvb| Gici Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY¸‡jvI ch©vqµ‡g GK‡Î fv‡jvfv‡e †gkvb| G wgkª‡Yi m‡½ c~‡e© wgwkªZ LwYRc`v_© I Lv`¨ je‡Yi wgkªY †hvM Kiæb I fv‡jvfv‡e

wgwk‡q wbb| mg¯Í wgkªYwU e¯Ívq f‡i gRy` Kiæb Ges †mLvb †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx y»eZx Mvfx‡K

†L‡Z w`b|

cwigv‡Y Kg Ggb DcKiY¸‡jv, †hgb- LwYRc`v_©, Lv`¨ jeY cÖf…wZ GKm‡½ fv‡jvfv‡e †gkvb| Gici Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY¸‡jvI ch©vqµ‡g GK‡Î fv‡jvfv‡e †gkvb|

Kv‡Ri avç‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e eënvwiK LvZvq wjLyb I wk¶K‡K †`Lvb|

mveavbZv

†fRv, m¨vuZmu v‡Z ev Acwi”Qbœ ’v‡b Lv`¨ wgwkªZ Ki‡eb bv|

†fRv, m¨vuZmu v‡Z ev Acwi”Qbœ ’v‡b Lv`¨ wgwkªZ Ki‡eb bv| Lv`¨ wgkªY Kivi c~‡e© Aek¨B Lv`¨ DcKi‡Yi ¸Yv¸Y cix¶v K‡i wbb| †fRv ev QÎvKhy³ I ywlZ Lv`¨ DcKiY eënvi Ki‡eb bv|


121

Mevw`cï cvjb

mvigg© t Lv`¨ ˆZwii c×wZ me Mvfxi Rb¨B GKB iKg| Z‡e cvjb c×wZ I D‡Ï‡k¨i wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ DcKiY¸‡jvi cwigvY Kg‡ewk n‡q _v‡K| cwigv‡Y Kg Ggb DcKiY¸‡jv, †hgb- LwYRc`v_©, Lv`¨ jeY cÖf…wZ GKm‡½ fv‡jvfv‡e †gkv‡Z n‡e| Gici Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY¸‡jvI ch©vqµ‡g GK‡Î fv‡jvfv‡e †gkv‡Z n‡e| †fRv, m¨vuZmu v‡Z ev Acwi”Qbœ ’v‡b Lv`¨ wgkªY Kiv hv‡e bv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 5.4 mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b|

1| `vbv`vi Lv‡`¨ wZ‡ji ˆL‡ji cwigvY KZ? K) 0.5 †KwR L) 1.5 †KwR M) 2.5 †KwR N) 3.5 †KwR

2| †Kvb& ai‡bi Lv`¨ DcKiY e¨envi Kiv DwPZ bq? K) †fRv I mu vZmu v‡Z L) QÎvKhy³ M) `ywlZ N) †fRv ev QÎvKhy³ I ywlZ


122

Mvfx cvjb


msw¶ß I iPbvg~jK cªkœ 1| †Mvkvjv ˆZwi‡Z Kx Kx welq we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e? 2| Mvfxi mvaviY eÀf¨vm ev †`vlÎæwU¸‡jv Kx Kx? G¸‡jv Kxfv‡e wbivgq Kiv hvq? 3| Mvfxi cÖRbb I cÖmeMZ cwiPh©v eY©bv Kiæb| 4| Mvfxi Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb nq †Kb? Lv`¨ mylg nIqvi kZ© Kx Kx? 5| †ikb ev Lv`¨ZvwjKv Kx? 200-250 †KwR IR‡bi y»eZx Mvfxi Rb¨ GKwU

Lv`¨ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb| 6| Lv`¨ msi¶Y Kiv nq †Kb? 7| Lo cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi wewfbœ c×wZi myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Kiæb| 8| Mvfxi ^v ’ m¤§Z jvjbcvj‡bi wewaeë ’v¸‡jv Kx Kx? 9| Kxfv‡e cÖRbb I cÖm‡e wbRx©evYy c×wZ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e? 10| evsjv‡`‡k ˆZwi Mvfxi wewfbœ msµvgK †iv‡Mi wUKvi bvg, eënvi gvÎv, cÖ‡qvM

c×wZ I mgq eY©bv Kiæb|

DËigvjv - BDwbU 5

cvV 5.1 1| N 2| L 3| K 4| M cvV 5.2 1| K 2| N 3| M 4| L 5| K 6| M cvV 5.3 1| M 2| K 3| N 4| L cvV 5.4 1| M 2| N


123

Mevw`cï cvjb


124

BDwbU 6 QvMj cvjb

BDwbU 6 QvMj cvjb

wef³ Lyiwewkó (hoofed) †ivgš’K (ruminant) cÖvYx‡ì g‡a¨ QvMj I †fov cÖ_g M„ncvwjZ cï| cÖvq `k nvRvi eQi c~‡e© cÖ_‡g ey‡bv †fov I c‡i ey‡bv QvMj‡K †cvl gvbv‡bv n‡qwQj| Giv AZ¨šÍ DcKvix cÖvYx| G‡ì `ya I gvsm AZ¨šÍ cywóKi Lv`¨| Pvgov, †jvg/ckg I Ab¨vb¨ DcRvZ ªe¨ wewµ K‡i cÖPzi A_© DcvR©b Kiv hvq| QvMj cvjb AZ¨šÍ mnR| Giv AvKv‡i †QvU, ZvB RvqMv Kg jv‡M| G‡ì †ivMe¨vwa Miæi Zzjbvq A‡bK Kg| Giv AZ¨šÍ Drcv`bkxj; GKwU ¿x QvMj ev QvMx †_‡K eQ‡i AšÍZ PviwU ev”Pv cvIqv hvq| ZvB QvMj cvjb K‡i mn‡RB jvfevb nIqv hvq| evsjv‡`‡k cÖavbZ Ô†e½j †MvU (Bengal goat)Õ ev Ôevsjvi QvMjÕ RvZwUB †ewk cvIqv hvq| G‡`‡ki 98% QvMjB MÖv‡g cvwievwiKfv‡e cvjb Kiv nq| †ewki fvM cvjbKvix f‚wgnxb K…lK| hv‡ì c‡¶ Mvfx †Kbv m¤¢e bq, Zviv mn‡RB QvMj wK‡b cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| QvMj‡K ZvB ÔMix‡ei MvfxÕ ejv nq| G‡`‡ki AmsL¨ †eKvi I f‚wgnxb †jvK Ges `yt¯’ gwnjviv QvMj cvj‡bi gva¨‡g mn‡RB AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

G BDwb‡Ui wewfbœ cv‡V QvMj cvj‡b wewfbœ myweavw`, ev”Pv cvjb, evm ’vb I cwiPh©v, Lv`¨, †ivMe¨vwa `gb, ev”Pv‡K Lvwm evbv‡bv cªf…wZ wel‡q ZvwË¡K I eënvwiKmn we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cvV 6.1 QvMj cvj‡b wewfbœ myweavw`

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- QvMj cvj‡b wewfbœ myweavw` ej‡Z cvi‡eb| QvM‡ji ya I gvs‡mi ¸Yv¸Y eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| QvM‡ji Pvgov, †jvg/ckg Ges Ab¨vb¨ DcRvZ, †hgb- nvo, bvwofzuwo, i³, gjg~Î

BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

QvMj cvj‡b myweavw`

QvMj ªæZ eske„w× Ki‡Z m¶g| Giv 6/7 gvm eq‡mB cÖRb‡bi (breeding) Dc‡hvMx nq| QvMx Mf©eZx nIqvi cÖvq cvuP gvm c‡iB ev”Pv cÖme K‡i Ges cÖwZev‡i AšÍZ 2/3wU ev”Pv †`q| Kv‡RB GKwU QvMx †_‡K eQ‡i AšÍZ PviwU ev”Pv cvIqv hvq|

QvMj †QvU cÖvYx; ZvB G‡ì Rb¨ RvqMv Kg jv‡M| Giv wbixn e‡j †QvU †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡qivI cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| QvMj cvj‡b cyuwR Kg jv‡M| GwU f‚wgnxb, ¶z`ª I gvSvwi Pvwl‡ì AwZwi³ Av‡qi Drm|

QvMj cvj‡b cyuwR Kg jv‡M| GwU f‚wgnxb, ¶z ª I gvSvwi Pvwl‡ì AwZwi³ Av‡qi Drm|

†h cwi‡ek ev AvenvIqvq Miægwnl RxebaviY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv QvMj †mLv‡b mn‡RB Lvc LvB‡q †bq|

Miægwn‡li Zzjbvq G‡ì Rb¨ Lv`¨ Kg jv‡M| KviY, QvMj Lv`¨ iƒcvšÍ‡i (feed conversion) Miæi †_‡K †ewk `¶| Giv wewfbœ ai‡bi Mv‡Qi cvZv, Nvm, jZv †L‡q mn‡RB RxebaviY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

Miæi Zzjbvq QvMj †ivMe¨vwa‡Z Kg AvµvšÍ nq| QvM‡ji y‡ai Pwe©i †Mvjv ev KwYKv¸‡jv (fat globules) AZ¨šÍ ¶z ª nIqvq Miæi y‡ai

Zzjbvq mn‡R nRg nq| ZvB e„× I wkï‡ì Rb¨ G `ya AwaK Dc‡hvMx, Dcv‡`q Ges DrK…ó|

Mevw`cï cvjb

QvM‡ji gvsm AZ¨šÍ my¯^v`y I cywóKi| G¸‡jv †gvjv‡qg I big Avukhy³, ZvB mn‡R

nRg nq| Lvwmi gvsm mKj a‡g©i †jv‡Ki Kv‡QB AZ¨šÍ wcÖq| G‡`‡k QvM‡ji gvs‡mi `vg Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk e‡j evwYwR¨Kfv‡e AwaK jvfRbK|

evsjv‡`‡ki †e½j QvM‡ji Pvgovi ¸YMZgvb AwZ DbœZ, ZvB wek¦e¨vcx Gi e¨vcK Pvwn`v| G Pvgov ißvwb K‡i evsjv‡`k cÖPzi ê‡`wkK gy ªv AR©b K‡i _v‡K|

QvM‡ji ya (Goat milk) wewfbœ Mevw`cïi y‡ai g‡a¨

¸‡Ygv‡b QvM‡ji ya †miv| G‡`‡ki †e½j QvMj AZ¨šÍ Aí cwigvY A_v©r 250-500 wg.wj. `ya w`‡q _v‡K| Z‡e Aí n‡jI QvM‡ji ya AZ¨šÍ cywóKi| ¸YMZgv‡b G ya gvbyl ev Miæi `y‡ai †_‡KI †miv (mviwY 25 †`Lyb)| Miæi `y‡ai Zzjbvq G `ya mn‡R nRg nq| y‡ai Pwe©i †Mvjv ¶z ª I mnRcvP¨| ZvB G `ya †ivMx‡ì Rb¨ c_¨ I wkï‡ì Rb¨ Dchy³ Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| wkï‡ì Rb¨ gv‡qi `y‡ai weKí wn‡m‡e QvM‡ji `ya Miæi `y‡ai †_‡K †ewk Dc‡hvMx| KviY, G‡Z h²v †iv‡Mi RxevYy _vKvi m¤¢vebv AZ¨šÍ Kg| GwU A¨vjvwR©K c`v_©gy³ Ges wewfbœ cywó Dcv`v‡b ficyi| G `y‡a wfUvwgb-G, wb‡KvwUwbK A¨vwmW, †Kvwjb, BbwmUj BZ¨vw` †ewk cwigv‡Y Ges wfUvwgb-we6 I wfUvwgb-wm Aí cwigv‡Y i‡q‡Q| `ya GKwU Av`k© Lv`¨ n‡jI Miægwn‡li y‡a wfUvwgb-wm-Gi Afve _vKvq G‡K gvby‡li Rb¨ GKwU m¤ú~Y© Lv`¨ ejv hvq bv| QvM‡ji `y‡a gvbyl I Miæi `y‡ai Zzjbvq K¨vjwmqvg, dmdivm I †K¬vwib †ewk Ges †jvnv Kg _v‡K| GQvovI G y‡a h‡_ó cwigv‡Y †mvwWqvg, Kcvi ev Zvgv I Ab¨vb¨ LwYRc`v_© _v‡K| wKš‘ GZ ¸Y _vKv m‡Ë¡I Avgv‡ì g‡a¨ A‡b‡KB QvM‡ji ya cQ›` K‡ib bv| QvM‡ji ya cv‡b Abf¨¯ÍZv Ges ch©vß cwigv‡Y mnRjf¨ bv nIqv‡KB Gi cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e D‡j−L Kiv hvq|

mviwY 25 t QvMx, Mvfx I ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki `y‡a Dcw ’Z wewfbœ cywó Dcv`v‡bi Zzjbv

cÖRvwZ cvwb (%) Avwgl (%) Pwe© (%) y» kK©iv ev j¨vK‡UvR (%)

LwYRc`v_© (%)

QvMx Mvfx ¿x‡jvK

87.30 87.25 80.30

3.50 3.50 1.19

3.90 3.80 3.11

4.50 4.80 7.18

0.80 0.65 0.21

Drm t Aspinall, K. (1978). First Steps in Veterinary Science, English Language Book Society, London, p. 202.

Abykxjb (Activity) t QvMxi y‡ai wewfbœ cywó Dcv`v‡bi bvg I DcKvwiZv LvZvq wjLyb|

QvM‡ji gvsm (Goat meat) 6-12 gvm eq‡mi QvM‡ji

gvsmB DrK…ó| QvM‡ji gvsm G‡`‡k Lvwmi gvsm bv‡gB †ewk cwiwPZ| Lvwmi gvsm AZ¨šÍ my ^v y I cywóKi cÖvwYR AvwglRvZxq Lv`¨| G gvsm †`L‡Z A‡bKUv Kvj‡P ev †Nvi jvj (dark red) Ges G‡Z Pwe© cvZjvfv‡e mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K| DbœZ we‡k¦ QvM‡ji gvsm †Zgb RbwcÖq bq| †mLv‡b G gvsm Mix‡ei gvsm wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq, ZvB `v‡g †ek m¯Ív| wKš‘, evsjv‡`kmn cvK-fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k QvM‡ji gvs‡mi AZ¨šÍ Pvwn`v| Miæi gvsm †L‡j hv‡ì A¨vjvwR© nq Zviv Lvwmi gvs‡mi IciB †ewk wbf©i K‡ib|

QvM‡ji gvsm wewfbœ ai‡bi cywó Dcv`v‡b ficyi (mviwY 26 †`Lyb)| 6-12 gvm eq‡mi QvM‡ji gvsm DrK…ó| G eq‡mi QvMj †_‡K 43-53% gvsm cvIqv hvq| cvVvi gvs‡m êwkó¨c~Y© MÜ _v‡K e‡j A‡b‡KB Zv cQ›` K‡ib bv| ev”Pv QvM‡ji gvsm wKQyUv AvVv‡jv, big I we‡kl NªvYhy³ nq| G gvsm w`‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi Dcv‡`q Lv`¨ ªe¨ ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Z‡e,


QvMj cvjb

G‡`‡ki †jv‡Kiv mvaviYZ 18-24 gvm eq‡mi Pwe©hy³ Lvwmi gvsm †ewk cQ›` K‡ib| wKš‘, hv‡ì nRgkw³ `ye©j I hviv D”P i³Pv‡c †fv‡Mb Zv‡ì Rb¨ Pwe©hy³ gvsm ¶wZKi|

DrK…ó gvs‡mi êwkó¨

DrK…ó gvs‡mi g‡a¨ i‡³i wkiv-Dcwkiv¸‡jv i³k~b¨ _vK‡e| gvs‡mi iO Kvj‡P ev †Nvi jvj n‡e| Pwe© AZ¨šÍ ZvRv n‡e hv †fovi gvs‡mi b¨vq Avu‡ki fvu‡R fvu‡R _vK‡e bv| eis gvs‡mi

Dc‡i GKUv cvZjv Avei‡Yi g‡Zv _vK‡e| Pwe© mv`v †_‡K njy` e‡Y©i n‡Z cv‡i| gvs‡mi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv ai‡bi A ^vfvweK MÜ _vK‡e bv| gvsm ZvRv I D¾¡j n‡e|

mviwY 26 t QvM‡ji gvs‡m Dcw¯’Z wewfbœ cywó Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY

cywó Dcv`vb cwigvY

cvwb Avwgl Pwe© LwYRc`v_© K¨vjwmqvg dmdivm

74.2% 21.4% 3.6% 1.1%

12.0 wgwjMÖvg/100 MÖvg 193.0 wgwjMÖvg/100 MÖvg

Drm t Banerjee,G.C.(1989). A Textbook of Animal Husbandry (6th ed.), Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., India, p. 537.

QvM‡ji Pvgov (Goat skin) QvM‡ji Pvgov AZ¨šÍ g~jëvb m¤ú`| G Pvgov‡Z mvie ‘ I `vbv`vi Ask †fovi Pvgovi Zzjvbvq †ewk _v‡K| QvM‡ji †jvg †fovi ck‡gi g‡Zv †cuPv‡bv ev †KvuKov‡bv bq Ges G‡ì †Mvov †fovi g‡Zv Pvgovi †ewk Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i bv| d‡j Pvgov cvKv Kivi ci †jv‡gi †Mvov †kvlK ev ¯úwÄ (spongy) wn‡m‡e Pvgovi g‡a¨ †_‡K hvq bv| ZvB Pvgovi gvb nq AwZ DbœZ| †QvU, †ikwg I my›ì †jv‡g Ave„Z Pvgov eo, j¤^v I iæ¶ †jv‡g Ave„Z Pvgov †_‡K †ewk DbœZgv‡bi nq| mvaviYZ gvsm Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cvwjZ QvMj †_‡K fv‡jvgv‡bi Pvgov cvIqv hvq| AwaK Pwe©hy³ I †gvUv‡mvUv QvM‡ji Zzjbvq Kg Pwe©hy³ wQcwQ‡c QvM‡ji Pvgov DrK…ó| evwYwR¨K w`K w`‡q GKwU QvM‡ji Pvgovi g~j¨ cÖvYxwUi g~‡jï 5-10% n‡q _v‡K| ZvB Pvgov Qvov‡bvi mgq hZœevb n‡Z n‡e †hb Zv †K‡U bv hvq| RvZ‡f‡` GKwU c~Y©eq¯‹ QvM‡ji Pvgov cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi ci 0.75-2.0 †KwR ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ 9-18 gvm eq‡mi QvM‡ji Pvgov †_‡K fv‡jvgv‡bi Ry‡Zv, e¨vM, myU‡Km, cwi‡aq e ¿, R¨v‡KU, Zvey BZ¨vw` ˆZwi nq| wKš‘ `¯Ívbv ˆZwi, eB evuav‡bv cÖf…wZ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ 6 gvm eq‡mi QvM‡ji Pvgov fv‡jv|

QvM ji Pvgov AZ¨šÍ g~‡ jëvb m¤ú`| G Pvgov‡Z mvie ‘ I `vbv`vi Ask †fovi Pvgovi Zzjvbvq †ewk _v‡K|

evsjv‡`‡ki †e½j QvM‡ji Mv‡qi †jvg †QvU, gm„Y I big| ZvB Pvgov big, cyiæ I DbœZgv‡bi| Pvgovi Zš‘ (fibre) AZ¨šÍ Nbfv‡e mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K Ges Pvgov AZ¨šÍ w¯’wZ¯’vcK (elastic) nq| G Pvgov †h †Kv‡bv AvenvIqvq †ewk w`b wU‡K| Av`ª© Rjevqy Ges cvwb‡ZI mn‡R bó nq bv| Gme Kvi‡Y †e½j QvM‡ji Pvgovi Pvwn`v wek¦evRv‡i AZ¨šÍ †ewk| Z‡e, Pvgovi msi¶Y I cÖwµqvRvZKiY eë ’v DbœZ Ki‡Z cvi‡j Pvwn`v AviI eû¸Y e„w× cv‡e|

†e½j QvM‡ji Mv‡qi †jvg †QvU, gm„Y I big| ZvB Pvgov big, cyiæ I DbœZgv‡bi|

Abykxjb (Activity) t †Kvb& ai‡bi QvM‡ji Pvgov †ewk fv‡jv Zv hyw³mnKv‡i wjLyb|


127

Mevw`cï cvjb

QvM‡ji †jvg/ckg (Hair/fleece) A¨vs‡Mviv I Kvwk¥wi Rv‡Zi

QvMj DbœZgv‡bi Dj Drcv`b K‡i|

wewfbœ Rv‡Zi QvMj †_‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi †jvg (hair) Drcbœ nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv Rv‡Zi QvMj, †hgb- A¨vs‡Mviv I Kvwk¥wii ckg (fleece or wool) †_‡K †fovi D‡ji †_‡KI DbœZgv‡bi Dj Drcbœ nq| G¸‡jv h_vµ‡g †gv‡nqvi (mohair) I ckwgbv (pashmina) bv‡g cwiwPZ| †jvg I ckg wKš‘ GK wRwbm bq| mvaviYZ †fovi †jvg‡KB Dj e‡j (e¨wZµg- A¨vs‡Mviv I Kvwk¥wi QvM‡ji Dj)| ck‡gi c„ôZj LvuRKvUv; G¸‡jv †KvuKov‡bv ev †XD †Ljv‡bv I AZ¨šÍ w¯’wZ¯’vcK| ck‡gi Af¨šÍi fv‡M eû ¶z`ª ¶z`ª †Kvl i‡q‡Q| c¶všÍ‡i †jv‡gi c„ôZj gm„Y; G¸‡jv †KvuKov‡bv bq Ges w¯’wZ¯’vcKI bq|

RvZ‡f‡` QvM‡ji †jvg/ckg Lv‡Uv ev j¤^v Ges bvbv e‡Y©i n‡Z cv‡i| Gme †jvg/ckg †_‡K Kv‡c©U, K¤^j, g~jëvb kx‡Zi †cvlvK, weL¨vZ Kvwk¥wi kvj, GgbwK, iwkI ˆZwi Kiv nq| G‡`‡k QvM‡ji †jvg †Kv‡bv Kv‡RB eënvi Kiv nq bv| A_P G¸‡jv we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i cÖPzi ê‡`wkK gy ªv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e| QvM‡ji †jvg/ckg ißvwbi †¶‡Î cvwK¯Ívb kxl©¯’vbxq|

†gv‡nqvi t Zzi‡¯‹i A¨vs‡Mviv Rv‡Zi QvMj †_‡K cÖvß mv`v, big, D¾¡j I DbœZ ¸Ym¤úbœ my‡Zvi g‡Zv ckgB †gv‡nqvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| G¸‡jv 10-25 †m.wg. j¤^v nq| `vwg Pvì I K¤^j ˆZwi‡Z †gv‡nqvi eëüZ nq| cÖwZwU QvMj †_‡K eQ‡i 2.5-4.5 †KwR †gv‡nqvi cvIqv hvq|

ckwgbv t Kvwk¥wi QvM‡ji †jvg‡K ckwgbv ejv nq| ckwgbv †gvUv I iwOb n‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv †`L‡Z D‡ji g‡ZvB| Z‡e AvKv‡i j¤^v, M‡o 2.5 †m.wg. n‡q _v‡K| cÖwZwU QvMj †_‡K eQ‡i M‡o 100-120 MÖvg ckwgbv Drcbœ nq| Drcv`b Kg e‡j `vg A‡bK †ewk| ckwgbv wgwn‡Z¡i (fineness) Rb¨ weL¨vZ|

Abykxjb (Activity) t aiæb, Avcbv‡K ckg I Dj `y‡UvB †`qv n‡jv| Kxfv‡e Avcwb G‡ì g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡eb Zv LvZvq wjLyb|

nvo I bvwofzuwo (Bones and offals) QvM‡ji nvo, bvwofuywo, i³,

gjg~Î wewfbœ K ‡R eënvi vKiv hvq|

QvM‡ji †`‡ni wewfbœ Ask †_‡K cÖvß nvo u‡ov Kivi ci Zv cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i nvumgyiwM I Mevw`cï‡K LvIqv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| nv‡oi u‡ov DrK…ógv‡bi mvi wn‡m‡eI Rwg‡Z eënvi Kiv hvq| nv‡oi u‡ov, bvwofzuwo I gvby‡li Lvevi Abyc‡hvMx gvsm w`‡q nvumgyiwM, KzKziweovj cÖf…wZi Lv`¨ ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Z‡e, cïcvwLi Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e eënvi Kivi c~‡e© G¸‡jv‡K Aek¨B RxevYygy³ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

i³ (Blood)

i³ †_‡K ˆZwi Ôe −vW wgjÕ Mevw`cï nvum, gyiwM I †Kv‡q‡ji Lv`¨ZvwjK

,v

ˆZwi‡Z mn‡RB eënvi Kiv

i‡³ i‡q‡Q DbœZgv‡bi Avwgl I LwYR`ªe¨| i³ †_‡K ˆZwi Ôe −vW wgj (blood meal)Õ Mevw`cï, nvum, gyiwM I †Kv‡q‡ji Lv`¨ZvwjKv ev †ikb (ration) ˆZwi‡Z mn‡RB eënvi Kiv hvq| Z‡e, Lv`¨ZvwjKvq e−vW wg‡ji cwigvY 2-3%-Gi †ewk _vKv DwPZ bq| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, i³ msMÖn I msi¶Y mwVKfv‡e bv n‡j RxevYyi msµgY NUvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| d‡j G Lv`¨ †L‡q cïcvwL †ivMvµvšÍI n‡Z cv‡i|


QvMj cvjb

gjg~Î (Urine and feces) QvM‡ji gjg~Î ev †Mvei I Pbv g~jëvb ˆRe mvi| QvM‡ji gjg~Î ev †Mvei I Pbv g~jëvb ˆRe mvi| G¸‡jv Rwgi De©iZv evovq| KviY, G‡Z

cUvk, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, dmdivm D‡j−L‡hvM¨ cwigv‡Y _v‡K| meyR mvi wn‡m‡e †Mvei I Pbv evsjv‡`kmn fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb, kªxjsKv, B‡›`v‡bwkqv cÖf…wZ †`‡k e¨vcKfv‡e eënvi Kiv nq|

mvigg© t QvMj AZ¨šÍ DcKvix cÖvYx| G‡`‡ki †e½j QvMj DbœZ Rv‡Zi| Giv AvKv‡i †QvU| Miæi Zzjbvq G‡ì †ivMe¨vwa Kg| QvMx eQ‡i 2-4wU ev”Pv cÖme K‡i| QvMj‡K ÔMix‡ei MvfxÕ ejv nq| G‡ì ya I gvsm cywóKi Lv`¨| Pvgov, †jvg/ckg, nvo, i³, bvwofuzwo, gjg~Î cÖf…wZ DcRvZ ªe¨ †_‡K cÖPzi ê‡`wkK gy ªv AR©b Kiv hvq| QvMj cvjb AZ¨šÍ mnR| †eKvi I f‚wgnxb †jvK Ges y ’ gwnjviv QvMj cvjb K‡i mn‡RB AvZ¥Kg©ms ’vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|


129

Mevw`cï cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| QvM‡ji `ya mn‡R nRg nq †Kb?

K) y‡ai Pwe©i †Mvjv eo I mnRcvP¨ L) `y‡ai Pwe©i †Mvjv †QvU I mnRcvP¨ M) y‡ai Pwe©i †Mvjv ¶z ª I mnRcvP¨ N) y‡ai Pwe©i †Mvjv j¤^v I mnRcvP¨

2| A‡b‡KB QvM‡ji `ya cQ›` K‡ib bv †Kb? K) `ya cv‡b Abf¨¯ÍZv I `ya mnRjf¨ bq e‡j L) `y‡ai ¯^v` Kg M) `ya Aí cwigv‡Y cvIqv hvq e‡j N) `y‡ai `vg †ewk

3| QvM‡ji gvs‡mi iO Kx Ges G‡Z Pwe© Kxfv‡e mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K? K) jvj Ges Pwe© gvs‡mi fvu‡R fvu‡R _v‡K L) Kvj‡P ev †Nvi jvj Ges Pwe© gvs‡mi Dc‡i cvZjvfv‡e mwbœ‡ewkZ _v‡K M) njy Ges gvs‡mi fvu‡R fvu‡R _v‡K N) Kvj‡P ev †Nvi jvj Ges Pwe© gvs‡mi wfZ‡i _v‡K

4| †gv‡nqvi I ckwgbv Drcbœ nq †Kvb& Rv‡Zi QvMj †_‡K? K) A¨vs‡Mviv QvMj I †fov †_‡K L) A¨vs‡Mviv I Kvwk¥wi Rv‡Zi QvMj †_‡K M) †e½j I A¨vs‡Mviv Rv‡Zi QvMj †_‡K N) Kvwk¥wi I †e½j Rv‡Zi QvMj †_‡K

5| Lv`¨ZvwjKvq e −vW wg‡ji cwigvY KZ nIqv DwPZ? K) 1-2%-Gi Kg L) 2-3%-Gi †ewk bq M) 2-3%-Gi †ewk N) 5%-Gi g‡Zv


QvMj cvjb

cvV 6.2 QvM‡ji ev”Pv cvjb

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- Kxfv‡e beRvZ QvM‡ji ev”Pvi hZœ wb‡Z nq Zv eywS‡q ej‡Z cvi‡eb| kvj`ya Kx Zv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| ev”Pv QvM‡ji cvjb c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ev”Pv QvM‡ji `ya Qvov‡bvi mwVK mgq ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| ev”Pv QvMj eë¯’vcbv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

beRvZ ev”Pv QvM‡ji (newborn kid) mwVK h‡Zœi IciB G‡ì †e‡o IVv I fwel¨r Drcv`b wbf©i K‡i| beRvZ ev”Pvi †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv _v‡K bv e‡j Giv AZ¨šÍ †ivM ms‡e`bkxj nq| GgZve ’vq mvgvb¨ h‡Zœi Afv‡e ev”Pvi g„Zz¨ NU‡Z cv‡i| ZvB my¯’ mej ev”Pv †c‡Z n‡j †hgb Mf©ve¯’vq QvMxi myôz hZœ I ch©vß Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb cÖmeKvjxb I beRvZ ev”Pvi hZœ †bqv Avek¨K| cÖm‡ei mgq wbKUeZx© n‡j Mf©eZx QvMx‡K we‡kl bR‡i ivL‡Z n‡e Ges †Kv‡bv Amyweav †`Lv w`‡j mgqg‡Zv eë ’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq mvaviYZ †Kvbiƒc mvnvh¨ QvovB ev”Pv cÖme nq| Z‡e Mf© ’ ev”Pvi ev QvMxi RbbZ‡š¿i A ^vfvweK Ae¯’vq cÖmeKv‡j weNœ N‡U| GgZve¯’vq wb‡R UvbvUvwb K‡i ev”Pv cÖme Kiv‡bv wVK bq| eis m‡½ m‡½ cï wPwKrmK ev †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi (Veterinary Surgeon) kiYvcbœ nIqv DwPZ| QvMx mvaviYZ GKvwaK ev”Pv cÖme K‡i| cÖ_g ev”Pv cÖm‡ei 15-20 wgwbU ci mvaviYZ wØZxq Ges GKB mgq AšÍi cieZx© ev”Pv cÖme K‡i| ZvB cÖ_g ev”Pv cÖm‡ei ci †Zgb e¨¯ÍZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| R‡b¥i mgq cyiæl ev”Pv¸‡jv mvaviYZ IR‡b ¯¿x ev”Pv¸‡jvi †_‡K eo nq| †e½j QvM‡ji ev”Pv¸‡jv R‡b¥i mgq M‡o cÖvq GK wK‡jvMÖvg n‡q _v‡K|

ev”Pvi mwVK h‡Zœi IciB G‡ì †e‡o IVv I fwel¨r Drcv`b wbf©i K‡i|

wPÎ 63 t QvMx Zvi m`¨f‚wgó ev”Pvi Mv PvU‡Q

beRvZ ev”Pv QvM‡ji hZœ wbgœwjwLZfv‡e beRvZ ev”Pv QvM‡ji hZœ wb‡Z nq-

1) ev”Pvi k¦vmcÖk¦vm Pvjy Kiv t ev”Pv cÖm‡ei ciciB ev”Pvi bvK I gy‡Li jvjv (saliva) Ges †k−®§v (mucus) cwi®‹vi K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| bZzev k¦vm eÜ n‡q ev”Pvi g„Zzï m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| ev”Pv Rb¥ †bqvi ci k¦vmcÖk¦vm bv wb‡j K…wÎg k¦vmcÖk¦v‡mi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡Î ev”Pvi wRnŸvq myomywo ev bvovPvov w`‡j Kvwk w`‡Z PvB‡e hv k¦vmZš¿‡K Kvh©Kix Ki‡Z mvnvh¨

beRvZ ev”Pvi h‡Zœi g‡a¨ k¦vmcÖk¦vm, kixi cwi®‹vi Kiv, bvwf i¾y KvUv I kvj ya cvb Kiv‡bvB cÖavb|


131

Mevw`cï cvjb

Ki‡e| ZvQvov ev”Pvi ey‡Ki cvuR‡ii nv‡o Av‡¯Í Av‡ Í evi K‡qK Pvc w`‡jI k¦vmcÖk¦vm Pvjy n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI ev”Pvi bvK-gy‡L dzu w`‡q k¦vmcÖk¦vm Pvjy Kiv hvq|

2) ev”Pvi kixi cwi®‹vi Kiv I ïKv‡bv t cÖm‡ei ci QvMx Zvi ev”Pvi kixi, gyL cÖf…wZ wRnŸv w`‡q †P‡U cwi®‹vi K‡i †`q| cÖ_g cÖm‡ei †¶‡Î A‡bK mgq QvMx ev”Pvi Mv Pv‡U bv| G‡¶‡Î ev”Pvi Mv‡q GKUz jeY Qwo‡q w`‡jB PvU‡Z _vK‡e| G‡ZI KvR bv n‡j cwi®‹vi Kvco, PU ev big Lo w`‡q ev”Pvi cy‡iv kixi fv‡jvfv‡e gy‡Q cwi®‹vi K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bvµ‡gB beRvZ ev”Pvi kixi cvwb w`‡q †avqv hv‡e bv| G‡Z VvÊv †j‡M ev”Pv gviv †h‡Z cv‡i| kx‡Z ev AwZwi³ VvÊvq ïK‡bv Kvco ev PU w`‡q ev”Pv‡K †X‡K w`‡Z n‡e| GQvovI Av¸b †R¡‡j ev”Pvi kixi Mig ivLvi e¨e ’v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

3) ev”Pvi bvwf i¾y (Navel cord) KvUv t ev”Pvi bvwf i¾y †`n †_‡K 2.5-5.0 †m.wg. evowZ †i‡L cwi®‹vi RxevYygy³ KvuwP w`‡q †K‡U w`‡Z n‡e| KvUvi ci D³ ¯’v‡b wU¼Pvi Av‡qvwWb ev wU¼Pvi †ebRwqb bvgK RxevYybvkK Ilya jvMv‡Z n‡e| d‡j bvwf i¾y w`‡q †`‡n †ivMRxevYy cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| bvfx i¾y †e‡a bv †`qvB fv‡jv|

4) ev”Pv‡K kvj ya ev Kj÷ªvg (Colostrum) cvb Kiv‡bv t R‡b¥i ci K‡qK NÈv ch©šÍ ev”Pvi †Kv‡bv Lv‡`¨i cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| my¯’ mej ev”Pv R‡b¥i 15-20 wgwbU ci †_‡KB `vuov‡bvi †Póv K‡i Ges cÖ_g `ya A_v©r kvj`ya ev Kj÷ªvg cvb Ki‡Z m¶g nq| ev”Pvi R‡b¥i 1-2 NÈvi g‡a¨B G `ya cvb Kiv‡bv DwPZ| Z‡e Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Aek¨B 24 NÈvi g‡a¨ G `ya cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| hw` `ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y ev”Pv `vuov‡Z ev `ya cvb Ki‡Z bv cv‡i Z‡e QvMx †_‡K `ya †`vnb K‡i Zv †evZ‡j f‡i Pzwli (nipple) mvnv‡h¨ cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e|

Abykxjb (Activity) t aiæb, Avcbvi Lvgv‡i GKwU QvMx ev”Pv w`‡q‡Q| Kxfv‡e beRvZ ev”PvwUi hZœ wb‡eb Zv avivevwnKfv‡e wjLyb|

wPÎ 64 t ev”Pv QvMj gv‡qi ya cvb Ki‡Q

kvj ya ev Kj÷ªvg Kx ev”Pv R‡b¥i ci cÖ_g †h ya

cvIqv hvq ZvB kvj ya| ¯^vfvweK y‡ai Zzjbvq kvj y‡a 3-5 ¸Y †ewk Avwgl _v‡K hv †ivMcÖwZ‡ivax

ev”Pv R‡b¥i ci QvMx †_‡K cÖ_g †h ya cvIqv hvq Zv kvj ya ev Kj÷ªvg bv‡g cwiwPZ| beRvZ ev”Pvi cÖ_g Lvevi wn‡m‡e kvj`ya AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G `ya R‡b¥i w`b †_‡K AšÍZ 3-4 w`b eqm ch©šÍ ev”Pv‡K cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| kvj y‡ai iO njy Ges G ya AvVv‡jv (viscous) nq| `ya Mig Ki‡j Kj÷ªvg RgvU †e‡a hvq| Kj÷ªv‡gi Kvi‡Y cÖ_g 3-4 w`b Miæi `y‡ai b¨vq QvM‡ji yaI gvby‡li cv‡bi A‡hvM¨ _v‡K| ^vfvweK `y‡ai Zzjbvq kvj`y‡a 3-5 ¸Y †ewk


QvMj cvjb

Avwgl _v‡K| G Avwg‡li AwaKvskB †M−vweDwjb (globulin) bvgK Avwgl hv †ivMcÖwZ‡ivax A¨vw›UewWm¤§„× (antibody)| beRvZ ev”Pvi †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv m„wó nIqvi c~e© ch©šÍ kvj ya G‡ì‡K †iv‡Mi Kej †_‡K i¶v K‡i| ^vfvweK `y‡ai †_‡K kvj`y‡a 5-15 ¸Y †ewk wfUvwgb-G _v‡K| ev”Pvi ^vfvweK ^v ’ i¶v I ‰`wnK e„w×i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ab¨vb¨ wfUvwgb I LwYRc`v_©¸‡jvI G `y‡a h‡_ó cwigv‡Y _v‡K| kvj`ya †Kvô cwi®‹viK (laxative), ZvB beRvZ ev”Pvi cwicvKZ‡š¿ †h njy` e‡Y©i wecvKRvZ gj R‡g _v‡K Zv †ei K‡i w`‡q Lv`¨ Aš¿‡K cwi®‹vi K‡i| beRvZ ev”Pv †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y gvZ…nviv n‡j mvaviY `y‡ai m‡½ wW‡gi mv`v Ask ev A¨vjey‡gb (albumen), GK PvgP KW wjfvi †Zj (cod liver oil) I GK PvgP cvwb wgwk‡q weKí ev K…wÎg Kj÷ªvg ˆZwi K‡i cvb Kiv‡bv hvq|

Abykxjb (Activity) t N‡i e‡m K…wÎg Kj÷ªvg ˆZwi Abykxjb Kiæb|

ev”Pv cvjb c×wZ cÖvK…wZK I K…wÎg c×wZ‡Z

QvM‡ji ev”Pv cvjb Kiv nq| `y‡Uv c×wZ‡Z QvM‡ji ev”Pv cvjb Kiv nq| h_v- 1. cÖvK…wZK c×wZ‡Z gv‡qi m‡½ †i‡L I 2. K…wÎg c×wZ‡Z gv wenxb Ae¯’vq nv‡Z cvjb (artificial rearing)| cÖwZwU c×wZiB wKQy wKQy myweav I Amyweav i‡q‡Q| Z‡e, G‡`‡k cÖvK…wZK c×wZwU e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ| G c×wZ‡Z ev”Pv‡K gv‡qi m‡½ †Q‡o †`qv nq| d‡j ev”Pv wb‡Ri B‡”Q Ges cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv gv‡qi KvQ †_‡K `ya cvb Ki‡Z cv‡i| K…wÎgfv‡e gv wenxb Ae¯’vq nv‡Z cvj‡bi †¶‡Î `y‡Uv c×wZ cÖPwjZ| GKwU c×wZ‡Z †evZ‡ji gva¨‡g (bottle feeding) Ges Ab¨wU‡Z evjwZi gva¨‡g (pan feeding) ev”Pv‡ì `ya cvb Kiv‡bv nq| ev”Pviv mn‡RB Gme c×wZ‡Z `ya cv‡b Af¨ Í n‡q hvq| yc×wZi g‡a¨ †evZj c×wZwUB A‡c¶vK…Z fv‡jv I myweavRbK| KviY, ev”Pv †evZ‡ji wbcj Pz‡l `ya cvb Ki‡j Zv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‹ GK ai‡bi DÏxcbvi (stimulation) m„wó nq| G‡Z mn‡RB jvjv (saliva) ˆZwi nq hv ya nR‡g mvnvh¨ K‡i| A‡bK mgq wkï Ae¯’vq gv gviv †M‡j avÎx gv‡qi (foster mother) `ya cvb Kiv‡bvi c×wZI G‡`‡k cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|

gv †_‡K ev”Pv Avjv`v Kiv gv QvMj †_‡K ev”Pv Avjv`v Kiv wbf©i K‡i †Kvb& D‡Ï‡k¨ QvMj cvjb Kiv n‡”Q Zvi Ici| †hgb- gvsm Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cvjb Kiv n‡j ev”Pv‡K †ewk w`b ch©šÍ gv‡qi `ya cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| Avgv‡ì g‡Zv MÖx®§gÊjxq †`‡k mvaviYZ 3 gvm eq‡mi c~‡e© G ai‡bi ev”Pv QvMj gv †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv wVK bq| Z‡e, †hme QvMj †ewk ya †`q Zv‡ì †¶‡Î ev”Pv‡K 3-4 w`b Kj÷ªvgm¤§„× `ya cvb Kiv‡bvi ci Avjv`v K‡i †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges G‡¶‡Î †evZj w`‡q `ya cv‡bi Af¨vm Kiv‡Z n‡e|

gv †_‡K ev”Pv Avjv`v Kiv wbf©i K‡i †Kvb& D‡Ï‡k¨ QvMj cvjb Kiv n‡”Q Zvi Ici|

ev”Pv QvMj eë¯’vcbv

ev”Pvi eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ G‡ì‡K KuvPv Nvm, jZvcvZv I KwVb Lv`¨ ªe¨ LvIqv‡bvi Af¨vm Kiv‡Z n‡e|

mvaviYZ `ymßvn eqm †_‡KB ev”Pviv KuvPv Nvm ev jZvcvZv †L‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i| ZvB G‡ì bvMv‡ji g‡a¨ wKQy wKQy KwP Nvm, jZvcvZv Ges `vbv`vi Lv`¨ ivL‡Z nq| G‡Z Giv Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í KwVb Lv`¨ †L‡Z Af¨¯Í nq| G mgq ev”Pv‡ì Rb¨ cÖPzi Db¥y³ Av‡jv-evZv‡mi eë¯’v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| MÖx®§Kv‡j w`‡bi †ejv Mv‡Qi wb‡P cwigvYg‡Zv RvqMvq †eov w`‡q ev”Pv cvjb Kiv hvq| G‡Z Giv GKw`‡K chv©ß Qvqv †c‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, †`Šov‡`Šwo Ges e¨qvg KiviI cÖPzi my‡hvM cvq hv Zv‡ì ^v ’ i¶vi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ìKvix|

cÖwZwU ev”Pv QvMj‡K R‡b¥i cÖ_g mßv‡n ˆ`wbK 300-325 wg.wj. `ya 3-4 ev‡i cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e|

cÖwZwU ev”Pv QvMj‡K R‡b¥i cÖ_g mßv‡n ˆ`wbK 300-325 wg.wj. `ya 3-4 ev‡i cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| ax‡i ax‡i `y‡ai cwigvY e„w× K‡i 6-7 mßv‡n Zv 750-850 wg.wj.-G DbœxZ Ki‡Z


133

Mevw`cï cvjb

n‡e| `y‡ai weKí Lv`¨ 3 mßvn eq‡mi ci †L‡Z †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i| 3 mßvn †_‡K 3 gvm eqm ch©šÍ ev”Pv‡K w`‡b `y‡ejv `ya ev `y‡ai weKí Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| 10-11 mßv‡n ˆ`wbK `ya mieiv‡ni cwigvY 200-100 wg.wj. bvwg‡q Avb‡Z n‡e| G mgq ˆ`wbK 300-350 MÖvg `vbv`vi Lv`¨ I cÖPzi KwP Nvm, jZvcvZv mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| 3-4 gvm eq‡m `ya cvb Kiv‡bv cy‡ivcywi eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| KviY, G mgq ev”Pv eo n‡q hvq Ges KwVb Lv`¨`ªe¨ LvIqvi Rb¨ G‡ì cvK¯’jx cy‡ivcywifv‡e ˆZwi n‡q hvq|

cÖRb‡bi Kv‡R eënv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ bv _vK‡j 2-3 gvm eq‡mB cyiæl ev”Pv¸‡jv‡K Lvwm K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| KviY, GUv cÖgvwYZ mZ¨ †h, Lvwm Ki‡j gvs‡mi ¸Yv¸Y e„w× cvq| Ab¨_vq G‡ì‡K ¿x ev”Pvi (doe kid) KvQ †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

ev”Pvi eqm ymßvn n‡j cÖ_g evi Ges ygvm c~Y© n‡j wØZxq evi wbav©wiZ gvÎvq K…wgi Ilya †meb Kiv‡Z n‡e|

kir I †ngšÍKv‡j QvM‡ji g„Zz nvi AZ¨waK †ewk _v‡K| G mgq K…wgi AvµgY †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov wbD‡gvwbqv (Pneumonia) Ges G›Uv‡ivUw·wgqv (Enterotoxaemia) e¨vcK nv‡i †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G mgq mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv DwPZ| ev”Pvi eqm ymßvn n‡j cÖ_g evi Ges ygvm c~Y© n‡j wØZxq evi wbav©wiZ gvÎvq K…wgi Ilya †meb Kiv‡Z n‡e|

mvigg© t beRvZ ev”Pvi mwVK h‡Zœi IciB G‡ì †e‡o IVv Ges fwel¨r Drcv`b wbf©i K‡i| beRvZ ev”Pvi h‡Zœi g‡a¨ ev”Pv k¦vmcÖk¦vm Pvjy Kiv, kixi cwi®‹vi Kiv I ïKv‡bv, bvwf i¾y KvUv Ges kvj ya cvb Kiv‡bvB cÖavb| kvj`y‡a †ivMcÖwZ‡ivaK A¨vw›UewW _v‡K| cÖvK…wZK I K…wÎg `yc×wZ‡ZB QvM‡ji ev”Pv cvjb Kiv hvq| ev”Pvi eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ G‡ì Lv‡`¨ KuvPv Nvm, jZvcvZv I KwVb Lv`¨ †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| 2-3 gvm eq‡m cyiæl ev”Pv¸‡jv‡K Lvwm K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| ev”Pvi eqm ymßvn n‡j cÖ_g evi Ges Qgvm n‡j wØZxq evi wba©vwiZ gvÎvq K…wgi Ilya †meb Kiv‡Z n‡e|


QvMj cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| QvM‡ji †e‡o IVv I fwel¨r Drcv`b Kx‡mi Ici wbf©i K‡i?

K) beRvZ ev”Pvi mwVK h‡Zœi Ici L) QvM‡ji Rv‡Zi Ici M) ev”Pvi my¯’Zvi Ici N) ev”Pv‡K mwVKfv‡e LvIqv‡bvi Ici

2| ev”Pvi bvwf i¾y †`n †_‡K KZUzKz evowZ †i‡L KvU‡Z n‡e?

K) 1-2 †m.wg. L) 2-3 †m.wg M) 2.5-50 †m.wg. N) 3-5 †m.wg.

3| ev”Pvi R‡b¥i Kq NÈvi g‡a¨ kvj `ya cvb Kiv‡bv DwPZ?

K) R‡b¥i ci ciB L) 1-2 NÈvi g‡a¨ M) 10-12 NÈvi g‡a¨ N) 24 NÈvi g‡a¨

4| kvj y‡a †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv m„wóKvix †h AvwglwU _v‡K Zvi bvg Kx?

K) A¨vjeywgb L) †M−vweDwjb M) †K‡ivwUb N) Kj÷ªvg

5| ev”Pv QvMj‡K R‡b¥i cÖ_g mßv‡n KZUzKz ya cvb Kiv‡Z nq?

K) 100-200 wg.wj. L) 200-400 wg.wj. M) 750-850 wg.wj. N) 300-325 wg.wj.


135

Mevw`cï cvjb

cvV 6.3 QvM‡ji evm¯’vb I cwiPh©v

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- QvM‡ji evm¯’vb ˆZwii c~e©kZ©¸‡jv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| QvM‡ji N‡ii aib I cÖwZwU QvM‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvY ej‡Z cvi‡eb| QvM‡ji mvaviY cwiPh©v m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| Mf©eZx QvMx I cvVvi cwiPh©v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

QvM‡ji evm¯’vb

GKm‡½ A‡bK QvMj cvjb Ki‡Z n‡j G‡ì evm ’vb weÁvbm¤§Zfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|

Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx‡ì g‡Zv QvM‡jiI ivwÎ hvcb, wbivcËv, Soe„wó, VvÊv, †iv` BZ¨vwì Kej †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ evm ’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| Z‡e, G‡`‡ki MÖvgvÂ‡j cvwievwiK ch©v‡q QvMj cvj‡bi †¶‡Î evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv Avjv`v eë ’v †`Lv hvq bv| †Mvqvj Ni ev †Mvkvjvq Miægwn‡li cvkvcvwk, N‡ii eviv›`v, ivbœvNi cÖf…wZ ¯’v‡b QvM‡ji _vKvi eë¯’v Kiv nq| A‡b‡K RvqMv ¯^íZvi Rb¨ I wbivcËvi Kvi‡Y wb‡R‡ì N‡ii †fZ‡iB QvM‡ji ivZ hvc‡bi eë ’v K‡ib| †ivMgy³ AvenvIqvq †KD †KD iv‡Zi †ejv G‡ì‡K wb‡R‡ì N‡ii cv‡k Mv‡Qi wb‡PB †e‡a iv‡Lb| `yPviwU QvMj cvj‡bi †¶‡Î Gme eë¯’vq †Zgb †Kv‡bv mgm¨v nq bv| wKš‘, GKm‡½ A‡bK QvMj cvjb Ki‡Z n‡j A_v©r Lvgv‡i QvMj cvjb Ki‡Z n‡j weÁvbm¤§Zfv‡e QvM‡ji evm ’vb ev Ni ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ 65 t QvM‡ji Av`k© N‡ii GKwU bgybv QvM‡ji evm¯’vb ev Ni ˆZwii c~e©kZ©

ï®‹ cwi‡ek I AvenvIqvq Ni ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| N‡ii †g‡S †h `ªe¨mvgMÖx w`‡qB ˆZwi Kiv †nvK bv †Kb Zv Aek¨B ï®‹ ivL‡Z n‡e|

NiwU Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zv‡Z mn‡RB cÖPzi Av‡jv-evZvm PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvc, Av ª©Zv cÖf…wZ wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| Ni †Kv‡bvµ‡gB m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z

nIqv Pj‡e bv| G‡Z wewfbœ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K|

Ni †Kv‡bvµ‡gB m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z nIqv Pj‡e bv| G‡Z wewfbœ ciRxex ev †ivMRxevYyNwUZ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk _v‡K|


QvMj cvjb

Ni Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zv‡Z e„wói cvwb cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| gvwUi †`qv‡j Ave× N‡i QvMj cvjb Ki‡j Zv G‡ì ^v‡ ’ i Ici weiƒc cÖfve m„wó K‡i| ZvB †`qv‡ji A‡a©KUv evu‡ki †eov ev B‡Ui Mvu_ywb w`‡q Ges evwKUv PU, wÎcj cÖf…wZ w`‡q †X‡K w`‡j kx‡Zi iv‡Z ev e„wói mgq Giv VvÊvi nvZ †_‡K i¶v cv‡e| e„wó I VvÊv `y‡UvB QvM‡ji Rb¨ cÖPÊ ¶wZKi| G‡Z QvM‡ji wbD‡gvwbqv (Pneumonia) †ivM n‡Z cv‡i|

NiwU gReyZ I Avivg`vqK nIqv PvB| wekªvg I e¨vqvg Kivi Rb¨ N‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi eë ’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

Ni †hb mn‡RB cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ Kiv hvq Ges cvwb wb®‹vk‡bi eë ’v _v‡K| Ni Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zv QvM‡ji Rb¨ wbivc` Avkªq¯’j nq|

Abykxjb (Activity) t Avcbvi Lvgv‡ii QvMj¸‡jv‡K Kxfv‡e e„wói cvwb I VvÛvi Kej †_‡K i¶v Ki‡eb wjLyb|

QvM‡ji N‡ii aib QvMj cvj‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ

ai‡bi Ni i‡q‡Q| G‡`‡k f‚wg Ges LuywUi Dci ’vwcZ NiB †ewk †`Lv hvq|

QvMj cvj‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi Ni i‡q‡Q| Z‡e, G‡`‡k wb‡gœ D‡j −wLZ `yai‡bi NiB †ewk †`Lv hvq| †hgb- 1. f‚wgi Dci ’vwcZ Ni I 2. LuywUi Dci ’vwcZ Ni|

1. f‚wgi Dci ’vwcZ Ni t G ai‡bi N‡iB MÖv‡gi mvaviY M„n¯’iv QvMj cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| G ai‡bi N‡ii †g‡S KvuPv A_v©r gvwU w`‡q, Avav cvKv A_v©r ïay BU wewQ‡q A_ev wm‡g›U w`‡q cvKv K‡i ˆZwi Kiv hvq| G ai‡bi N‡ii †g‡S‡Z ïK‡bv Lo wewQ‡q w`‡j fv‡jv nq| Z‡e, Ni me mgq cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ ivL‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ 66 t f‚wgi Dci ’vwcZ GKwU Ni

2. LyuwUi Dci ’vwcZ Ni t G ai‡bi Ni mvaviYZ gvwU †_‡K 1.0-1.5 wgUvi A_v©r 3.3-4.9 dzU D”PZvq LyuwUi Dci ˆZwi Kiv nq| G RvZxq Ni QvMj‡K gvwUi m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z fve, eb¨vi cvwb, bvjv-b ©gv †_‡K †Pvqv‡bv cvwb cÖf„wZ †_‡K i¶v K‡i| GRvZxq N‡ii †g‡S evuk, KvV BZ¨vw` w`‡q guvPvi g‡Zv K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq| QvMj cvj‡b G ai‡bi Ni AZ¨šÍ myweavRbK| ZvQvov ^v ’ m¤§ZI e‡U| KviY, G ai‡bi Ni cwi®‹vi Kiv mnR Ges QvM‡ji


137

Mevw`cï cvjb

†Mvei I Pbv msMÖn KivI mnR| †g‡Si dvuK w`‡q †Mvei I Pbv wb‡P c‡o hvq e‡j Lv`¨ I cvwb ywlZ nq bv Ges †ivMRxevYy I K…wgi AvµgYI Kg nq|

wPÎ 67 t LyuwUi Dci ¯’vwcZ GKwU Ni

`yai‡bi NiB GKPvjv, †`vPvjv ev †PŠPvjv n‡Z cv‡i Ges QvM‡ji msL¨vi Ici wbf©i K‡i Zv †QvU ev eo n‡Z cv‡i| QvM‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMv QvM‡ji eqm Ges AvKvi evovi m‡½ m‡½ G‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvYI e„w× cvq| mviwY 27-G QvM‡ji cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvY †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| 1.8 wgUvi × 1.8 wgUvi × 1-3 wgUvi A_v©r 5.7 dzU × 5.75 dzU × 3.3-9.8 dzU AvKv‡ii GKwU Ni 10wU ev”Pv QvM‡ji Rb¨ h‡_ó| cÖwZwU c~Y©eq¯‹ †e½j QvM‡ji Rb¨ 0.75 wgUvi × 4.5 wgUvi × 4.8 wgUvi A_v©r 2.5 dzU × 14.75 dzU × 15.75 dzU RvqMvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| cÖwZwU cvVvi Rb¨ †Lv‡ci gvc n‡jv 2.4 wgUvi × 1.8 wgUvi A_v©r 7.9 dzU × 5.9 dzU| Mf©eZx QvM‡ji Rb¨ Avjv`v cÖm~wZ K‡¶i eë ’v _vKv DwPZ| Lvgv‡i QvM‡ji msL¨vi Ici wfwË K‡i Ni †QvU ev eo Kiv hv‡e| Z‡e, j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb cÖwZwU QvMj Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cwigvY RvqMv cvq|

QvM‡ji eqm Ges AvKvi evovi m‡½ m‡½ G‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvYI e„w× cvq|

Abykxjb (Activity) t aiæb, Avcbvi Lvgv‡i `kwU c~Y©eq¯‹ †e½j QvMj Av‡Q| G‡ì Rb¨ †gvU cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvY wn‡me K‡i LvZvq wjLyb|

mviwY 27 t QvM‡ji cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvY

QvM‡ji cÖK…wZ cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvY (eM© wgUvi)

ev”Pv QvMj AMf©eZx QvMj Mf©eZx QvMj cvVv

0.3 1.5 1.9 2.8

Drm t †gv Ídv, G. GBP. Gg. (1995)| QvMj cvjb I wPwKrmv (cÖ_g LÊ), evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, c„. 65|


QvMj cvjb

QvM‡ji cwiPh©v QvMj‡K my ’ mej I Kg©¶g ivL‡Z Ges Gi †_‡K mwVK Drcv`b †c‡Z n‡j mwVKfv‡e cwiPh©v Ki‡Z n‡e|

QvMj‡K my ’ mej I Kg©¶g ivLv Ges QvMj †_‡K mwVK Drcv`b †c‡Z n‡j G‡ì‡K mwVKfv‡e hZœ ev cwiPh©v Ki‡Z n‡e| cwiPh©v ej‡Z mgqg‡Zv Lvevi cwi‡ekb Kiv, Mf©eZx QvMxi hZœ, Amy ’ QvMj‡K Ilya LvIqv‡bv, Ni‡`vi cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ Kiv BZ¨vw` eySvq| cÖwZwU QvM‡ji Rb¨ mvaviY cwiPh©v QvovI Mf©eZx QvMx, beRvZ ev”Pv, cÖRb‡bi cvVv cÖf…wZi Rb¨ wKQy we‡kl cwiPh©vi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

mvaviY cwiPh©vmg~n

QvMj‡K cÖwZw`b mKv‡j Ni †_‡K †ei K‡i †Lvqv‡o (†Lvqvo - w`‡bi †ejv QvMj ivLvi Rb¨ evm¯’v‡bi m‡½ jv‡Mvqv Ni) wKsev N‡ii Av‡kcv‡ki †Lvjv RvqMvq Pi‡Z w`‡Z n‡e| G‡ì‡K e¨vqvg I Mv‡q m~h©wKiY jvMv‡bvi ch©vß my‡hvM cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

Ni †_‡K QvMj †ei Kivi ci Zv fv‡jvfv‡e cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| Lvgv‡i †ewk QvMj _vK‡j Zv‡ì‡K wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ wbRx©evYy cš’vq Kv‡b U¨vM (tag)

b¤î jvMv‡Z nq| GUv †QvU eo †h †Kv‡bv Lvgv‡ii Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| QvMj‡K wbqwgZ mylg Lvevi mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| Lvevi I cvwbi cvÎ cwi®‹vi K‡i Zv

Lv`¨ I weï× cvwb w`‡q c~Y© K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU QvMj‡K Avjv`vfv‡e `vbv`vi Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZw`b wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi AšÍi Lvevi w`‡Z n‡e| mg‡qi †ni‡di Kiv hv‡e bv| cvZvmn Avg-KvVv‡ji Wvj Szwj‡q mieivn Ki‡j fv‡jv nq|

Giv cvwb cQ›` K‡i bv| ZvB wbqwgZ †MvQ‡ji cwie‡Z© eªvk w`‡q N‡l †`n cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †jv‡gi wfZ‡ii gqjv †ewi‡q Avm‡e Ges i³ mÂvjb cÖwµqv e„w× cv‡e| wbqwgZ eªvk Ki‡j †jvg D¾¡j †`Lv‡e I Pvgovi gvb e„w× cv‡e|

cÖwZw`b wbw`©ó mg‡q `y»eZx QvMxi `ya †`vnb Ki‡Z n‡e| ya †`vn‡bi mgq cwi®‹vi-cwi”QbœZv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e|

N‡ii †Kv‡bv QvMj Amy ’ n‡jv wKbv Zv wbqwgZ j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv QvM‡ji g‡a¨ Amy ’Zvi j¶Y †`Lv †M‡j m‡½ m‡½ Zv‡K c„_K K‡i wPwKrmvi eë ’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

mKj eq‡mi QvMj‡K wbqwgZ K…wgbvkK Ilya LvIqv‡Z n‡e I wUKv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

we‡kl cwiPh©v beRvZ ev”Pv QvMj, Mf©eZx QvMj, cÖRb‡bi cvVv cÖf…wZi Rb¨ we‡kl wKQy cwiPh©vi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| beRvZ ev”Pvi cwiPh©v ev”Pv cvjb cv‡V Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi GLv‡b Mf©eZx QvMx I cvVvi cwiPh©v eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

ev”Pv, Mf©eZx I cÖRb‡bi QvM‡ji Rb¨ †ekwKQy we‡kl cwiPh©viI cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|

Mf©eZx QvMxi cwiPh©v t ev”Pv cvjb Aa¨v‡q cÖm½µ‡g G m¤ú‡K© wKQzUv Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| QvMxi Mf©aviYKvj 145 w`b (cÖvq 5 gvm)| QvMxi Mf©aviYKvj c~Y© nIqvi GK/`yB w`b Av‡M ev c‡i ev”Pv cÖm‡ei j¶Y cwijw¶Z nq| ev”Pv cÖme Kivi AšÍZ GK mßvn c~‡e©B Zv‡K cÖm~wZ N‡i ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e| Mf©eZx Ae ’vq QvMx‡K DuPz guvPvq IV‡Z †`qv hv‡e bv| mKv‡j evB‡i Avjv`v †Lvqv‡o ev Mv‡Qi wb‡P †e‡a ivLvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖm‡ei c~‡e© QvMxi Ijvb y‡a cwic~Y© n‡q I‡V| A‡bK mgq Ijvb Lye †ewk k³ n‡q hvq| ZLb ya †d‡j †`qv fv‡jv| Zv bv n‡j IjvbcÖ vn ev g¨v÷vBwUm (Mastitis) †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

cvVvi cwiPh©v t cvVvi cwiPh©v mwVK bv n‡j Gi †_‡K fv‡jvgv‡bi exh© Drcvw`Z n‡e bv| d‡j †m cvVv w`‡q QvMx‡K cÖRbb Kiv‡j fv‡jvgv‡bi ev”Pv n‡e bv| †Kv‡bv cvVvi kvixwiK ye©jZv, c½yZ¡ ev †Kv‡bv †hŠb †ivM _vK‡j †m cvVv cÖRb‡bi Rb¨ evwZj K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|

cvVv‡K wba©vwiZ gvÎvq mylg Lvevi I weï× cvwb cÖ vb Ki‡Z n‡e| wbqwgZ e¨vqvg Ges mßv‡n


139

Mevw`cï cvjb

AšÍZ 2/3 w`b eªvk w`‡q †`n cwi®‹vi K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Zfv‡e hZœ wb‡j I mylg Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡j GKwU cvVv 10-12 eQi eqm ch©šÍ fv‡jvgv‡bi exh© Drcv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|

mvigg© t Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx‡ì g‡Zv QvM‡jiI ivwÎhvcb, wbivcËv, Soe„wó, VvÊv, †iv` BZ¨vwì Kej †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ evm¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| ï®‹ cwi‡ek I AvenvIqvq Ni ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e| Ni Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zv‡Z e„wói cvwb cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| NiwU gReyZ I Avivg`vqK nIqv PvB| QvMj cvj‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi Ni i‡q‡Q| Z‡e, G‡`‡k wb‡gœ D‡j−wLZ `yai‡bi NiB †ewk †`Lv hvq| †hgb- 1. f‚wgi Dci ¯’vwcZ Ni I 2. LuywUi Dci ’vwcZ Ni| LyuwUi Dci ’vwcZ Ni QvMj cvj‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ myweavRbK| yai‡bi NiB

GKPvjv, †`vPvjv ev †PŠPvjv n‡Z cv‡i Ges QvM‡ji msL¨vi Ici wbf©i K‡i Zv †QvU ev eo n‡Z cv‡i| QvMj‡K my¯’ mej I Kg©¶g ivLv Ges QvMj †_‡K mwVK Drcv`b †c‡Z n‡j G‡ì‡K mwVKfv‡e hZœ ev cwiPh©v Ki‡Z n‡e| cwiPh©v ej‡Z mgqg‡Zv Lvevi cwi‡ekb Kiv, Mf©eZx QvMxi hZœ, Amy¯’ QvMj‡K Ilya LvIqv‡bv, Ni‡`vi cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ Kiv BZ¨vw` eySvq| Mf©eZx QvMxi cwiPh©v mwVKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e| cvVvi cwiPh©v mwVK bv n‡j Gi †_‡K fv‡jvgv‡bi exh© Drcvw`Z n‡e bv| d‡j †m cvVv w`‡q QvMx‡K cÖRbb Kiv‡j fv‡jvgv‡bi ev”Pv n‡e bv|


QvMj cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| QvM‡ji Ni m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z n‡j Kx mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i?

K) QvMj †m N‡i mv”Q›`‡eva Ki‡e bv L) wewfbœ ciRxex ev RxevYyNwUZ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _vK‡e M) QvM‡ji ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci weiƒc cÖfve co‡e N) QvM‡ji ˆ`wnK e„w×i MwZ axi n‡q hv‡e

2| G‡`‡k mvaviYZ QvM‡ji †Kvb& †Kvb& ai‡bi Ni †`Lv hvq?

K) GKPvjv I †`vPvjv L) †`vPvjv I †PŠPvjv M) f‚wgi Dci ’vwcZ Ni I LyuwUi Dci ’vwcZ Ni N) ïay f‚wgi Dci ’vwcZ Ni

3| LyuwUi Dci ¯’vwcZ Ni¸‡jv f‚wg †_‡K KZ dzU D”PZvq ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq?

K) 3.3-4.9 dzU L) 1.0-1.5 dzU M) 1.5-3.3 dzU N) 3.5-5.0 dzU

4| cvVvi †Lv‡ci gvc KZ?

K) 0.75 wgUvi × 2.4 wgUvi L) 2.4 wgUvi × 1.8 wgUvi M) 1.8 wgUvi × 1.8 wgUvi N) 2.4 wgUvi × 2.4 wgUvi

5| QvM‡ji †`n wbqwgZ eªvk Ki‡j Kx nq ?

K) i³ mÂvjb cÖwµqv e„w× cvq I Pvgov m‡ZR nq L) †`‡ni †cvKvgvKo aŸsm nq M) Pvgovi gvb e„w× cvq N) †jv‡gi †fZ‡ii gqjv †ewi‡q Av‡m, i³ mÂvjb cÖwµqv e„w× cvq I Pvgovi gvb

e„w× cvq|


141

Mevw`cï cvjb

cvV 6.4 QvM‡ji Lv`¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

QvM‡ji Lv`¨vf¨vm e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| QvM‡ji cwicvK hš¿ ev cvK ’jx m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| QvM‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| QvM‡ji Lv`¨ZvwjKv ˆZwi‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vbmg~‡ni cwigvY ej‡Z I wjL‡Z

cvi‡eb|

QvM‡ji Lv`¨vf¨vm

AZ¨šÍ wbgœgv‡bi Lvevi †L‡qI QvMj RxebaviY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

QvMj Lv‡`ï ZviZg¨ A_©vr wgwó, wZZv, UK, †bvbZv, Svj BZ¨vw` eyS‡Z cv‡i|

QvMj AbymwÜrmy cÖvYx| Lv‡`ï mÜv‡b Giv eû`~i ch©šÍ †h‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi Lv`¨vf¨vm G‡ì cywó Pvwn`v c~i‡Y †ek mnvqZv K‡i| Giv AZ¨šÍ Kó mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖPÊ Livi g‡aÏ A‡bK¶Y cvwb Qvov _vK‡Z cv‡i| cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M ev Lv`¨ NvUwZi mgq AZ¨šÍ wbgœgv‡bi Lvevi †L‡q RxebaviY Ki‡Z cv‡i hv mPivPi Ab¨vb¨ M„ncvwjZ cï Lvq bv| Z…Y‡fvRx cï‡ì g‡a¨ QvM‡ji gyL AZ¨waK k³| Giv G‡ì mPj Dc‡ii †VvuU (mobile upper lip) I cwiMÖvnx wRnŸvi (prehensile tongue) mvnv‡h¨ Abvqv‡m †QvU †QvU Nvm, wewfbœ ai‡bi jZvcvZv, myiw¶Z KvuUv †Svc, Mv‡Qi kvLvcÖkvLv BZ¨vw` †U‡b wQ‡o †L‡Z cv‡i| Giv hv Lvq Zv G‡Kev‡i gy‡o Lvq| QvMj AZ¨šÍ `¶Zvi m‡½ Lv`¨mvgMÖx‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e Drcv`bmvgMÖx‡Z cwieZ©b NUv‡Z cv‡i|

QvMj bvbv ai‡bi Lv`ë¯‘ †L‡Z cQ›` Ki‡jI me mgq GKB ai‡bi Lvevi †L‡Z Pvq bv| ZvB G‡ì Lv‡`¨ êwPÎ _vKv DwPZ| †Kv‡bv GKwU QvM‡ji Dw”Qó Lv`¨ mvaviYZ Ab¨ QvMj †L‡Z Pvq bv| Giv Lv‡`ï ZviZg¨ A_v©r wZZv, wgwó, UK, †bvb&Zv BZ¨vw` eyS‡Z cv‡i| G‡ì Lv‡`ï wewfbœ Dcv`vb¸‡jv gv‡S gv‡S e`‡j †`qv DwPZ| Z‡e, j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb G‡Z Lv`¨ga¨w ’Z wewfbœ cywó Dcv`vb¸‡jvi mylgZvi †ni‡di bv N‡U|

wPÎ 68 t QvMj Mv‡Qi kvLv †_‡K cvZv wQ‡o Lv‡”Q

QvM‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv‡`ï cwigvY Rvbvi Av‡M Zvi Lv`¨ cwicvK hš¿ A_v©r cvK ’jx (stomach) m¤ú‡K© GKUz Ávb ivLv ìKvi| QvMj Miæ, gwnl I †fovi g‡ZvB †ivgš’K (ruminant) cÖvYx| †ivgš’K cÖvYxi êwkó¨ n‡jv Giv Nvm, jZvcvZv A_v©r Z…YRvZxq Lv`ë ‘

QvMj †ivgš’K cÖvYx; G‡ì cvK ’jx PviwU cÖ‡Kvô wb‡q MwVZ|


QvMj cvjb

fv‡jvfv‡e bv wPwe‡q cÖ_‡g wM‡j †d‡j Ges ¶zav †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK hZUv m¤¢e ZvovZvwo †L‡Z †Póv K‡i| c‡i wbwiwewj †Kv‡bv ’v‡b Avivg K‡i Aí wPev‡bv wMwjZ Lv`¨ cybivq gy‡L †diZ wb‡q Av‡m Ges fv‡jvfv‡e wPev‡Z _v‡K| Gici fv‡jv K‡i wPev‡bv Lv`¨ cybivq cvK ’jx‡Z cª‡ek K‡i I PviwU cª‡Kvô Ny‡i Ae‡k‡l ¶z ªv‡š¿ P‡j hvq| G A™¢zZ cÖwµqv‡K †ivgš’b wµqv (rumination) ev wMwjZ Pe©b KvR ejv nq|

Ab¨vb¨ †ivgš’K cÖvYxi g‡ZvB QvM‡ji cvK¯’jxI PviwU RwUj cÖ‡Kvô wb‡q MwVZ| †hgb- 1. cÖ_g cÖ‡Kvô ev iæ‡gb (rumen), 2. wØZxq cÖ‡Kvô ev †iwUKzjvg (reticulum), 3. Z…Zxq cÖ‡Kvô ev I‡gmvg (omasum) I 4. PZz_© cÖ‡Kvô, cÖK…Z cvK ’jx ev A¨v‡ev‡gmvg (abomasum)|

beRvZ ev”Pv QvMj †h‡nZz y‡ai IciB wbf©ikxj ZvB G‡ì cvK ’jxi PZz_© cÖ‡KvôwUB me‡P‡q eo _v‡K| KviY, `y‡ai cwicvK wµqv gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ mij cvK¯’jxwewkó cÖvYxi cvK¯’jxi m‡½ mv`„k¨c~Y© PZz_© cvK¯’jx‡ZB N‡U _v‡K| ev”Pv QvM‡ji A¨v‡ev‡gmvg Zvi cy‡iv cvK ’jxi cÖvq 70% RvqMv Ry‡o _v‡K| eqm evovi m‡½ m‡½ ev”Pvi Nvm, jZvcvZv A_v©r KwVb Lv`ë ‘ LvIqvi Af¨vm M‡o I‡V I y‡ai Ici wbf©ikxjZv Kg‡Z _v‡K| d‡j cvK ’jxi Ab¨vb¨ Ask (we‡kl K‡i cÖ_g cÖ‡Kvô ev iæ‡gb) ax‡i ax‡i e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K Ges A¨v‡ev‡gmvg †QvU n‡Z _v‡K| 2.5-3.0 gvm eq‡m ev”Pv hLb `ya cvb Kiv G‡Kev‡iB †Q‡o †`q Ges cy‡ivcywi Nvm, jZvcvZv I `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï Ici wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o ZLb cvK¯’jxi e„w× m¤ú~Y© n‡q hvq| iæ‡gb cy‡iv cvK ’jxi cÖvq 80%-G `vovq| Avi A¨v‡ev‡gmvg 7-8%-G †b‡g Av‡m| †iwUKyjvg Ges I‡gmvg h_vµ‡g 7-8% I 5% nq|

beRvZ ev”Pv QvMj y‡ai Ici wbf©ikxj e‡j Gi cvK ’jxi PZz_© cÖ‡KvôwU me‡P‡q eo _v‡K|

Abykxjb (Activity) t eqm evovi mv‡_ mv‡_ QvM‡ji ev”Pvi cvK ’jxi wewfbœ cª‡Kv‡ôi AvKv‡ii †h cwieZ©b nq Zv LvZvq wjLyb| QvM‡ji Lv‡`ï †kªwYweb¨vm Ab¨vb¨ Íb¨cvqx cÖvYxi g‡ZvB QvM‡ji Lv‡`¨ wbw ©ó cwigv‡Y Avwgl, kK©iv, Pwe©, LwYRc`v_© I wfUvwgb _vK‡Z n‡e| `ya †`q Ggb QvM‡ji Lv‡`¨ Lvevi jeY Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e| G‡`‡ki A‡b‡Ki g‡a¨B GKwU aviYv i‡q‡Q †h, QvMj cvwb cvb K‡i bv| G aviYvwU mwVK bq| QvMj hv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq cvwb cvb Ki‡Z cv‡i Aek¨B Zvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

Lv‡`ï cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx QvM‡ji Lv`¨‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb- 1. AvukRvZxq Lv`¨, 2. `vbv`vi Lv`¨ I 3. wdW A¨vwWwUfm&|

1. AvukRvZxq Lv`¨ (Roughages) t GRvZxq Lv‡`¨ nRg‡hvM¨ ªe¨ Kg _v‡K| Avu‡ki (fibre) cwigvY 18%-Gi †ewk Ges †gvU cwicvK‡hvM¨ cywó Dcv`vb (total digestible nutrient or TDN) 60%-Gi Kg _v‡K| AvukRvZxq Lv`¨ yai‡bi| †hgb- K. ï®‹ AvukRvZxq Lv`¨ (dry roughages) Ges L. mim ev imv‡jv AvukRvZxq Lv`¨ (succulent roughages)| imv‡jv AvukRvZxq Lv‡`¨ cvwbi cwigvY 75-95% _v‡K| AvukRvZxq Lv‡`ï Drm n‡jv wewfbœ ai‡bi ZvRv Nvm, †hgb- `~e©v, fzÆv, †bwcqvi BZ¨vw`; wewfbœ ai‡bi cvZv, †hgb- KvuVvj, Avg, †cqviv BZ¨vw`; wewfbœ ai‡bi kvKkewR, †hgb- evuavKwc, eiewU, gvwU KjvB BZ¨vw`; wewfbœ ai‡bi jZv¸j¥, Lo cÖf…wZ| RwUj cvK¯’jxm¤úbœ (compound stomach) QvMj AvukRvZxq Lv`¨ †_‡K mn‡RB AwaK cwigv‡Y cywó MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i hv mij cvK ’jxm¤úbœ cÖvYxiv cv‡i bv|

AvukRvZxq Lv‡`¨ nRg‡hvM¨ cywó Dcv`vb Kg _v‡K|

2. `vbv`vi Lv`¨ (Concentrates) t `vbv`vi Lv`¨ ev Lv`¨ wgkªY mycvP¨ I cywóKi Dcv`v‡b (†hgb- Avwgl, kK©iv, Pwe©) m¤§„×| G †kªYxi Lv‡`¨ cvwbi cwigvY Kg, Avu‡ki cwigvY 18%-Gi Kg Ges †gvU cwicvK‡hvM¨ cywó Dcv`vb ev wU.wW.Gb.-Gi cwigvY 60%-Gi †ewk _v‡K| `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï Drm n‡”Q wewfbœ ai‡bi km¨`vbv, †hgb- eyU, Wvj, Mg, gUi,

`vbv`vi Lv‡`¨ cwicvK‡hvM¨ cywó Dcv`vb †ewk _v‡K|


143

Mevw`cï cvjb

fzÆv, Pvj, †Lmvwi BZ¨vw`; g~j I K›`RvZxq Lv`¨, †hgb- †Mvj Avjy, wgwó Avjy, wkgyj Avjy BZ¨vw`; wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆLj, †hgb- wZ‡ji ˆLj, mwilvi ˆLj BZ¨vw`, bvwj ¸o, K…wl wk‡íi DcRvZ cÖf…wZ|

wPÎ 69 t QvMj‡K `vbv`vi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡bv n‡”Q

3. wdW A¨vwWwUfm& (Feed additives) t Lv`¨‡K mylg Kivi Rb¨ Aí cwigv‡Y wewfbœ ai‡bi wfUvwgb I LwYRc`v‡_©i c~e©wgkª ev wcÖwg· (premix) wn‡m‡e GwU `vbv`vi Lv‡`¨ wgwk‡q LvIqv‡Z nq| GQvovI wewfbœ cÖKvi kvKkewR †_‡KI cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wfUvwgb I LwYRc`v_© cvIqv hvq|

AvukRvZxq Lv`¨ †L‡q ïay RxebaviY Kiv hvq| wKš‘ QvMj †_‡K gvsm, ya, Pvgov, †jvg ev ckg cÖf…wZi fv‡jv Drcv`b †c‡Z n‡j Lv`¨ZvwjKvq AvukRvZxq Lv‡`ï m‡½ wewfbœ ai‡bi `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï wgkªY _vK‡Z n‡e| mvaviYZ GK ai‡bi `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï cwie‡Z© GKm‡½ wewfbœ DcKiY (ingredients) GK‡Î †gkv‡j Lv‡`ï ^v` I nRg e„w× cvq| QvM‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywói cwigvY QvM‡ji Rb¨ wewfbœ cywó Dcv`vb wewfbœ nv‡i cÖ‡qvRb nq| mviwY 28-G QvM‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Dcv`v‡bi Pvwn`v D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q| mviwY 28 t QvM‡ji wewfbœ cywó Dcv`v‡bi Pvwn`v

cywó Dcv`vb Pvwn`v

1. ï®‹ c`v_© (dry matter)

gvsm Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ eëüZ QvM‡ji †¶‡Î ˆ`wnK IR‡bi 2.5-3.0% Ges `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ eëüZ QvM‡ji ˆ`wnK IR‡bi 4-8% ï®‹ c`v_© cÖ‡qvRb|

2. kw³ (energy), †hgb- kK©iv I kK©iv mgZzj¨ A_v©r †mœn ev Pwe©RvZxq Lv`¨

K. Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ t QvM‡ji cÖwZ †KwR RxweZ IR‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZw`b 7-8 MÖvg kK©iv ev kK©iv mgZzj¨ Lv`¨ mieivn Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| L. ˆ`wnK e„w×i Rb¨ t GK MÖvg ˆ`wnK IRb e„w×i Rb¨ wZb MÖvg kK©iv ev kK©iv mgZzj¨ Lv`¨ cÖ‡qvRb| M. `ya Drcv`b t cÖwZ wjUvi `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ 300 MÖvg Lv‡`ï (kK©iv ev kK©iv mgZzj¨) cÖ‡qvRb|

3. Avwgl (protein) K. Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ t GKwU 10 †KwR IR‡bi QvM‡ji Rb¨ 4.5-6.4 MÖvg cwicvK‡hvM¨ A‡kvwaZ Avwgl (digestible crude protein) cÖ‡qvRb| L. `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ t cÖwZ wjUvi `ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ 70 MÖvg A‡kvwaZ Avwgl cÖ‡qvRb|

&AvukRvZxq Lv‡`ï m‡½ QvMj‡K wewfbœ ai‡Yi `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï wgkªY w`‡Z n‡e|


QvMj cvjb

cywó Dcv`vb Pvwn`v

4. cvwb (water) 18-20 †KwR IR‡bi QvM‡ji Rb¨ ˆ`wbK 0.5-1.0 wjUvi cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb|

5. ï®‹ Lv`¨ I cvwbi AbycvZ (ï®‹ Lv`¨ t cvwb)

1 t 4

6. LwYRc`v_© (minerals) QvM‡ji cÖwZ †KwR RxweZ IR‡bi Rb¨ 147 wgwj MÖvg K¨vjwmqvg I 72 wgwj MÖvg dmdivm cÖ‡qvRb|

Drm t Devendra, L. and M. Burns (1970). Goat Production in the Tropics, Tech. Comn. Bur. Anim. Breed. Genet., No. 19, Comn. Agric. Bur., Farnham Royal, U.K.

QvM‡ji mylg Lv`¨ ZvwjKv mylg Lv`¨ (Balanced ration) t †hme Lv`¨ wgkª‡Y cï‡`‡ni ˆ`wnK cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ Dchy³ cwigv‡Y I Abycv‡Z me iKg cywóKi Dcv`vb _v‡K †m¸‡jv‡K mylg Lv`¨ e‡j| cÖwZwU QvM‡ji Rb¨ mylg Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb| KviY Lv‡`¨ wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi mylgZvi Afve n‡j QvMj Zvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx cywóKi Dcv`vb cvq bv| d‡j †`nMVb I Drcv`b ¶gZv K‡g hvq|

cÖwZwU QvM‡ji Rb¨ mylg Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb|

Lv`¨ZvwjKv, im` ev †ikb (Ration) t QvMj‡K ˆ`wbK A_v©r 24 NÈvq †h wbw ©ó cwigvY Lv`¨ ev Lv`¨mgwó †L‡Z †`qv nq, Zv‡K Lv`¨ZvwjKv, im` ev †ikb e‡j| mviwY 29-G wewfbœ D‡Ï‡k¨ cvwjZ I wewfbœ eq‡mi QvM‡ji Rb¨ mylg Lv`¨ZvwjKvi GKwU bgybv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

mviwY 29 t D‡Ïk¨ I eqm‡f‡` QvM‡ji mylg Lv`¨ ZvwjKv

Lv`¨ Dcv`vb ev”Pvi mylg Lv`¨ (%)

y»eZx QvM‡ji mylg Lv`¨ (%)

gvsm Drcv`Kvix QvM‡ji mylg

Lv`¨ (%)

Mf©eZx QvM‡ji mylg Lv`¨ (%)

†Qvjv fzÆv/Mg fv½v wZj ev ev`v‡gi ˆLj M‡gi fywk LwYRc`v_© Lv`¨ jeY

20 22 35 20 2.5 0.5

15 37 25 20 2.5 0.5

20 23 30 24 2.5 0.5

50 20 20 7

2.5 0.5

me©‡gvU 100% 100% 100% 100%

Drm t NDRI Karnal, India.

ˆ`wnK IRb Abyhvqx QvM‡ji Lv‡`ï cwigvY QvM‡ji ‰`wnK IRb e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ G‡ì Lv‡`ï Pvwn`vI ev‡o| ZvQvov gvsm, ya BZ¨vw` Drcv`‡bi RbÏ AwZwi³ Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z nq|

QvM‡ji ‰`wnK IRb e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ G‡ì Lv‡`ï Pvwn`vI ev‡o| ZvQvov gvsm, `ya BZ¨vw` Drcv`‡bi RbÏ AwZwi³ Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z nq| Pvi mßvn eqm †_‡KB QvM‡ji ev”Pv‡K `vbv`vi Lv`¨ MÖn‡Yi Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zzj‡Z nq| gv‡qi y‡ai cvkvcvwk eqmwfwËK wbw ©ó ZvwjKv Abymv‡i `vbv`vi Ges meyR Nvm I jZvcvZvRvZxq Lv`¨ mieivn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov Lv‡`ï m‡½ ch©vß cwigvY weï× I cwi®‹vi cvwbI mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| mviwY 30-G IRb‡f‡` ˆ`wbK Lv`¨ I cvwb mieiv‡ni GKwU bgybv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

Abykxjb (Activity) t aiæb, Avcbvi K‡qKwU `y»eZx QvMx Av‡Q, G‡ì Rb¨ mylg Lv`¨ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡eb| Lv‡`¨ †Kvb& Dcv`vb Kx nv‡i †gkv‡eb Zv LvZvq wjLyb| ¯‹zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U

145

Mevw`cï cvjb

mviwY 30 t ˆ`wnK IRb‡f‡` QvM‡ji Rb¨ ˆ`wbK Lv`¨ I cvwbi cwigvY

ˆ`wnK IRb (†KwR)

`vbv`vi Lv‡`ï cwigvY (MÖvg/‰`wbK)

meyR Nv‡mi cwigvY (†KwR/‰`wbK)

cvwb

2.4-4.5 gv‡qi `yaB h‡_ó| cÖwZw`b mKvj I we‡K‡j cÖwZev‡i 200-300 wg.wj. nv‡i `ya cvb Kiv‡bv DwPZ|

- -

5.0-9.0 5 †KwR ˆ`wnK IR‡bi Rb¨ 50 MÖvg Ges cieZx© cÖwZ †KwR ˆ`wnK IR‡bi Rb¨ 50 MÖvg nv‡i Zv e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|

hZUzKz †L‡Z cv‡i ch©vß cwigv‡Y

10.0-30.0 350 MÖvg 2.0-2.5 †KwR ev hZUzKz †L‡Z cv‡i|

ch©vß cwigv‡Y

40.0-70.0 400-500 MÖvg 5-6 †KwR ev B‡”Qg‡Zv ch©vß cwigv‡Y

we‡kl `ªóe¨ t cÖRbb Kv‡R eëüZ QvMj A_v©r cvVvi Rb¨ ˆ`wbK 500-1000 MÖvg `vbv`vi Lv`¨ Ges y»eZx QvMx cÖwZ wjUvi ya Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ ˆ`wbK AwZwi³ 300-350 MÖvg `vbv`vi Lv`¨ mieivn

Ki‡Z n‡e|

Drmt NDRI Karnal, India.

mvigg© t QvMj AZ¨šÍ wbgœgv‡bi Lv`¨ †L‡q RxebaviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giv Lv‡`ï ZviZg¨ A_©vr wZZv, wgwó, UK, †bvb&Zv BZ¨vw` eyS‡Z cv‡i| QvM‡ji cvK ’jx PviwU cÖK‡ô wef³| beRvZK QvMj y‡ai Ici wbf©ikxj e‡j Gi PZz_© cÖ‡KvôwU me‡P‡q eo _v‡K| Lv‡`ï cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx QvM‡ji Lv`¨‡K AvukRvZxq, `vbv`vi I wdW A¨vwWwUfm& G wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| AvukRvZxq Lv‡`ï m‡½ wewfbœ ai‡bi `vbv`vi Lv`¨ I wdW A¨vwWwUfm& wgwk‡q QvMj‡K cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z nq| wewfbœ †`‡k cvwjZ I wewfbœ eq‡mi QvM‡ji Rb¨ mylg Lv`¨ZvwjKvq Lv`¨ Dcv`vbmg~n mwVK nv‡i _vK‡Z nq| QvM‡ji ˆ`wnK IRb e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ Lv‡`ï Pvwn`v ev‡o| Lv‡`ï m‡½ ch©vß cwigvY weï× cvwbI mieivn Ki‡Z nq| QvM‡ji RxebaviY, ˆ`wnK e„w×, `ya ev gvsm Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ G‡ì Lv`¨ wewfbœ Lv‡`¨ Dcv`vb wewfbœ nv‡i †hvM Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e G‡ì Lv`¨ZvwjKvq ï®‹ Lv`¨ I cvwbi AbycvZ n‡e 1t4|


QvMj cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| †Kb QvMj Abvqv‡mB wewfbœ ai‡bi Nvm, jZvcvZv, KvuUv †Svc, Mv‡Qi kvLvcÖkvLv

BZ¨vw` †U‡b wQ‡o †L‡Z cv‡i? K) G‡ì Dc‡ii †VvuU mPj I wRnŸv cwiMÖvnx L) G‡ì Dc‡ii †VvuU w ’i I wRnŸv cwiMÖvnx M) G‡ì wb‡Pi †VvuU mPj I wRnŸv cwiMÖvnx bq N) G‡ì Dci I wb‡Pi †VvuU mPj

2| QvM‡ji cvK¯’jxi cÖ‡Kvô KqwU?

K) GKwU L) wZbwU M) PviwU N) `ywU

3| bevRvZ ev”Pv I eq¯‹ QvM‡ji A¨v‡ev‡gmvg cy‡iv cvK ’jxi h_vµ‡g KZ Ask?

K) cÖvq 60% I 15% L) 50% I 7-8% M) 80% I 10% N) cÖvq 70% I 7-8%

4| `vbv`vi Lv‡`¨ Avuk I wU.wW.Gb. h_vµ‡g KZ nv‡i _v‡K?

K) 18%-Gi Kg I 60%-Gi †ewk L) 18%-Gi Kg I 60%-Gi Kg M) 18%-Gi †ewk I 60%-Gi Kg N) 18%-Gi †ewk I 60%-Gi †ewk

5| GKwU 10 †KwR IR‡bi QvM‡ji Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ KZUzKz cwicvK‡hvM¨ A‡kvwaZ

Avwg‡li cÖ‡qvRb? K) 10.0-12.0 Mªvg L) 5.4-6.5 MÖvg M) 4.5-6.4 Mªvg N) 4.5-7.5 MÖvg

6| 5.0-9.0 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU QvM‡ji cÖwZ †KwR ˆ`wnK IRb e„w×i Rb¨ ˆ`wbK KZUzKz

`vbv`vi Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb? K) 50 Mªvg L) 100 MÖvg M) 70 Mªvg N) 40 MÖvg


147

Mevw`cï cvjb

cvV 6.5 QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa `gb

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa `g‡b RvZxqwfwËK I e¨w³MZ Kvh©µg¸‡jv wjL‡Z I ej‡Z

cvi‡eb| QvM‡ji ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ivM I Zvi cÖwZKvimg~n e¨vL¨v K‡i wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

G‡`‡k GKwU K_v cÖPwjZ Av‡Q †h, QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa Kg nq| K_vwU Aí msL¨K QvM‡ji †¶‡Î mZ¨ n‡jI †hLv‡b †ewk msL¨vq QvMj cvjb Kiv nq (A_v©r Lvgvi) †mLvbKvi mZ¨ bq| KviY, Lvgv‡i KvQvKvwQ _vKvi Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv QvMj msµvgK †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡j AbïvI mn‡RB †m †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q hvq| Lvgv‡i cvwjZ QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa G‡ì eske„w× I Drcv`b e„w×i AšÍivq| Z‡e, G‡`‡k Miæi Zzjbvq QvM‡ji †ivM †ek Kg nq|

QvM‡ji †ivM `g‡bi Rb¨ RvZxqwfwËK Kvh©µ‡g miKv‡ii m‡½ wewfbœ †emiKvix ms¯’vI mswk−ó _vK‡Z cv‡ib|

G‡`‡k Miæi Zzjbvq QvM‡ji †ivM †ek Kg nq|

wPwKrmvi †P‡q cÖwZ‡ivaB †kªq| QvM‡ji †ivM `g‡bI G K_vwUi cÖwZdjb NUv‡Z n‡e|

cÖwZwU QvMj Lvgvwi‡K †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ wbR¯ wKQy c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e Ges †m¸‡jv myôzfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

wPwKrmv kv‡ ¿ GKwU K_v cÖPwjZ Av‡Q ÔwPwKrmvi †P‡q cÖwZ‡ivaB †kªqÕ| A_v©r †ivM n‡j wPwKrmv Kiv n‡e †m Avkvq bv †_‡K Av‡M †_‡KB Ggb KZK¸‡jv eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e †hb †ivMB bv nq| Zvn‡jB †ivM `gb mnR n‡e| QvM‡ji †ivM `g‡bI G K_vwUi cÖwZdjb NUv‡Z n‡e| QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa mwVKfv‡e `gb Ki‡Z cvi‡j G‡`‡k QvM‡ji msL¨v I Drcv`b cÖ‡Z¨KwUB h_vµ‡g cÖvq 30% K‡i e„w× cv‡e| QvM‡ji wewfbœ ai‡bi †ivM `g‡b RvZxqwfwËK Kvh©µ‡gi cvkvcvwk cvjbKvwi‡K wKQz e¨w³MZ Kvh©µgI MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| Gme c`‡¶c myôzfv‡e MÖnY I m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡j QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa `gb mnRZi n‡e| RvZxqwfwËK Kvh©µg GRvZxq Kvh©µg cÖavbZ miKvi MÖnY Ki‡e| Z‡e miKv‡ii m‡½ wewfbœ †emiKvix ms¯’v (Gb.wR.I.) I Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvbI mswk −ó _vK‡Z cv‡ib| RvZxqwfwËK Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jvi myôz m¤úv`b QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi c~e©kZ©| h_v-

QvM‡ji msL¨v wba©viY ev ïgvwi| QvMj wPwýZKiY| QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwai AbymÜvb I wbY©q| QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa wb‡q M‡elYv| †ivMcÖwZ‡iva AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM| †ivM m¤ú‡K© wi‡cvwU©s| QvM‡ji †ivMcÖwZ‡laK Bb‡RKkb ev wUKvi eënvi| †eAvBwbfv‡e cvk¦©eZx© †`k †_‡K QvMj Avg`vwb Kiv|

e¨w³MZ Kvh©µg cÖwZwU QvMj Lvgvwi‡K †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ wbR¯^ wKQy c`‡¶c wb‡Z n‡e Ges G¸‡jv myôzfv‡e cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡gœ G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-

QvM‡ji Ni‡`vi, Lv`¨ I cvwbi cvÎ Ges Ab¨vb¨ eënvh© wRwbmcÎ RxevYybvkK Ilya w`‡q RxevYygy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ì †Mvei I Pbv mwVKfv‡e cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|

wewfbœ eq‡mi QvMj‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v N‡i ev †Lv‡c (pen) cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| me mgq mylg Lv`¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| cPv ev evwm Lvevi mieivn Kiv hv‡e bv| evRvi †_‡K wK‡b Avbv bZzb QvMj Lvgv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ QvM‡ji m‡½ ivLvi c~‡e© AšÍZ

K‡qKw`b Avjv`v †i‡L ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e †h †m †Kv‡bv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ wKbv| †Kv‡bv QvM‡ji g‡a¨ Amy ’Zvi j¶Y †`LvgvÎ Zv‡K Avjv`v K‡i †dj‡Z n‡e Ges

wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|


QvMj cvjb

msµvgK †iv‡M g„Z QvMj‡K Lvgvi †_‡K ~‡i gvwUi wb‡P Mfxi MZ© K‡i Zv‡Z gvwU Pvcv w`‡Z n‡e Ges Dcwifv‡M Pzb ev wW.wW.wU. (D.D.T.) Qwo‡q †kvab Ki‡Z n‡e|

me eq‡mi QvMj‡K wbqwgZfv‡e K…wgbvkK Ilya LvIqv‡Z n‡e I msµvgK †ivMcÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ wUKv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

QvM‡ji cÖavb kÎæ VvÊv ev e„wói cvwbi Kej †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ 70 t †ivMcÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ QvMj‡K wUKv †`qv n‡”Q

QvM‡ji ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ivM I cÖwZKvi QvMj RxevYyNwUZ, ciRxexNwUZ, AcywóRwbZ, wecvKxq I Ab¨vb¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| Gme †iv‡Mi g‡a¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KwU †ivM GLv‡b Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|

ZoKv (Anthrax) ZoKv †iv‡M g„Z QvM‡ji bvK, gyL ev cvqLvbvi iv¯Ív w`‡q i³ †ei n‡Z †`Lv hvq|

ZoKv ev A¨vb_ªv· e¨vwmjvm A¨vb_ªvwmm (Bacillus anthracis) bvgK e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Kvi‡Y nq| G RxevYywU Lv`¨, cvwb, ¶Z ev k¦v‡mi m‡½ QvM‡ji †`‡n cÖ‡ek K‡i| †`‡n cÖ‡e‡ki 1-5 w`‡bi g‡a¨ †iv‡Mi j¶Y †`Lv hvq| A‡bK mgq †Kv‡bv j¶Y cÖKv‡ki c~‡e©B QvMj gviv hvq| g„Z QvM‡ji bvK, gyL ev cvqLvbvi iv¯Ív w`‡q i³ †ei n‡Z †`Lv hvq|

j¶Y t nVvr K‡i LvIqv`vIqv eÜ K‡i †`q| Rvei Kv‡U bv, †jvg Lvov n‡q hvq Ges Kvuc‡Z _v‡K| †cU dz‡j I‡V| †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv 41° †mjwmqvm ch©šÍ IV‡Z cv‡i| k¦vm wb‡Z Kó nq| G †iv‡M g„Z QvM‡ji gqbv Z`šÍ Kiv ev Pvgov Qvov‡bv m¤ú~Y© wbwl×| KviY G †iv‡Mi RxevYy gvwU‡Z 40 eQi ch©šÍ †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges gvbylmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx‡KI AvµvšÍ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wPwKrmv t D‡j−wLZ †h †Kv‡bv GKwU A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK (antibiotic) Ilya †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi wb‡ ©wkZ gvÎvq cÖ‡qvM K‡i mvdj¨RbKfv‡e wPwKrmv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- †cwbwmwjb, A¨vw¤úwmwjb, †UUªvmvBwK¬b BZ¨vw`|

cÖwZ‡iva t G †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡laK wUKv my¯’ Ae¯’vq QvM‡j eQ‡i GKevi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|

wbD‡gvwbqv (Pneumonia) wbD‡gvwbqv RwUj †ivM| Gi RxevYy ev ciRxex¸‡jv Lv`¨ I cvwb, †ivMvµvšÍ QvM‡ji ¯úk© ev k¦vmcÖk¦v‡mi m‡½ Qov‡Z cv‡i|

dzmdz‡mi cÖ`vn‡K wbD‡gvwbqv e‡j| eû Kvi‡Y G †ivM n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- e¨vK‡Uwiqv, fvBivm, ciRxex, QÎvK cÖf…wZi Avµg‡Y| Kv‡RB GwU GKwU RwUj †ivM, G †iv‡Mi RxevYy ev ciRxex¸‡jv Lv`¨ I cvwb, †ivMvµvšÍ QvM‡ji ¯úk© ev k¦vmcÖk¦v‡mi m‡½ Qov‡Z cv‡i|

j¶Y t †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv 410 †m. ch©šÍ IV‡Z cv‡i| k¦vmcÖk¦v‡mi nvi †e‡o hvq| Kvwk nq, bvK w`‡q mw © S‡o| wRnŸv dz‡j hvq I Zv †ei K‡i iv‡L| Lv‡`¨ AiæwP nq, Rvei KvUv eÜ n‡q hvq| wb‡¯ÍR n‡q c‡o I ï‡q _vK‡Z cQ›` K‡i| ¯‹zj Ae GwMÖKvjPvi GÛ iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U

149

Mevw`cï cvjb

wPwKrmv t D‡j−wLZ †h †Kv‡bv GKwU mvj‡dv‡bgvBW MÖæ‡ci ev A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Ilya w`‡q wPwKrmv Ki‡j mydj cvIqv hvq| Z‡e GKvwaK †ivMRxevYy RwoZ _vKvq mwVK Ilya wbev©Pb Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb- mvjdvwWwgwWb, †cwbwmwjb, †UUªvmvBwK¬b, A¨vw¤úwmwjb, UvBjywmb cÖf…wZ|

Lyiv †iv‡M gy‡Li †fZ‡i, †Vvu‡U, wRnŸvq I yB Ly‡ii gvSLv‡b cvwbi b¨vq imc~Y© †dv¯‹v I‡V|

Lyiv ev evZv †ivM (Foot and mouth disease) GwU AZ¨šÍ †Qvuqv‡P ev msµvgK †ivM hv mvaviYZ wef³ Lyiwewkó cªvYx, †hgb- Miæ, gwnl, †fov, QvMj, ïKi, nwiY cÖf…wZ‡Z nq| GK ai‡bi AwZ ¶z ª fvBivm GRb¨ `vqx|

j¶Y t cÖ_‡g R¡i nq| gy‡Li †fZ‡i, †Vvu‡U, wRnŸvq `yB Ly‡ii gvSLv‡b cvwbi b¨vq imc~Y© †dv¯‹v I‡V| LvIqvi mgq Nlv †j‡M †dv¯‹v¸‡jv †d‡U wM‡q jvj i‡Oi Nv‡q cwiYZ nh| Nv‡qi Kvi‡Y gyL †_‡K cÖPzi jvjv S‡o| cv‡q †dv¯‹v nq I Zv †d‡U Nv nq| cv dz‡j I‡V I cv‡qi Nv‡q cPb a‡i `yM©Ü Qovq| Ijv‡bI †dv¯‹v IV‡Z cv‡i| Nv‡q †cvKv co‡Z cv‡i|

wPwKrmv t G †iv‡Mi mwVK †Kv‡bv wPwKrmv †bB| Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ †ivMRxevYy w`‡q hv‡Z ¶Z msµwgZ bv nq †mRb¨ A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Ilya w`‡q wPwKrmv Kiv‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov ¶Z ev Nv A¨vw›U‡mcwUK Ilya w`‡q †ivR `ywZbevi ay‡q A¨vw›U‡mcwUK cvDWvi jvMv‡Z n‡e|

cÖwZ‡iva t cÖwZ 4-6 gvm ci ci wbav©wiZ gvÎvq QvMj‡K Lyiv †iv‡Mi cÖwZ‡laK wUKv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

G›Uv‡ivUw·wgqv (Enterotoxemia) G›Uv‡ivUw·wgqv †iv‡M gyL w`‡q jvjv S‡i, cvZjv cvqLvbv nq Ges 24 NÈvi g‡a¨ QvMj gviv hvq|

K¬mwUªwWqvg cÖRvwZi (Clostridium spp.) e¨vK‡Uwiqv KZ©„K Drcvw`Z Uw·b ev we‡li Kvi‡Y G †iv‡Mi m„wó nq| ïaygvÎ `vbv`vi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡j A‡š¿ emevmKvix G e¨vK‡Uwiqv¸‡jv ZvovZvwo esk e„w× K‡i I G‡ì Uw·b Drcv`‡bi gvÎv †e‡o hvq|

j¶Y t AvµvšÍ QvMj nVvr gviv †h‡Z cv‡i| QvMj nVvr D‡ËwRZ n‡q I‡V, †`n Kvuc‡Z _v‡K| Nyi‡Z _v‡K, †Kv‡bv k³ e ‘i m‡½ gv_v †VwK‡q iv‡L| gyL w`‡q jvjv S‡i| cvZjv cvqLvbv nq| 24 NÈvi g‡a¨ QvMj gviv hvq|

wPwKrmv t wPwKrmv K‡i me mgq mydj cvIqv hvq bv| †cwbwmwjb, †UÆvmvBwK¬bRvZxq A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK eënv‡i gv‡S gv‡S DcKvi cvIqv hvq|

K…wg †ivM (Worm infestation) K…wg †iv‡M AvµvšÍ QvM‡ji †cU eo n‡q hvq Ges QvMj ax‡i ax‡i ye©j n‡q c‡o|

cÖvßeq¯‹ QvM‡ji †P‡q Aíeq¯‹ QvMjB K…wg †iv‡M †ewk AvµvšÍ nq| cÖvßeq¯‹ wdZvK…wg Ges AcÖvßeq¯‹ cvZvK…wg w`‡qB QvMj †ewk AvµvšÍ nq|

j¶Y t AvµvšÍ QvM‡ji †cU eo n‡q hvq Ges QvMj ax‡i ax‡i `ye©j n‡q c‡o| †`‡ni ^vfvweK e„w× K‡g hvq I KgbxqZv bó nq| g‡ji m‡½ gv‡S g‡a¨ K…wgi Ask †ei n‡q Av‡m|

¶zavgv›`¨ †`Lv †`q| cvZjv cvqLvbvI Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wPwKrmv t Mevw`cïi K…wg wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ wewfbœ K…wgbvkK Ilya, †hgb- †g‡eÛvRj, K¨vg‡eÊvRj, _v‡qvwd‡bU cÖf…wZ mwVK gvÎvq †me‡bi gva¨‡g mn‡RB G †ivM wbivgq Kiv hvq| Z‡e, G †iv‡Mi AvµgY †_‡K cï‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ †Wvev I Rjvkq †_‡K msM„nxZ Nvm weï× cvwb‡Z ay‡q LvIqv‡Z n‡e|


QvMj cvjb

mvigg© t QvM‡ji wewfbœ ai‡bi †ivM `g‡b RvZxqwfwËK Kvh©µ‡gi cvkvcvwk cvjbKvwi‡K wKQz e¨w³MZ Kvh©µgI MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| Gme Kvh©µg myôzfv‡e MÖnY I m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡j QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa `gb mnRZi n‡e| QvMj RxevYyNwUZ, ciRxexNwUZ, AcywóRwbZ, wecvKxq I Ab¨vb¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| QvM‡ji RxevYyNwUZ ev msµvgK †ivM `g‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡laK wUKv my¯’ Ae¯’vq †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv mg‡q cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| K…wg wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ K…wgbvkK Ilya wba©vwiZ mg‡q mwVK gvÎvq †meb Kiv‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov K…wgi AvµgY †_‡K QvMj‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ †Wvev I Rjvkq †_‡K msM„nxZ Nvm weï× cvwb‡Z ay‡q LvIqv‡Z n‡e|


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| msµvgK †iv‡M g„Z QvMj‡K gvwUPvcv w`‡q RvqMvwU †kvab Ki‡Z Kx e¨envi Kiv nq?

K) RxevYybvkK Ilya L) Pzb M) wW.wW.wU. N) Pzb ev wW.wW.wU.

2| Lvgv‡i bZzb QvMj Avbvi ci Zv‡K Avjv`v †i‡L ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq †Kb?

K) †m †Kv‡bv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ wKbv Zv †`Lvi Rb¨ L) Zvi AvPvi AvPiY †`Lvi Rb¨ M) bZzb cwi‡e‡k KZUzKz gvwb‡q wb‡Z cvi‡e Zv †`Lvi Rb¨ N) †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv Kiv‡bvi Rb¨

3| ZoKv †iv‡M g„Z QvM‡ji kix‡ii †Kvb& †Kvb& Ask †_‡K i³ †ei n‡Z †`Lv hvq?

K) bvK, gyL I cvqLvbvi iv¯Ív w`‡q L) bvK I gyL w`‡q M) †PvL I Kvb w`‡q N) Pvgov †f` K‡i

4| †Kvb& †iv‡M gyL I cv‡qi Ly‡i †dv¯‹v c‡o?

K) wbD‡gvwbqv L) Lyiv †ivM M) G›Uv‡ivUw·wgqv N) K…wg †ivM

5| †Kvb& †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡j QvM‡ji e„w× K‡g hvq I KgbxqZv bó nq?

K) ZoKv L) wbD‡gvwbqv M) K…wg †ivM N) G›Uv‡ivUw·wgqv


151

Mevw`cï cvjb

e¨envwiK

cvV 6.6 QvM‡ji ev”Pv‡K Lvwm evbv‡bv

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- QvM‡ji ev”Pvi LvwmKiY I Zvi c×wZmg~‡ni bvg wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| ev”Pv‡K Lvwm evbv‡bvi wewfbœ c×wZ¸‡jv wbR nv‡Z K‡i †`Lv‡Z cvi‡eb|

LvwmKiY (Castration)

cyiæl QvMj Qvbvi cÖRbb ¶gZv †jvc ev bó K‡i †`qv‡K LvwmKiY ev †LvuRvKiY e‡j|

mvaviYZ 2-3 gvm eq‡mi g‡a¨B QvMj Qvbv‡K Lvwm Kiv nq|

Lvwm evbv‡bvi †ek KwU c×wZ i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv cªavbZ yfv‡M wef³| h_v- Db¥y³ ev Abve„Z c×wZ I Ave„Z c×wZ|

cyiæl QvMj Qvbvi cÖRbb ¶gZv †jvc ev bó K‡i †`qv‡K LvwmKiY ev †LvuRvKiY e‡j| myweav

G‡Z QvM‡ji wek„•Lj ev AcwiKwíZ †hŠb wgjb †iva nq| LvwmK…Z QvMj †Kv‡bv iKg Amyweav QvovB QvMxi m‡½ GK‡Î cvjb Kiv hvq| G‡Z gvs‡mi gvb DbœZ nq| LvwmKi‡Yi d‡j Giv kvšÍ ^fv‡ei n‡q hvq, d‡j cvjb Ki‡Z †ek myweav nq| cÖRbb bxwZgvjv mn‡R Kvh©Kix Kiv hvq|

Lvwm Kivi eqm mvaviYZ 2-3 gvm eq‡mi g‡a¨B QvMj Qvbv‡K Lvwm Kiv nq| Z‡e 1-2 mßvn eq‡mi ev”Pv‡KI Lvwm Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ GZ Aí eq‡m Lvwm Kiv n‡j fwel¨‡Z G‡`i g~Îc‡_ cv_i nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| LvwmKiY c×wZ Lvwm evbv‡bvi †ek KwU c×wZ i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU c×wZiB myweav I Amyweav i‡q‡Q| c×wZ¸‡jv wb‡gœv³ yfv‡M wef³| h_v-

1. Db¥y³ ev Abve„Z c×wZ (Open method) t †h c×wZ‡Z AÛ‡Kvl_wj (scrotum) A‡ ¿vcPv‡ii gva¨‡g Db¥y³ ev †Q`b K‡i ¯úvi‡gwUK KW© ev ïµevnx bvjx (spermatic cord) †K‡U w`‡q AÛ‡Kvl ev ïµvkq (testes) †ei K‡i †djv nq, Zv‡K Db¥y³ c×wZ‡Z LvwmKiY e‡j| 2. Ave„Z c×wZ (Closed method) t AÛ‡Kvl_wj †Q`b ev Db¥y³ bv K‡i Lvwm evbv‡bvi c×wZ‡K Ave„Z c×wZ‡Z LvwmKiY e‡j| †hgb- K. evwW©‡Rv K¨v‡÷ªUi c×wZ I L. ivevi wis c×wZ| 1. Db¥y³ ev Abve„Z c×wZ‡Z Lvwm evbv‡bv

cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY 1. 2-3 gvm ev Zvi †P‡qI Kg eqmx GKwU cyiæl QvMj Qvbv 2. hš¿cvwZ-

K. hš¿cvwZ ivLvi Rb¨ w÷j ev c−vw÷‡Ki ˆZwi †Uª- 1wU L. †kwfs †e−W- 1wU M. KvuwP (scissors)- 1 †Rvov N. ¯‹vj‡cj (scalpel)- 1wU O. wmwiÄ I myuP (syringe and needle)- 1wU K‡i


QvMj cvjb

P. evuKv myuP (curved traumatic needle)- 1wU Q. bvBjb ev wmé mz‡Zv- cwigvYg‡Zv R. Zz‡jv- cwigvYg‡Zv

3. ivmvqwbK `ªe¨- K. ’vwbK AekKvix ªe¨ (local anaesthetics)- (D`vniY- wjM‡bv‡KBb

nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vivBW, †hgb- †R‡mv‡KBb) L. wU¼Pvi Av‡qvwWb M. Av‡qvmvb (1%) N. mvevb BZ¨vw`

Kv‡Ri avc cª_‡g QvMj Qvbv‡K mwVKfv‡e

wbqš¿Y Kiæb| RxevYybvkKc~Y© (Av‡qvmvb 1%) †Uª‡Z K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ I Zz‡jv wbb| QvMj Qvbv‡K mwVKfv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiæb| G Kv‡R mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKRb mnKvix

wbb| mnKvix †Pqv‡i e‡m ev”Pvi y‡Uv K‡i cv `ynv‡Z a‡i (wPÎ 71 †`Lyb) wbqš¿Y Ki‡eb| GQvovI Kv‡Vi wcwo‡Z ewm‡q wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

wPÎ 71 t Lvwm evbv‡bvi Rb¨ QvM‡ji ev”Pv‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv

AÊ‡Kvl_wji Z¡‡Ki †jvg †kwfs †e−‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ fv‡jvfv‡e †Qu‡P mvevb cvwb w`‡q

cwi®‹vi K‡i wU¼Pvi Av‡qvwWb jvwM‡q wbb| wmwiÄ I m~u‡Pi mvnv‡h¨ 2-5 wg.wj. cwigvY ¯’vwbK AekKvix `ªe¨ wbb| Gi wKQy cwigvY

AÛ‡Kvl_wji Z¡‡Ki wb‡P Ges evwK Ask mivmwi ïµvevnx bvjx ev ¯úvi‡gwUK K‡W© Bb‡RKkb Kiæb| 5 wgwbU A‡c¶v Kiæb| G mg‡qi g‡a¨ AÛ‡Kvl, ¯úvi‡gwUK KW© I AÛ‡Kvl_wj Aek n‡q hv‡e|

AÊ‡Kvl_wji Z¡‡Ki †jvg †kwfs †e−‡Wi mvnv‡h¨ fv‡jvfv‡e †Qu‡P mvevb cvwb w`‡q cwi®‹vi K‡i wU¼Pvi

AÛ‡Kvl_wji Mjv evg nv‡Z aiæb| Wvb nv‡Z ¯‹vj‡cj wb‡q AÛ‡Kvl_wji Z¡‡Ki wbgœvsk "J" AvK…wZ‡Z †Q`b Kiæb| Gevi ¯‹vj‡cj RxevYybvkKc~Y© †Uª‡Z †i‡L Wvb nv‡Zi Av½y‡ji mvnv‡h¨ AÛ‡Kvl‡K †U‡b †ei Kiæb|

¯ŒUvj wjMv‡g›U (scrotal ligament) ¯‹vj‡cj ev KvuwP w`‡q †K‡U ¯úvi‡gwUK KW© bvBjb ev wmé my‡Zv w`‡q k³ K‡i †e‡a wbb| evav ¯’v‡bi cÖvq 2 †m.wg. wbP †_‡K AÊ‡Kvl KvuwP w`‡q †K‡U †djyb|



153

Mevw`cï cvjb

wPÎ 72 (K,L I M) t K. Gfv‡e AÛ‡Kvl_wj aiæb, L. AÛ‡Kvl_wji Pvgovi Dci Gfv‡e †mvRvmywR

KvUzb, M. ¯úvi‡gwUK KvW©mn AÛ‡Kvl_wj Gfv‡e †K‡U †djyb

myweav Ab¨vb¨ c×wZi †P‡q Db¥y³

c×wZ †ewk wbf©i‡hvM¨| Ab¨vb¨ c×wZi †P‡q GwU wbf©i‡hvM¨| A‡ ¿vcPv‡ivËi e¨v_v ev hš¿Yv Ab¨vb¨ c×wZ A‡c¶v Kg|

Amyweav Db¥y³ c×wZ‡Z ¶Z m„wó nIqvq

mn‡RB RxevYy msµg‡Yi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|

¶Z m„wó nIqvq mn‡RB RxevYy msµg‡Yi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y G c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi c~‡e© I c‡i we‡kl mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| 2. Ave„Z c×wZ

K. evwW©‡Rv K¨v‡÷ªUi c×wZ (Burdizzo's Castrator method) cÖvmw½K Z_¨ evwW©‡Rv K¨v‡÷ªUi c×wZ

i³cvZnxb c×wZ| G hš¿ w`‡q ¯úvi‡gwUK KW© †clY Ki‡j ïµvk‡qi i³ PjvPj eÜ n‡q cywói Afv‡e AÛ‡Kvl ywU ax‡i ax‡i ïwK‡q A‡K‡Rv n‡q hvq|

evwW©‡Rv hš¿ Avwe®‹vi‡Ki bvgvbymv‡i G c×wZwUi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G c×wZwU i³cvZnxb c×wZ (bloodless method) bv‡g we‡klfv‡e cwiwPZ| G hš¿wUi †clY Zj `ywU †fvZv nq| Gi mvnv‡h¨ AÊ‡Kvl_wji g‡a¨i ¯úvi‡gwUK KW©‡K cÖej Pv‡c †clY Kiv hvq| G‡Z ïµvk‡qi i³ PjvPj eÜ n‡q cywói Afv‡e AÛ‡Kvl ywU ax‡i ax‡i ïwK‡q A‡K‡Rv n‡q hvq| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY 1. evwW©‡Rv K¨v‡÷ªUi 2. wU¼Pvi Av‡qvwWb 3. Zz‡jv 4. ¯’vwbK AekKvix `ªe¨ (cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a) Kv‡Ri aviv

cÖ_‡g QvMjwU‡K Abve„Z c×wZi b¨vq fv‡jvfv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiæb| AÊ‡Kvl_wji Mjvi Pviw`‡K Zz‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ wU¼Pvi Av‡qvwWb jvMvb| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a ¯’vwbK AekKvix `ªe¨ Abve„Z c×wZi b¨vq cÖ‡qvM Kiæb| cÖ_‡g Wvb cv‡ki AÛ‡KvlwU evg nvZ w`‡q †U‡b AÊ‡Kv‡li 1-2 †m.wg. Dc‡i

AÊ‡Kvl_wji Mjvq ¯úvi‡gwUK K‡W©i Dci Wvb nv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ evwW©‡Rv K¨v‡÷ªUi jvwM‡q †Rv‡i †clY Kiæb| cÖvq Avav †_‡K GK wgwbU ci hš¿wU QywU‡q wbb| Gici ¯úvi‡gwUK KW©wU fv‡jvfv‡e †clY n‡q‡Q wKbv †`‡L wbb|

Gevi †clY Kiv ¯’v‡bi 1 †m.wg. wb‡P cybivq GKB wbq‡g †clY Kiæb|


QvMj cvjb

Wvbcv‡ki ci evgcvkI GKB wbq‡g `yevi †clY Kiæb| Gfv‡e †cl‡Y LvwmKi‡Yi djvdj m‡šÍvlRbK nq|


wPÎ 73 t evwW©‡Rv K¨v‡÷ªU‡ii gva¨‡g QvM‡ji ev”Pv‡K Lvwm evbv‡bv

mveavbZv †cl‡Yi mgq j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb ¯úvi‡gwUK KvW©wU wcQ‡j bv hvq| Z¡‡Ki fvu‡R †hb †clY Kiv bv nq| AÊ‡Kvl †hb †clY Kiv bv nq|

myweav evwW©‡Rv K¨v‡÷ªUi c×wZ‡Z RxevYy msµg‡Yi †Zgb †Kv‡bv SzuwK _v‡K bv|

evB‡ii As‡k †Kv‡bv ¶‡Zi m„wó nq bv| ZvB RxevYy msµg‡Yi †Zgb †Kv‡bv SzuwK _v‡K bv| Amyweav

A‡bK‡¶‡Î evwW©‡Rv K¨v‡÷ªUi KW©‡K †clY Ki‡Z e¨_© nq| Avevi AZ¨waK †cl‡Y AÊ‡Kvl_wji Z¡K I Ab¨vb¨ A‡½i Kjv (tissue) webó n‡Z †`Lv hvq|

evwW©‡Rv K¨v‡÷ªUi c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi ci AZ¨waK e¨_v nq Ges ywZb mßvn ch©šÍ RvqMvwU dz‡j _v‡K|

G c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi ci AZ¨waK e¨_v nq Ges `ywZb mßvn ch©šÍ RvqMvwU dz‡j _v‡K| L. ivevi wis c×wZ (Rubber ring method)

cÖvmw½K Z_¨ G c×wZ‡Z Bjv‡÷ªUi (elastrator) bvgK h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ GKwU k³ ivev‡ii wis ev ejq ev”Pv QvM‡ji AÊ‡Kvl_wji Mjvq cwi‡q †`qv nq| d‡j ïµvk‡qi i³ PjvPj eÜ n‡q hvq| G‡Z cywói Afv‡e ïµvkq AÛ‡Kvl_wjmn ïwK‡q L‡m c‡o| mvaviYZ ev”Pvi 7w`b eq‡mi g‡a¨ G c×wZ eënvi Kiv hvq| Aek¨ GwU Avgv‡ì †`‡k eëüZ nq bv| mvaviYZ e„nr QvMj Lvgv‡i †hLv‡b kZ kZ ev nvRvi nvRvi QvMj cvjb Kiv nq †mLv‡b G c×wZwU eëüZ nq|

ivevi wis c×wZ‡Z Bjv‡÷ªUi bvgK h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ GKwU k³ ivev‡ii wis ev”Pv QvM‡ji AÊ‡Kvl_wji Mjvq cwi‡q †`qv nq| G‡Z ïµvk‡qi i³ PjvPj eÜ n‡q hvq I cywói Afv‡e Zv AÛ‡Kvl_wjmn ïwK‡q L‡m c‡o|

cÖ‡qvRbxq DciKY 1. Bjv‡÷ªUi 2. ivevi wis Kv‡Ri avc

ivev‡ii wis civ‡bvi c~‡e© _wji wb‡P AÊ‡Kvl †b‡g Av‡Q wKbv Zv †`‡L wbb| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, ¯ŒUvj nvwY©qvi (scrotal hernia) †¶‡Î G c×wZ eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|

ivev‡ii wis AÊ‡Kv‡li Dc‡i I AÛ‡Kvl_wji Mjvq (wPÎ 74 †`Lyb) cwi‡q w`b| AÛ‡KvlØq _wji g‡a¨ Av‡Q wKbv Av‡M Zv †`‡L wbb|


155

Mevw`cï cvjb

ev”Pv †hb ch©vß cwigvY gv‡qi `ya cvb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges A¯^w¯’‡eva bv K‡i †mw`‡K

j¶¨ ivLyb| Kv‡Ri avç‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e eënvwiK LvZvq wjLyb I wk¶K‡K †`Lvb|

wPÎ 74 t ivevi wis c×wZ‡Z QvM‡ji ev”Pv‡K Lvwm evbv‡bv

LvwmKi‡Yi wewfbœ c×wZi g‡a¨ ivevi wis me‡P‡q mnR c×wZ|

myweav LvwmKi‡Yi wewfbœ c×wZi g‡a¨ GwUB me‡P‡q mnR c×wZ|

Amyweav

ev”Pvi 7w`b eq‡mi ci ivevi wis c×wZ eënvi Kiv hv‡e v

ev”Pvi 7w`b eq‡mi ci G c×wZ eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv| AÊ‡Kvl_wj L‡m covi Kvi‡Y †QvU ¶‡Zi m„wó nq hv RxevYy msµg‡Yi Rb¨ †ek

SzuwKc~Y© _v‡K|

Abykxjb (Activity) t LvwmKi‡Yi wewfbœ c×wZi g‡a¨ Avcbvi g‡Z QvM‡ji Rb¨ †Kvb&wU me‡P‡q dj`vqK? Avcbvi gZvg‡Zi ¯^c‡¶ hyw³ w`b|

mvigg© t cyiæl QvMj Qvbvi cÖRbb ¶gZv †jvc ev bó K‡i †`qv‡K LvwmKiY e‡j| mvaviYZ 2-3 gvm eq‡mi g‡a¨B QvMj Qvbv‡K Lvwm Kiv nq| Z‡e, 1-2 mßvn eq‡mI Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Lvwm evbv‡bvi †ek KwU c×wZ i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU c×wZiB myweav I Amyweav i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv `yfv‡M wef³| h_v- Abve„Z c×wZ I Ave„Z c×wZ| Ave„Z c×wZ Avevi `yfv‡M wef³| h_v- evwW©‡Rv K¨v‡÷ªUi c×wZ I ivevi wis c×wZ| LvwmKi‡Yi me¸‡jv c×wZi g‡a¨ Abve„Z c×wZ †ewk wbf©i‡hvM¨| G‡Z A‡¯¿vcPv‡ivËi e¨v_v ev hš¿Yv Ab¨vb¨ c×wZ A‡c¶v Kg| Z‡e, ¶Z m„wó nIqvq mn‡RB RxevYy msµg‡Yi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| ZvB G c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi c~‡e© I c‡i we‡kl mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| Ave„Z c×wZi g‡a¨ evwW©‡Rv c×wZ †ewk cªPwjZ| G‡Z †Kv‡bv ¶‡Zi m„wó nq bv| Z‡e, A‡bK‡¶‡Î evwW©‡Rv K¨v‡÷ªUi KW©‡K †clY Ki‡Z e¨_© nq| G c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi ci AZ¨waK e¨_v nq I ywZb mßvn ch©šÍ RvqMvwU dz‡j _v‡K| LvwmKi‡Yi wewfbœ c×wZi g‡a¨ ivevi wis c×wZB me‡P‡q mnR| G‡Z AÊ‡Kvl_wj L‡m covi Kvi‡Y †QvU ¶‡Zi m„wó nq hv RxevYy msµg‡Yi Rb¨ †ek SzuwKc~Y© _v‡K| Z‡e, ev”Pvi 7w`b eq‡mi ci G c×wZ eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|


QvMj cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| ev”Pv‡K Lvwm evbv‡bvi gv‡b Kx?

K) ev”Pvi cÖRbb ¶gZv e„w×KiY L) ev”Pvi cÖRbb ¶gZv †jvc ev bó K‡i †`qv M) ev”Pvi cÖRbb ¶gZv AvswkK †jvc Kiv N) ev”Pvi cÖRbb ¶gZv wKQyUv e„w× Kiv

2| Lvwm evbv‡bvi c×wZi cÖavb fvM¸‡jvi bvg Kx? K) Db¥y³ ev Abve„Z c×wZ I Ave„Z c×wZ L) Db¥y³ c×wZ I evwW©‡Rv c×wZ M) evwW©‡Rv I ivevi wis c×wZ N) ivevi wis I Ave„Z c×wZ

3| mvaviYZ me©wbgœ I m‡ev©”P KZ eq‡m QvM‡ji ev”Pv‡K Lvwm evbv‡bv nq ? K) 1-2 mßvn I 2-3 gvm L) 1 mßvn I 3 gvm M) 1 mßvn I 2-3 gvm N) 1-2 mßvn I 2 gvm

4| Abve„Z c×wZ‡Z AÊ‡Kvl_wji Z¡‡Ki wbgœvsk Kx AvK…wZ‡Z †Q`b Ki‡Z nq ?

K) "U" AvK…wZ‡Z L) "L" AvK…wZ‡Z M) "V" AvK…wZ‡Z N) "J" AvK…wZ‡Z

5| Kx †ivM _vK‡j ivevi wis c×wZ e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv?

K) ¯ŒUvj nvwY©qv L) Avw¤^wjK¨vj nvwY©qv M) †iKUvj nvwY©qv N) A¨ve‡Wvwgbvj nvwY©qv


157

Mevw`cï cvjb

eënvwiK cvV 6.7 QvM‡ji Rb¨ `vbv`vi Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘Z Kiv

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- wewfbœ Lv`¨ DcKiY AvbycvwZK nv‡i wgwk‡q QvM‡ji Rb¨ `vbv`vi Lv`¨ cÖ ‘Z Ki‡Z

cvi‡eb| cÖvmw½K Z_¨

Lv`¨ ˆZwii c×wZ me eq‡mi QvM‡ji Rb¨B GKB iKg| ïay eqm I D‡Ï‡kï wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ DcKiY¸‡jvi cwigvY Kg‡ewk n‡q _v‡K|

wewfbœ eq‡mi QvM‡ji Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ DcKiY I Lv`¨ZvwjKvmg~n ZvwË¡K cv‡V (cvV 6.4) Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Lv`¨ ˆZwii c×wZ me eq‡mi QvM‡ji Rb¨B GKB iKg| ïay eqm I D‡Ï‡kï wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ DcKiY¸‡jvi cwigvY Kg‡ewk n‡q _v‡K| ZvB G cv‡V me eq‡mi QvM‡ji Rb¨ `vbv`vi Lv`¨ cÖ¯‘ZKiY Avjv`vfv‡e bv †`wL‡q ïay GKwU bgybv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| gvsm Drcv`bKvix QvM‡ji Rb¨ 10 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï cÖ ‘Z cÖYvjx

cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY mviwY 31-G D‡j−wLZ wewfbœ Lv`¨ DcKiY wbw ©ó cwigv‡Y wewfbœ cv‡Î msMÖn Kiæb| GQvovI Kjg, †cwÝj, ivevi, eënvwiK LvZv, GKwU Qvjvi e¯Ív BZ¨vwìI cª‡qvRb n‡e|

mviwY 31 t gvsm Drcv`bKvix QvM‡ji Rb¨ wewfbœ Lv`¨ DcKi‡Yi cwigvY

DcKiY cwigvY (Mªvg/†KwR)

†Qvjv 2000 ev 2.0 †KwR fzÆv/Mg fv½v 2300 ev 2.3 †KwR wZj ev ev`v‡gi ˆLj 3000 ev 3.0 †KwR M‡gi fywk 2400 ev 2.4 †KwR LwYRc`v_© 250 ev 0.25 †KwR Lv`¨ jeY 50 ev 0.05 †KwR

me©‡gvU= 10,000 MÖvg ev 10 †KwR

Kv‡Ri avc cÖ_‡g N‡ii ïK‡bv †g‡S Svo~ w`‡q cwi®‹vi Kiæb| cwigv‡Y Kg Ggb DcKiY¸‡jv, †hgb- LwYRc`v_©, Lv`¨ jeY cÖf…wZ GKm‡½

fv‡jvfv‡e †gkvb| cwigv‡Y Kg DcKiY, †hgb- LwYRc`v_©, Lv`¨ jeY cÖf…wZ GKm‡½ fv‡jvfv‡e †gkvb| Gici Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY¸‡jvI ch©vqµ‡g GK‡Î fv‡jvfv‡e wgwk‡q wbb|

Gici Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY¸‡jvI ch©vqµ‡g GK‡Î fv‡jvfv‡e †gkvb| G wgkª‡Yi m‡½ c~‡e© wgwkªZ LwYRc`v_© I Lv`¨ je‡Yi wgkªY †hvM Kiæb I fv‡jvfv‡e

wgwk‡q wbb| mg¯Í wgkªYwU e¯Ívq f‡i gRy` Kiæb Ges †mLvb †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx QvMj‡K †L‡Z

w`b| Kv‡Ri avç‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e eënvwiK LvZvq wjLyb I wk¶K‡K †`Lvb|

mveavbZv †fRv, m¨vuZmu v‡Z ev Acwi”Qbœ

¯’v‡b Lv`¨ wgkªY Ki‡eb bv| †fRv ev QÎvKhy³ I ywlZ Lv`¨ DcKiY eënvi Ki‡eb bv|

†fRv, m¨vuZmu v‡Z ev Acwi”Qbœ ’v‡b Lv`¨ wgkªY Ki‡eb bv| Lv`¨ wgkªY Kivi c~‡e© Aek¨B Lv`¨ DcKi‡Yi ¸Yv¸Y cix¶v K‡i wbb| †fRv ev QÎvKhy³ I ywlZ Lv`¨ DcKiY eënvi Ki‡eb bv|


QvMj cvjb



1| gvsm Drcv`bKvix QvM‡ji 10 †KwR Lv`¨ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ KZUzKz fzÆv/Mg fv½v †gkv‡eb? K) 2500 Mªvg L) 2000 MÖvg M) 2300 MÖvg N) 2400 MÖvg

2| cÖ_‡g †Kvb& ai‡bi Lv`¨ DcKiY¸‡jv †gkv‡eb? K) cwigv‡Y ga¨g Ggb DcKiY L) cwigv‡Y †ewk Ggb DcKiY M) cwigv‡Y me‡P‡q †ewk Ggb DcKiY N) cwigv‡Y Kg Ggb DcKiY

3| †Kvb& ai‡Yi Lv`¨ DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡eb bv?

K) †fRv ev QÎvKhy³ I ywlZ L) RxevYygy³ M) `ywlZ N) QÎvKhy³


159

Mevw`cï cvjb


msw¶ß I iPbvg~jK cªkœ

1| QvM‡ji Pvgovi êwkó¨ I eënvi Kx Kx? 2| QvM‡ji nvo, bvwofzuwo I gjg~‡Îi eënvi ejyb| 3| kvj ya ev Kj÷ªv‡gi êwkó¨ eY©bv K‡i wjLyb| 4| G‡`‡k ev”Pv QvMj cvj‡bi c×wZ¸‡jvi bvg ejyb| 5| gv †_‡K ev”Pv Avjv`v Kivi mgqKvj wjLyb| 6| QvM‡ji cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx RvqMvi cwigvY KZ? 7| †ivgš’b wµqv Kv‡K e‡j? 8| QvM‡ji Lv‡`ï †kªwYweb¨vm wjLyb| 9| wewfbœ D‡Ï‡k¨ cvwjZ QvM‡ji Rb¨ KZUzKz kK©iv ev kK©iv mgZzj¨ Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb? 10| QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa `g‡b Kx Kx RvZxqwfwËK Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e? 11| QvM‡ji K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †iv‡Mi bvg I KviY wjLyb| 12| LvwmKi‡Yi myweav¸‡jv Kx Kx? 13| Abve„Z c×wZi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb| 14| ivevi wis c×wZwU Kx? 15| Db¥y³ c×wZ‡Z A_ev Ave„Z c×wZ‡Z evwW©‡Rv K¨v‡÷ªU‡ii gva¨‡g QvM‡ji ev”Pv‡K

Lvwm K‡i †`Lvb| DËigvjv - BDwbU 6 cvV - 6.1 1| M 2| K 3| L 4| L 5| L cvV - 6.2 1| K 2| M 3| L 4| L 5| N cvV - 6.3 1| L 2| M 3| K 4| L 5| N cvV - 6.4 1| K 2| M 3| N 4| K 5| M 6| K cvV - 6.5 1| N 2| K 3| K 4| L 5| M cvV - 6.6 1| L 2| K 3| K 4| N 5| K cvV - 6.7 1| M 2| N 3| K


BDwbU 7 gwnl I †fov cvjb BDwbU 7 gwnl I †fov cvjb

Mevw`cïi g‡a¨ msL¨vi w`K w`‡q G‡`‡k Miæ I QvMj †hgb †ewk †Zgwb G‡ì jvjbcvjbI †ewk RbwcÖq| †m Zzjbvq gwnl I †fovi msL¨v wbZvšÍB Kg Ges Giv †Zgb RbwcÖqI bq| gwnl fvievnx cï wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| cÖavbZ Rwg Pvl, dmj gvovB, Mvwo Uvbv cÖf…wZ Kv‡RB eëüZ nq| G‡`‡ki gwn‡li `ya Drcv`b ¶gZv AZ¨šÍ Kg| gvs‡mi gvb †gvUvgywU fv‡jv n‡jI †gvUv Avu‡ki Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB †Zgb GKUv cQ›` K‡ib bv| DcK‚jxq AÂj, nvIo GjvKv I AvuL gvovB nq Ggb †Rjv¸‡jv‡ZB †ewk msL¨vq gwnl cvjb Kiv nq| Miæi Zzjbvq gwnl cvj‡b LiP Kg| gwnl AZ¨šÍ wbgœgv‡bi Lvevi †L‡q nRg Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡ì Mv‡q cÖPÊ kw³, GK gwnl w`‡qB jv½j Uvbv‡bv hvq| G‡ì †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZvI Miæi Zzjbvq †ewk| ZvQvov Ni ‰Zwi Ges cwiPh©v KivI mnR| Gme Kvi‡Y Ae‡nwjZ G Mevw`cïwUi w`‡K bRi †`qvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| G‡`‡k †fov cvjb gwn‡li †_‡KI Kg RbwcÖq| †fov †_‡K cÖavbZ ckg Drcv`b Kiv nq| ZvQvov gvsm Ges `yaI cvIqv hvq| evsjv‡`‡k †fovi †Kv‡bv wbR ^ fv‡jv RvZ †bB| G‡`‡ki AwZwi³ †fRv I m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z AvenvIqv †fov cvj‡bi Abyc‡hvMx| ï®‹ AvenvIqv I kxZcÖavb †`k †fov cvj‡bi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx| †mme †`‡k cÖavbZ Dj ev ckg Drcv`‡bi Rb¨B †fov cvjb Kiv nq| G‡`‡k MÖvgvÂ‡j K…lKiv `yPviwU K‡i †fov cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| †bvqvLvjx I ewikv‡j †ewk msL¨vq †fov †`Lv hvq| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †fovi †jvg mv`v n‡jI Ah‡Zœi Kvi‡Y Zv njy eY© aviY K‡i| G‡ì ckg AZ¨šÍ †gvUv I wbgœgv‡bi hv w`‡q K¤^j Qvov Ab¨ wKQy ˆZwi Kiv hvq bv| ev¯Í‡e, G‡`‡ki †fov †_‡K gvsm Qvov Avi wKQzB cvIqv hvq bv ej‡jB P‡j| †fovi gvsm G‡`‡ki Lye Kg †jvKB cQ›` K‡ib|

G BDwb‡Ui wewfbœ cv‡V gwn‡li evm ’vb, cwiPh©v I ^v ’ m¤§Z jvjbcvjb eë¯’v, Lv`¨, †ivMe¨vwa `gb, †fov cvj‡b myweavw`, †fovi evm¯’vb I cwiPh©v, Lv`¨ I †ivMe¨vwa `gb cªf…wZ welq¸‡jv msw¶ßfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cvV 7.1 gwn‡li evm¯’vb, cwiPh©v I ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z jvjbcvjb eë¯’v

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- wewfbœ eq‡mi gwn‡li Rb¨ evm¯’vb ‰Zwi I cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvY wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| gwn‡li mvaviY cwiPh©vmg~n ej‡Z cvi‡eb| wewfbœ eq‡mi gwn‡li cwiPh©v I ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z jvjbcvjb eë¯’v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gwn‡li evm ’vb Miæ, QvMj Ges Ab¨vb¨ Mevw`cïi b¨vq gwn‡liI ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z evm¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| hwÌ Mªv‡g-M‡Ä `yPviUv gwnl cvj‡bi †¶‡Î evm¯’vb ev N‡ii Ici †Zgb ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq bv| Z_vwc, LvgviwfwË‡Z GKm‡½ A‡bK gwnl cvjb Ki‡Z n‡j Ni ˆZwii welqwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ePbv Kiv DwPZ| G‡`‡ki DcK‚jxq AÂj, nvIo GjvKv I AvuL Drcv`bKvix GjvKvq A‡b‡KB 40/50 †_‡K 100 ev Z‡ZvwaK gwnl cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| G‡ì Rb¨ evm ’vb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|

Miæ, QvMj Ges Ab¨vb¨ Mevw`cïi b¨vq gwn‡liI ¯^v ’ m¤§Z evm ’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb|

gwn‡li Ni Miæi Abyiƒcfv‡eB ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Z‡e, Ni ˆZwi‡Z gReyZ A_P m¯Ív wRwbmcÎB eënvi Kiv DwPZ| gwn‡li Ni ˆZwi‡Z wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv j¶¨ ivLv DwPZ| †hgb-

gwn‡li Ni Miæi Abyiƒcfv‡eB ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Z‡e, Ni ˆZwi‡Z gReyZ A_P m¯Ív wRwbmcÎB eënvi Kiv DwPZ|

Ni ^v ’ m¤§Z I AvivgcÖ n‡e| G‡Z ch©vß Av‡jv-evZv‡mi eë ’v _vK‡e|

Mevw`cï cvjb

†g‡S gReyZ n‡e I Zv‡Z wcw”Qjfve _vK‡e bv| N‡i cÖwZwU gwn‡li Rb¨ eqm Abycv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi eë ’v _vK‡e| Dchy³ wbivcËvi eë ’v _vK‡e|

G cv‡V wewfbœ eq‡mi gwn‡li Rb¨ Ni I cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvY Avjv`vfv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| evQy‡ii Ni

evQy‡ii Ni ï®‹ I Av‡jv-evZvmc~Y© nIqv DwPZ| G‡Z SoSvÞv I VvÊv nvIqv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai eë ’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

evQy‡ii Ni ï®‹ I Av‡jv-evZvmc~Y© nIqv DwPZ| G‡Z SoSvÞv I VvÊv nvIqv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai eë ’v _vK‡Z n‡e| R‡b¥i cÖ_g gv‡m GKN‡i GKm‡½ A‡bK evQyi ivLv DwPZ bq| eis G‡ì‡K c„_K c„_K †Lv‡c (pen) ivL‡j cÖwZwU evQy‡ii Avjv`vfv‡e hZœ wb‡Z myweav nq| GKgvm eqm ch©šÍ cÖwZwU evQy‡ii Rb¨ 1.0 wgUvi × 1.5 wgUvi AvKv‡ii †Lv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb| evQy‡ii eqm GKgv‡mi †ewk n‡j 10, 15, 20 ev Z‡ZvwaK evQyi GKm‡½ GKB N‡i cvjb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gme N‡ii mvg‡bi w`‡K wKQyUv †Lvjv RvqMv ivL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Giv †mLv‡b myweavg‡Zv Pjv‡div ev e¨qvg Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †`‡n m~‡h©i Av‡jv jvMv‡Z cv‡i| eKbv gwn‡li Ni MÖvgvÂ‡j eKbv gwnl Ab¨vb¨ gwn‡li m‡½ GKB N‡i ev †Mvqv‡j ivLv nq| G‡Z A‡bK mgq †Mvqvj Ni A ^v ’ Ki n‡q c‡o| ^v ’ m¤§Z Dcv‡q cvjb Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B eKbv I luvo gwnl c„_K c„_K N‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| G‡ì‡K mvaviYZ Qv`wenxb ev D‡`vg N‡i (loose house) ivLv nq| GLv‡b wekªvg I Lvevi LvIqv‡bvi RvqMvi eë ’v _v‡K| wekªv‡gi ’vbUzKz Qv`hy³ nq Ges †g‡S‡Z Lo ev ïK‡bv Nvm weQv‡bv _v‡K| Lvevi LvIqv‡bvi RvqMvwU cvKv n‡e| cvwb I Lvev‡ii Rb¨ Avjv`v cvÎ ev Pvwoi (manger) eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e, G ¯’v‡b †Kv‡bv Qv` _v‡K bv| G ai‡bi N‡i cÖwZwU AMf©eZx eKbv gwn‡li Rb¨ 5-6 eM© wgUvi D‡`vg/Qv`wenxb ’vb; 1.0-1.5 eM© wgUvi Qv`hy³ ’vb I 40-50 †m.wg. ˆ`N© wewkó Pvwo cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwZwU

Mf©eZx eKbvi Rb¨ 8-10 eM© wgUvi D‡`vg/Qv`wenxb ’vb; 3-4 eM© wgUvi Qv`hy³ ’vb I 50-75 †m.wg. ˆ`N©¨wewkó Pvwo cÖ‡qvRb|

¯^v ’ m¤§Z Dcv‡q cvjb Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B eKbv I luvo gwnl c„_K c„_K N‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|

cÖm~wZ gwn‡li Ni Mf©eZx gwnl‡K ev”Pv cÖm‡ei mßvnLv‡bK c~‡e© Ab¨vb¨ gwnl †_‡K c„_K K‡i cÖm~wZ N‡i (maternity box or pen) ivLv DwPZ| cÖm~wZ Ni 9-10 eM© wgUv‡ii †P‡q †QvU nIqv DwPZ bq| Gu‡o gwn‡li Ni

Gu‡o gwnl‡K Qq gvm eq‡mi mgq eKbv †_‡K c„_K K‡i Avjv`v N‡i cvjb Kiv nq|

Gu‡o gwnl‡K Qq gvm eq‡mi mgq eKbv †_‡K c„_K K‡i Avjv`v N‡i cvjb Kiv nq| Gu‡oi Ni eKbvi g‡ZvB D‡`vg nq| 6-12 gvm eqm ch©šÍ cÖwZwU Gu‡o gwn‡li Rb¨ 4-5 eM© wgUvi wekªv‡gi ’vb Ges 13-14 gvm eqm ch©šÍ cÖwZwUi Rb¨ 5-6 eM© wgUvi wekªv‡gi ’v‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| luvo gwn‡li Ni GKwU c~Y©eq¯‹ luvo gwn‡li Rb¨ 10-12 eM© wgUvi AvqZbwewkó Qv`hy³ N‡ii cÖ‡qvRb| G N‡ii `ycvk¦© Db¥y³ n‡e Ges Db¥y³ w`‡K 15-20 eM© wgUvi ¯’vb Ry‡o †Lvjv I‡Vvb _vK‡e| I‡Vv‡bi Pviw`‡K †gvUv †jvnvi cvBc ev k³ B‡Ui †`qvj _vKv DwPZ| luv‡oi N‡i Lvev‡ii Pvwo I luvo‡K cvwb wQUv‡bvi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e|

GKwU c~Y©eq¯‹ luv‡oi Rb¨ 10-12 eM© wgUvi AvqZbwewkó Qv`hy³ N‡ii cÖ‡qvRb|


gwnl I †fov cvjb

Abykxjb (Activity) t aiæb, Avcbvi Lvgv‡i 5wU AMf©eZx eKbv gwnl Av‡Q| G‡ì Rb¨ Kx cwigvY RvqMvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Zv wn‡me K‡i †ei Kiæb|

gwn‡li cwiPh©v I ^v ’ m¤§Z jvjbcvjb eë ’v gwnl‡K my ’ mej I Kg©¶g ivLv Ges G‡ì †_‡K ch©vß Drcv`b †c‡Z n‡j mwVK eë¯’vcbv I hZœ ev cwiPh©vi cÖ‡qvRb| ZvQvov G‡ì‡K ^v ’ m¤§Z Dcv‡q jvjbcvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| cwiPh©v I ^v ’ m¤§Z jvjbcvjb ej‡Z mgqg‡Zv Lvevi cwi‡ekb Kiv, Mf©eZx gwn‡li hZœ, wewfbœ eq‡mi gwn‡li cwiPh©v, Amy¯’‡ì wPwKrmv Kiv‡bv, my ’ ‡jv‡K mgqg‡Zv wUKv cÖ vb, K…wgi Ilya LvIqv‡bv, Ni I Avbylvw½K wRwbmcÎ cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ I RxevYygy³ Kiv BZ¨vw` †evSvq| me eq‡mi gwn‡li Rb¨B wKQy wKQy mvaviY cwiPh©v i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov wewfbœ eqm I Ae¯’v‡f‡` we‡kl ai‡bi cwiPh©viI cÖ‡qvRb nq|

gwnl‡K my ’ mej I Kg©¶g ivLv Ges G‡ì †_‡K ch©vß Drcv`b †c‡Z n‡j mwVK eë ’vcbv I cwiPh©vi cÖ‡qvRb|

mvaviY cwiPh©vmg~n

gwnl g~jZt Avav-cvwbi (semi-aquatic) wbkvPi cÖvYx| ZvB cvwbi cÖwZ G‡ì we‡kl `ye©jZv i‡q‡Q| gwn‡li †`‡n cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Ng©MÖwš’i msL¨v LyeB Kg| ZvB b`xi gwnl cwi®‹vi cvwb Ges Rjvk‡qi gwnl †Wvev-bvjvi K ©gv³ cvwb Mv‡q †g‡L †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿Y K‡i| GKvi‡Y †hLv‡b †Wvev-bvjv †bB †mLv‡b Qvqvhy³ ’v‡b cvB‡ci mvnv‡h¨ w`‡b AšÍZ `yevi gwn‡li Mv‡q cvwb wQUv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb|

gwn‡li †`‡n Ng©MÖwš’ LyeB Kg| ZvB w`‡b AšÍZ `yevi gwn‡li Mv‡q cvwb wQUv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb|

cÖwZw`b G‡ì Ni cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| †Mvei, Pbv Avjv`v RvqMvq msi¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e| mßv‡n AšÍZ GKevi RxevYybvkK Ilya (†hgb- Av‡qvmvb) w`‡q Ni RxevYygy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|

mßv‡n AšÍZ GKevi RxevYybvkK Ilya w`‡q gwn‡li Ni RxevYygy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|

G‡ì Mv fv‡jvfv‡e W‡j w`‡Z n‡e Ges wbqwgZ †Mvm‡ji eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| gwn‡li msL¨v †ewk n‡j wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ Kv‡b U¨vM b¤î jvMv‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b, we‡kl K‡i fvievnx gwn‡li †¶‡Î, cv‡q †jvnvi ˆZwi my ev Ry‡Zv jvMv‡Z

n‡e| wbqwgZ mylg Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov cwi®‹vi cvwbiI eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZw`b wbw`©ó mg‡q `y»eZx Mvfxi `ya †`vnb Ki‡Z n‡e| `ya †`vn‡bi mgq cwi®‹vi-

cwi”QbœZv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| N‡ii †Kv‡bv gwnl Amy¯’ n‡q co‡j m‡½ m‡½ c„_K K‡i wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| mKj eq‡mi gwnl‡K wbqwgZ K…wgbvkK Ilya LvIqv‡Z n‡e I wUKv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

we‡kl cwiPh©v

evQy‡ii cwiPh©v m`¨cÖm~Z evQyi †hb ch©vß cwigv‡Y kvj`ya ev Kj÷ªvg cvq †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|

cÖm‡ei 24 NÈvi g‡a¨B evQyi I cÖm~wZ gwn‡li Avjv`v evm ’vb I Lv‡`ï eë ’v Ki‡Z n‡e| m`¨cÖm~Z evQyi †hb ch©vß cwigv‡Y kvj`ya ev Kj÷ªvg cvq †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| evQy‡ii bvwf‡Z RxevYybvkK Ilya jvMv‡Z n‡e I wbqwgZ hZœ Ki‡Z n‡e †hb Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv †ivMRxevYyi msµgY bv N‡U| evQy‡ii eqm `ymßvn nIqvi c~‡e©B K…wgbvkK Ilya, †hgb- cvBcviwRb A¨vwW‡cU ev mvB‡UªU †meb Kiv‡Z n‡e| †MvemšÍ, ev`jv, ZoKv I Mjv‡dvjv †iv‡Mi nvZ †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ wbKU ’ †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv wbw`©ó mg‡q wUKv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a evQyi‡K wbw`©ó mg‡q ej` evwb‡q wb‡Z n‡e|


163

Mevw`cï cvjb

eKbv gwn‡li cwiPh©v eKbv gwn‡li mwVK cwiPh©vi Ici G‡ì †_‡K fwel¨‡Z fv‡jv Drcv`b cvIqv wbf©i K‡i| eKbv gwnl cieZx©Kv‡j `y»eZx gwnl‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i, ZvB G‡ì‡K mwVKfv‡e hZœ bv Ki‡j fwel¨‡Z `ya Drcv`b fv‡jv n‡e bv| eKbv gwn‡li hZœ mwVK bv n‡j G‡ì c~Y©ZvcÖvwß †`wi‡Z NU‡e| d‡j ev”Pv †c‡Z wej¤^ n‡e| G‡ì Lvevi`vev‡ii w`‡K we‡kl `„wó ivL‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov G‡ì Ni wbqwgZ cwi®‹vi I RxevYygy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv †cvKvgvKo †hb eKbvi ¶wZ Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †mw`‡K `„wó ivL‡Z n‡e| GQvovI wbqwgZ †aŠZ Kiv, Mv Wjv I cvwb wQUv‡bvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

mwVK cwiPh©vi Ici eKbv gwnl †_‡K fwel¨‡Z fv‡jv Drcv`b cvIqv wbf©i K‡i|

Mf©eZx I cÖm~wZ gwn‡li cwiPh©v Mf©eZx gwnl‡K ev”Pv cÖm‡ei AšÍZ GK mßvn c~‡e© Ab¨vb¨ gwnl †_‡K c„_K K‡i cÖm~wZ N‡i cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖm~wZ N‡i ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii c~‡e© Zv DËgiƒ‡c cwi®‹vi I RxevYygy³ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Mf©eZx gwnl‡K cÖm‡ei 6-8 mßvn c~e© †_‡K `vbv`vi Lv`¨mn cÖPzi cywóKi Lv`¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖm‡ei GK mßvn c~e© †_‡K cÖPzi KvuPv Nvm mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †KvôKvwVb¨ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|

Mf©eZx gwnl‡K ev”Pv cÖm‡ei AšÍZ GK mßvn c~‡e© Ab¨vb¨ gwnl †_‡K c„_K K‡i cÖm~wZ N‡i cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

cÖm‡ei mgq †Kv‡bv cÖmeweNœ N‡U wKbv Zv ~i †_‡K j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖmeweNœ †`Lv w`‡j ev cÖm‡ei 24 NÈvi g‡a¨ Mf©dzj (placenta) Rivqy (uterus) †_‡K †ewi‡q bv Avm‡j wbKU¯’ †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi kiYvcbœ n‡Z n‡e| cÖm‡ei ci cÖm~wZi †`n Kzmyg Mig cvwb w`‡q ay‡q w`‡Z n‡e| Gici G‡ì‡K cÖPzi cwigv‡Y weï× cvwb I cywóKi Lv`¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| Abykxjb (Activity) t Kxfv‡e cÖm~wZ gwn‡li hZœ †b‡eb Zv LvZvq wjLyb| luvo gwn‡li cwiPh©v my ’ I Kg©¶g ivLvi Rb¨ luvo gwnl‡K wbqwgZ cywóKi Lv`¨ mieivn Kiv, cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ I Av‡jv-evZvmc~Y© N‡i ivLv Ges wbqwgZ e¨vqvg Kiv‡bv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| e¨qv‡gi Rb¨ Rbk~b¨ iv¯Ívq ev †Lvjv gv‡V GK N›UvKvj †`ŠoSuvc Kiv‡bvB h‡_ó| luv‡oi exh© msMÖ‡ni gvÎvi Ici Gi ¯^v¯’¨ wbf©ikxj| 300 †KwR IRb I `yB eQ‡ii Kg eq‡mi luv‡oi exh© msMÖn Kiv DwPZ bq| 2-3 eQi eq¯‹ luv‡oi exh© mßv‡n yev‡ii †ewk msMÖn Kiv ev `ywUi †ewk gwnl‡K cvj †`qv hv‡e bv| wZb eQ‡ii †ewk eq¯‹ luvo mßv‡n cÖwZw`b GKwU K‡i ¿x gwnl‡K cvj w`‡Z ev GKw`b cici exh©cvZ NUv‡Z m¶g| eìvMx lvo‡K we‡klfv‡e wbwg©Z N‡i †jvnvi wkK‡j Ave× K‡i ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|

my ’ I Kg©¶g ivLvi Rb¨ luvo gwnl‡K wbqwgZ cywóKi Lv`¨ mieivn Kiv, cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ I Av‡jv-evZvmc~Y© N‡i ivLv Ges wbqwgZ e¨vqvg Kiv‡bv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

mvigg© t Ab¨vb¨ Mevw`cïi b¨vq gwn‡liI ^v¯’¨m¤§Z evm ’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb| gwn‡li Ni Miæi Abyiƒcfv‡eB ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Ni ˆZwi‡Z gReyZ A_P m¯Ív wRwbmcÎ eënvi Kiv DwPZ| R‡b¥i cÖ_g gv‡m cÖwZwU evQy‡ii Rb¨ 1.0 wgUvi × 1.5 wgUvi AvKv‡ii †Lv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb| eKbv I luvo gwnl c„_K c„_K N‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖm~wZ I luvo gwn‡li Ni h_vµ‡g 9-10 I 10-12 eM© wgUvi nIqv DwPZ| gwnl‡K my ’ mej I Kg©¶g ivLv Ges G‡ì †_‡K ch©vß Drcv`b †c‡Z n‡j mwVK eë¯’vcbv I cwiPh©vi cÖ‡qvRb| G‡ì †`‡n Ng©MÖwš’ LyeB Kg| ZvB w`‡b AšÍZ `yevi Mv‡q cvwb wQUv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb| m`¨cÖm~Z evQyi‡K ch©vß cwigv‡Y kvj ya cvb Kiv‡Z n‡e| eKbv gwnl cieZx©Kv‡j `y»eZx gwnl‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i, ZvB G‡ì‡K mwVKfv‡e hZœ bv Ki‡j fwel¨‡Z `ya Drcv`b fv‡jv n‡e bv| Mf©eZx gwnl‡K ev”Pv cÖm‡ei AšÍZ GK mßvn c~‡e© Ab¨vb¨‡ì †_‡K c„_K K‡i cÖm~wZ N‡i cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| my¯’ I Kg©¶g ivLvi Rb¨ luvo‡K wbqwgZ cywóKi Lv`¨ mieivn Kiv, cwi®‹vi-cwi”Qbœ I Av‡jv-evZvmc~Y© N‡i ivLv Ges wbqwgZ e¨vqvg Kiv‡bv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|


gwnl I †fov cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb& †Kvb& GjvKvq †ewk msL¨vq gwnl cvIqv hvq?

K) DcK‚jxq AÂ‡j L) nvIo GjvKvq M) ïK‡bv GjvKvq N) DcK‚jxq, nvIo I AvL Drcv`bKvix GjvKvq

2| GKgvm eqmx evQy‡ii †Lv‡ci AvKvi KZ?

K) 1.0 wgUvi × 1.5 wgUvi L) 1.0 wgUvi × 1.0 wgUvi M) 1.5 wgUvi × 1.5 wgUvi N) 1.0 wgUvi × 2.0 wgUvi

3| Mf©eZx eKbvi N‡ii gvc KZ?

K) Qv`wenxb ¯’vb 8-10 eM© wgUvi Ges Qv`hy³ ’vb 3-4 eM© wgUvi L) Qv`wenxb ’vb 5-6 eM© wgUvi Ges Qv`hy³ ’vb 2-3 eM© wgUvi M) Qv`wenxb ¯’vb 8-10 eM© wgUvi Ges Qv`hy³ ¯’vb 2-3 eM© wgUvi N) Qv`wenxb ’vb 5-6 eM© wgUvi Ges Qv`hy³ ’vb 1.0-1.5 eM© wgUvi

4| gwn‡li Mv‡q cvwb wQUv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?

K) †`‡n Ng©MÖwš’ †ewk e‡j L) cvwbi cÖwZ `ye©jZv †ewk M) †`‡n Ng©MÖwš’ Kg e‡j N) ZvcgvÎv wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨

5| cÖm~wZ gwn‡li Mf©dzj ev (placenta) ev”Pvi R‡b¥i KZ NÈvi g‡a¨ bv co‡j Wv³v‡ii

kiYvcbœ n‡Z n‡e? K) 12 NÈvi g‡a¨ L) 24 NÈvi g‡a¨ M) 6 NÈvi g‡a¨ N) 18 NÈvi g‡a¨


165

Mevw`cï cvjb

cvV 7.2 gwn‡li Lv`¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- gwn‡li wewfbœ ai‡bi Lv‡`ï bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb| gwn‡li cvK ’jx I Zvi Kvh©Kjvc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| gwn‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv‡`ï cwigvY wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| wewfbœ eq‡mi gwn‡li Lv`¨ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gwnl †_‡K ch©vß ya, gvsm, kw³ BZ¨vw` †c‡Z n‡j Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi b¨vq G‡ì‡KI cywóKi I mylg Lv`¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨vb¨ †ivgš’K cÖvYx, †hgb- Miæ, QvMj, †fov BZ¨vwì g‡Zv gwn‡li cvK ’jxI PviwU cÖ‡Kv‡ô wef³| gwnl cvj‡bi Ab¨Zg myweav n‡jv Giv Miæi Zzjbvq AwZ wbgœgv‡bi Lv`¨ †L‡qI mn‡R nRg Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk Drcv`b w`‡q _v‡K| G‡`‡ki †ewki fvM gwnlB iv¯Ívi cv‡ki Nvm, av‡bi Lo Ges †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq mvgvb¨ ˆLj ev fzwk †L‡q RxebaviY K‡i| Gme Lv‡`¨ AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB Lv`¨ Dcv`vb¸‡jv Dchy³ cwigv‡Y _v‡K bv|

gwnl cvj‡bi myweav n‡jv Giv Miæi Zzjbvq wbgœgv‡bi Lv`¨ †L‡qI Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk Drcv`b w`‡q _v‡K|

Lv`¨ (Feed stuffs) gwn‡li †`ni¶v, ¶qc~iY I e„w×, Zvc msi¶Y I †cwki kw³ Drcv`b, `ya Drcv`b Ges eske„w×i Rb¨ Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb nq| Ab¨vb¨ Mevw`cïi b¨vq gwn‡li cÖavb Lv`¨mg~nI Dw™¢ RvZ| G¸‡jv‡K Miæ ev QvM‡ji Lv‡`ï b¨vq wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb- K. Avukhy³ Lv`¨, L. `vbv`vi Lv`¨ I M. AwZwi³ Lv`¨ ev A¨vwWwUfm&| ï®‹ Avukhy³ Lv`¨mg~n, †hgb- wewfbœ k‡mï Lo Ges ZvRv Nvm, †hgb- †bwcqvi, c¨viv, †Rvqvi cÖf…wZ gwn‡li Lv‡`ï cÖavb Drm| Z‡e wewfbœ cÖKvi wjwMDg ev WvjRvZxq ZvRv Avukhy³ Lv`¨, †hgb- gUi, †Lmvwi, KjvB BZ¨vwÌ A‡bK mgq gwnl‡K †L‡Z †`qv nq| `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï g‡a¨ Pv‡ji Kzuov, M‡gi fzwk, fzÆv, he, Pvj, wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆLj, †hgb- mwilv, wZwm, wZj, ev`vg BZ¨vwì ˆLj Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi wjwMD‡gi exR, †hgb- eyU, gUi, KjvB, †Lmvwi BZ¨vw` cÖavb| GQvovI evwYwR¨Kfv‡e ˆZwi wewfbœ ai‡bi wdW A¨vwWwUfm& evRv‡i cvIqv hvq|

gwn‡li †`ni¶v, ¶qc~iY I e„w×, Zvc msi¶Y I †cwki kw³, ya Drcv`b Ges eske„w×i Rb¨ Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb|

gwn‡li cvK¯’jx Miæ, †fov I QvM‡ji g‡Zv gwn‡li cvK¯’jxI RwUj ai‡bi Ges iæ‡gb, †iwUKzjvg, I‡gmvg I A¨v‡ev‡gmvg bvgK PviwU cÖ‡Kvô wb‡q MwVZ| Lv`¨bvjxi c‡iB iæ‡g‡bi Ae¯’vb Ges AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K cvK ’jxi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ GwUB me©e„nr| R‡b¥i mgq evQy‡ii iæ‡gb Lye †QvU I wbw®Œq Ae ’vq _v‡K| evQy‡ii eqm wZbgvm n‡jB iæ‡gb mwµq n‡q I‡V Ges Lv`¨ cwicvK Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Gmgq gwn‡li ˆ`bw›`b Lv`¨ZvwjKvq wKQy wKQy K‡i Avukhy³ Lv`¨ AšÍf©y³ Ki‡j iæ‡g‡bi MVb Z¡ivwš^Z nq| evQy‡ii R‡b¥i mvZ mßv‡ni g‡a¨ iæ‡gb I †iwUKzjv‡gi MVb m¤ú~Y© nq| R‡b¥i mgq gwnl evQy‡ii iæ‡g‡bi AvqZb 1.3 wjUvi _v‡K Ges 16 mßvn eq‡m Zv 20.95 wjUv‡i †cŠu‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, †iwUKzjvg I I‡gmv‡gi AvqZb R‡b¥i mgq h_vµ‡g 69 I 34 wg.wj. Ges 16 mßvn eq‡m h_vµ‡g 800 I 950 wg.wj. nq|

Miæ, †fov I QvM‡ji g‡Zv gwn‡li cvK¯’jxI RwUj ai‡bi Ges iæ‡gb, †iwUKzjvg, I‡gmvg I A¨v‡ev‡gmvg bvgK PviwU cÖ‡Kvô wb‡q MwVZ|

gwnl Zvi iæ‡gbga¨w¯’Z AbyRxe I GK‡Kvlx cÖvYxi mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi A-Avwgl bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZxq Lv`¨ Ges †mjy‡jvRhy³ ïK‡bv LoRvZxq Lv`¨ †_‡K h_vµ‡g DuPzgv‡bi Avwgl I kK©iv ms‡k−lY Ki‡Z m¶g| gwn‡li im‡ì †gvU Avwg‡li GK-Z…Zxqvsk BDwiqvi mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i Ges BDwiqv, wPUv¸omnKv‡i `vbv`vi Lv`¨ wgwkªZ K‡i LvIqv‡j G‡ì iæ‡g‡bi AbyRxe I GK‡Kvlx cÖvYxi msL¨v †ek e„w× cvq| d‡j G‡ì gva¨‡g iæ‡gbga¨ ’ Lv`ë ‘ fv½vi nvi I cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Dcv`vb ms‡k −l‡Yi nvi ev‡o|

gwnl iæ‡gbga¨w ’Z AbyRxe I GK‡Kvlx cÖvYxi mvnv‡h¨ A-Avwgl bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZxq I †mjy‡jvRhy³ ïK‡bv LoRvZxq Lv`¨ †_‡K DuPzgv‡bi Avwgl I kK©iv ms‡k−lY Ki‡Z m¶g|


gwnl I †fov cvjb

gwn‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ gwn‡li Lv`¨ZvwjKv Aek¨B mylg n‡Z n‡e| G‡ì kvixie„Ëxq Kvh©vejx mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ Lv`¨gv‡bi m‡½ Lv‡`ï mwVK AvqZbI cÖ‡qvRb|

gwn‡li Lv`¨ZvwjKv ev im` Aek¨B mylg n‡Z n‡e| G‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Dcv`vb, †hgb- †k¦Zmvi, Avwgl I †mœnc`v_© kixi i¶v I Drcv`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx wbw ©ó cwigvY I nv‡i _vKv Acwinvh©| im‡ì ZvwjKvfz³ Lv`¨ ªe¨¸‡jv cywóKi nIqvi cvkvcvwk †hb my¯^v`y nq Zv j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| gwn‡li Rb¨ Avukhy³ Lv`¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq| G Lv`¨ †`‡n Kg©kw³ †hvMvq| G‡ì im‡` ZvRv Avukhy³ Lv`¨ w`‡Z nq| KviY, G Lv`¨ †_‡KB Giv cÖ‡qvRbxq LwYRc`v_©, †hgb- K¨vjwmqvg I dmdivm Ges wfUvwgbmg~n, †hgb- wfUvwgb-B I wfUvwgb-G msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| GKwU gwn‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Dcv`vb¸‡jv Aí cwigvY Lv‡`ï gva¨‡gI mieivn Kiv hvq| wKš‘ Zv gwn‡li ¶zav wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ h‡_ó nq bv| G‡ì kvixie„Ëxq Kvh©vejx mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ Lv`¨gv‡bi m‡½ Lv‡`ï mwVK AvqZbI cÖ‡qvRb| Avukhy³ Lv`¨ gwn‡li Lv`¨‡K AvqZbm¤úbœ K‡i †Zv‡j| Lv`¨ZvwjKvfz³ Dcv`vb¸‡jv †hb mnRjf¨ I m¯Ív nq †mw`‡K Aek¨B j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|

gwn‡li ˆ`wnK IRb Ges Drcv`b êwkó¨ Abyhvqx ï®‹c`v‡_©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi ZviZg¨ n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ GKwU 100 †KwR ˆ`wnK IR‡bi gwn‡li Rb¨ 2.5-3.0 †KwR ï®‹ c`v‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb nq| G cwigvY ï®‹c`v_© Avukhy³ I `vbv`vi Lv`¨ †_‡K †c‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó Dcv`vb¸‡jv Aek¨B H Lv`¨mg~‡n _vK‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ gwn‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ï®‹c`v‡_©i `yB-Z…Zxqvsk Avukhy³ Lv`¨ Ges GK-Z…Zxqvsk `vbv`vi Lv`¨ †_‡K mieivn Kiv DwPZ| Avevi Avukhy³ Lv‡`ï yB-Z…Zxqvsk ï®‹ Avukhy³ Ges GK-Z…Zxqvsk ZvRv Avukhy³ nIqv DwPZ| Z‡e KuvPv Nvm w`‡ZB n‡e Ggb †Kv‡bv evaëvaKZv †bB|

gwn‡li ˆ`wnK IRb Ges Drcv`b êwkó¨ Abyhvqx ï®‹c`v‡_©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi ZviZg¨ n‡q _v‡K|

Abykxjb (Activity) t aiæb, Avcbvi 5wU gwnl Av‡Q| G‡ì ˆ`wnK IRb h_vµ‡g 325, 355, 405, 440 I 475 †KwR| G‡ì Rb¨ me©‡gvU KZUzKz ï®‹ c`v_© jvM‡Z cv‡i?

gwn‡li Lv`¨ZvwjKv

evQy‡ii Lv`¨ZvwjKv R‡b¥i ci ev”Pvi iæ‡gb Acwic° _v‡K, ZvB G mgq we‡klfv‡e ˆZwi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡Z n‡e|

R‡b¥i ci gwn‡li ev”Pvi iæ‡gb Acwic° _v‡K, ZvB G mgq we‡klfv‡e ˆZwi Lv`¨ LvIqv‡Z n‡e| evQyi‡K kvj`ya, `ya, Uvbv `ya (skim milk), weKí `ya I cÖv_wgK Lv`¨ (calf starter) cÖf…wZ LvIqv‡bv nq| Z‡e wKQy wKQy DbœZgv‡bi ZvRv ev ï®‹ Nvm LvIqv‡bv nq hv‡Z Gi iæ‡g‡bi MVb Z¡ivwš^Z nq| mviwY 32-G 3 gvm eqm ch©šÍ evQy‡ii Lv`¨ZvwjKv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

mviwY 32 t R‡b¥i w`b †_‡K wZb gvm eqm ch©šÍ evQy‡ii ˆ`bw›`b Lv`¨ZvwjKv

eqm bbxhy³ ya (wg.wj.)

Uvbv `ya (wg.wj.)

cÖv_wgK Lv`¨ (MÖvg)

DbœZgv‡bi ïK‡bv Nvm (MÖvg)

R‡b¥i ci cÖ_g wZb w`b

2580 (kvj ya) - - -

4_©-7g w`b 2500 - - - 2q mßvn 3000 - 50 250 3q mßvn 3250 - 100 350 4_© mßvn 3000 - 300 500 5g mßvn 1500 1000 400 550 6ô mßvn - 2500 600 600 8g mßvn - 1750 800 800


167

Mevw`cï cvjb

eqm bbxhy³ ya

(wg.wj.) Uvbv `ya (wg.wj.)

cÖv_wgK Lv`¨ (MÖvg)

DbœZgv‡bi ïK‡bv Nvm (MÖvg)

10g mßvn - - 1200 1100 12k mßvn - - 1400 1400

Drm t dviæK, †gv. I., nvmbvZ, Gg. G. Ges †gv¯Ídv, L. †Mv. (1988)| gwnl cvjb I cwiPh©v, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv , c„. 93|

cÖv_wgK Lv`¨ GwU Aíeq¯‹ evQyi‡K LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï wgkªY| G‡Z 20-23% cwicvP¨ Avwgl I 70-73% mvgwMÖK cwicvP¨ cywó (TDN) we`¨gvb| mviwY 33-G GKwU cÖv_wgK Lv`¨ZvwjKvi bgybv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| mviwY 33 t evQy‡ii Rb¨ cªv_wgK Lv`¨ ZvwjKv

Lv`¨ Drcv`b cwigvY (%) fzÆvi P‚Y© h‡ei P‚Y© M‡gi fywk ev`v‡gi ˆLj M‡gi P‚Y© †Qvjvi P‚Y© jvBg‡÷vb cvBWvi/nv‡Wi ¸u‡ov wPUv¸o LwYRc`v_©

10 10 10 34 15 10 3 5 3

Drm t dviæK †gv. I., nvmbvZ, Gg. G. Ges †gv Ídv, L. †Mv.(1988)| gwnl cvjb I cwiPh©v, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv, c„. 95|

eKbv gwn‡li Lv`¨ZvwjKv 3-6 gvm ch©šÍ eKbv gwn‡li Rb¨- ˆ`wbK 10-12 †KwR meyR he/fzÆv/msiw¶Z meyR Nvm I 1.2-1.5 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨ A_ev 3 †KwR meyR Nvm, 2 †KwR Lo I 1.4-2.0 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| 6-12 gvm eq‡mi eKbvi Rb¨- ˆ`wbK 20-25 †KwR meyR he/fzÆv I 1.25 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨ A_ev 5 †KwR meyR Nvm, 3 †KwR Lo I 2 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| 1 eQi †_‡K Mf©avi‡Yi mgq ch©šÍ eKbvi Lv`¨ZvwjKv- ˆ`wbK 30-35 †KwR meyR he/fzÆv I 2 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨ A_ev 30 †KwR †Lmvwi/KvDwc, 3 †KwR Lo I 1 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| `y»eZx gwn‡li Lv`¨ZvwjKv `y»eZx gwnl‡K Lv`¨ cÖ v‡bi

cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q kixii¶v I Drcv`‡b mnvqZv Kiv|

`y»eZx gwnl‡K Lv`¨ cÖ`v‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q kixii¶v I Drcv`‡b mnvqZv Kiv| D`vniY îƒc, 7% †mœnc`v_©hy³ ˆ`wbK 10 wjUvi `ya Drcv`bKvix GKwU 500 †KwR IR‡bi gwn‡li Lv‡`¨ 12.5-15.0 †KwR ï®‹ c`v_©, 0.93 †KwR cwicvP¨ Avwgl I 8.3 †KwR mvgwMÖK cwicvP¨ cywó (TDN) _vK‡Z n‡e| G cwigvY cywó cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i ˆ`wbK 60 †KwR meyR eviwmg I 5.5 †KwR M‡gi Lo ev 20 †KwR myeR he/fzÆv, 5 †KwR M‡gi Lo I 4 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï wgkªY †_‡K|


gwnl I †fov cvjb

luv‡oi Lv`¨ZvwjKv fv‡jv Rv‡Zi meyR Nvm I Lo LvIqv‡bvi gva¨‡gB luvo‡K my ’ ivLv m¤¢e|

luvo‡K mej I mwµq ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡bi AwZwi³ Lv`¨ bv LvIqv‡bvB fv‡jv| fv‡jv Rv‡Zi meyR Nvm I Lo LvIqv‡bvi gva¨‡gB luvo‡K my ’ ivLv m¤¢e; GRb¨ †Kv‡bv `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb †bB| 600 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU luv‡oi Rb¨ ˆ`wbK 40-50 †KwR meyR Nvm I 2-3 †KwR Lo Ges 2.0-3.0 †KwR `vbv`vi Lv`¨B h‡_ó| mvigg© t gwnl cvj‡bi myweav n‡jv Giv Miæi Zzjbvq wbgœgv‡bi Lv`¨ †L‡qI Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e †ewk Drcv`b w`‡q _v‡K| Miæ ev QvM‡ji b¨vq gwn‡li Lv`¨ wZbfv‡M wef³| h_v- Avukhy³, `vbv`vi I AwZwi³ Lv`¨ ev A¨vwWwUfm&| Miæ, †fov I QvM‡ji g‡Zv gwn‡li cvK ’jxI RwUj ai‡bi Ges PviwU cÖ‡Kvô wb‡q MwVZ| gwnl iæ‡gbga¨w ’Z AbyRxe I GK‡Kvlx cÖvYxi mvnv‡h¨ A-Avwgl bvB‡Uªv‡RbRvZxq I †mjy‡jvRhy³ ïK‡bv LoRvZxq Lv`¨ †_‡K DuPzgv‡bi Avwgl I kK©iv ms‡k−lY Ki‡Z m¶g| G‡ì Lv`¨ZvwjKv mylg n‡Z n‡e| kvixie„Ëxq Kvh©vejx mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ Lv`¨gv‡bi m‡½ G‡ì Lv‡`ï mwVK AvqZbI cÖ‡qvRb| gwn‡li ˆ`wnK IRb Ges Drcv`b êwkó¨ Abyhvqx ï®‹c`v‡_©i cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi ZviZg¨ n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ GKwU 100 †KwR ˆ`wnK IR‡bi gwn‡li Rb¨ 2.5-3.0 †KwR ï®‹ c`v‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb nq| `y»eZx gwnl‡K Lv`¨ cÖ`v‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q kixii¶v I Drcv`‡b mnvqZv Kiv| fv‡jv Rv‡Zi meyR Nvm I Lo LvIqv‡bvi gva¨‡gB luvo‡K my¯’ ivLv m¤¢e|


169

Mevw`cï cvjb



1| gUi, †Lmvwi, KjvB cÖf…wZ †Kvb& RvZxq Lv`¨? K) wdW A¨vwWwUfm& L) wjwMDg M) `vbv`vi N) Avukhy³

2| R‡b¥i mgq I 16 mßv‡n iæ‡g‡bi AvqZb h_vµ‡g KZ _v‡K?

K) 1.3 wjUvi I 20.95 wjUvi L) 1.2 wjUvi I 20.05 wjUvi M) 1.3 wjUvi I 20.05 wjUvi N) 1.2 wjUvi I 20.95 wjUvi

3| GKwU 100 †KwR ˆ`wnK IR‡bi gwn‡li Rb¨ ‰`wbK KZ †KwR ï®‹ c`v‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb?

K) 2.0-3.0 †KwR L) 2.5-3.0 †KwR M) 2.5-3.5 †KwR N) 2.0-3.5 †KwR

4| R‡b¥i cÖ_g wZbw`b evQyi‡K Kx cwigvY kvj`ya w`‡Z n‡e?

K) 2540 wg.wj. L) 2550 wg.wj. M) 2580 wg.wj. N) 2480 wg.wj.

5| 600 †KwR IR‡bi GKwU luv‡oi Rb¨ ˆ`wbK KZUzKz im‡`i cÖ‡qvRb?

K) 40-45 †KwR meyR Nvm I 2-3 †KwR Lo L) 50-60 †KwR meyR Nvm I 2-3 †KwR Lo M) 40-50 †KwR meyR Nvm I 2.5-3.5 †KwR Lo N) 40-50 †KwR meyR Nvm I 2-3 †KwR Lo


gwnl I †fov cvjb

cvV 7.3 gwn‡li †ivMe¨vwa `gb

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- gwn‡li †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi wewfbœ Kvh©µg¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e ej‡Z cvi‡eb| gwn‡li ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ivM¸‡jvi bvg wjL‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡qKwU †iv‡Mi cÖwZKvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gwn‡li †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv Miæi Zzjbvq †ewk| Z‡e GKevi †ivMvµvšÍ n‡q co‡j g„Zz i m¤¢vebv Miæi Zzjbvq †ewk _v‡K| gwn‡li †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ me mgq GKB eë ’vw` cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv| wewfbœ ai‡bi †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ eë ’v i‡q‡Q| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †iv‡Mi Rb¨ wUKvi eë¯’v Av‡Q| Gme wUKv †iwR÷vW© †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv iæwUbgvwdK cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| gwn‡li wewfbœ †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ RvZxqwfwËK Kvh©µgB †ewk djcÖmy n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K Lvgvix ev gwnl cvjK‡ì wb‡R‡ì Lvgv‡i †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Kvh©vejx¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e| mwVK mg‡q wUKv cÖ vb, K…wgbvkK Ilya †meb Kiv‡bv, RxevYygy³ cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv BZ¨vw` Gme Kvh©µ‡gi Ab¨Zg|

gwn‡li †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv Miæi Zzjbvq †ewk| Z‡e GKevi †ivMvµvšÍ n‡q co‡j g„Zz i m¤¢vebvI †ewk _v‡K|

gwn‡li †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ mvaviYfv‡e wbgœwjwLZ eë¯’vw` MÖnY Ki‡j fv‡jv dj cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-

cï¯^v¯’¨ msµvšÍ Dchy³ AvBbKvbyb cÖYqb I ev¯Íe‡¶‡Î Zvi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM| cï¯^v¯’¨ I cï‡iv‡Mi myôz I ev¯Íeagx© M‡elYvi eë¯’v I M‡elYvjä djvdj ev¯Í‡e

cÖ‡qvM| Dchy³ †ivMwbY©q cÖwµqv MÖnY Kiv I mgMÖ †`‡k ch©vß msL¨vq wewfbœ gv‡bi †ivMwbY©q

cix¶vMvi cÖwZôv| gwnl ïgvwi| †ivM wPwýZKiY I wPwKrmvi eë ’v MÖnY| †ivMe¨vwa msµvšÍ msev` `ªæZ Av`vbcÖ`vb I †hvMv‡hvM i¶vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c

MÖnY| wbqwgZ wUKv I wmivg mieivnKiY| Rbmvavi‡Yi mwµq mn‡hvwMZv KiYv‡_© cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡Póv| wk¶v, cÖwk¶Y I cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g RbMY‡K †ivMe¨vwa m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i M‡o †Zvjv| Avg`vwbK…Z cï I bZzb cï‡ì cix¶v Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß mgq ch©šÍ m½wb‡iva

(quarantine) c×wZ MÖnY Kiv| Avg`vwbK…Z cï I bZzb cï‡ì cix¶v Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß mgq ch©šÍ m½wb‡iva c×wZ MÖnY Kiv|

cïcvjb GjvKv‡Z GKKfv‡e A_ev cvk¦©eZx© GjvKvi Lvgvwii m‡½ †hŠ_fv‡e †ivM wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ Kg©m~wP MÖnY Kiv| ch©vß cwigvY cÖwZ‡laK wUKv eënvi Kiv| †ivMvµvšÍ GjvKvi †_‡K †Kv‡bv cï ev cïcvwLRvZ ªe¨ fv‡jv GjvKvq AbycÖ‡ek bv NUv‡bv| †ivMRxevYy enbKvix KxUcZ½ aŸsm Kiv|

gwn‡li ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ivM I cÖwZKvi gwnl Miæ, QvMj ev †fovi b¨vq RxevYyNwUZ, ciRxexNwUZ, AcywóRwbZ, wecvKxq I Ab¨vb¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ Miæ †hme †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq gwnlI †mme †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡q _v‡K| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †MvemšÍ, Lyiv †ivM, Mjv‡dvjv, ev`jv, ZoKv, eªæ‡m‡jvwmm, A¨vm&‡Kwiqvwmm, wK‡Uvwmm, yaR¡i, g¨v÷vBwUm, d¨vwmIwjqvwmm, Ab¨vb¨ K…wgNwUZ †ivM cÖf…wZB cÖavb| GLv‡b `yGKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ivM I Zvi cÖwZKvi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

gwnl Miæ, QvMj ev †fovi b¨vq RxevYyNwUZ, ciRxexNwUZ, AcywóRwbZ, wecvKxq I Ab¨vb¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i|


171

Mevw`cï cvjb

Mjv‡dvjv †ivM (Haemorrhagic septicemia) Mjv‡dvjv †iv‡M m`¨ AvµvšÍ

gwn‡l mvaviYZ ¶zavgv›`¨, bvmviÜ« †_‡K †k−®§v †ei nIqv, Mjv dz‡j hvIqv, D”P ˆ`wnK ZvcgvÎv cÖf…wZ j¶Y †`Lv hvq|

GwU GK ai‡bi msµvgK †ivM| cvm&Pz‡ijv gvjUzwmWv (Pasteurella multocida) bvgK GK ai‡bi e¨K‡Uwiqv G †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx| Kg eq‡mi gwnl G‡Z †ewk AvµvšÍ nq| MÖx‡®§i †kl †_‡K mgMÖ el©vKvje¨vcx G †iv‡Mi cÖv`yfv©e †`Lv hvq| wbgœ Rjvf‚wg, b`x ev Lvj‡ewóZ I DcK‚jxq AÂ‡j G †iv‡Mi cÖv yf©ve †ewk|

j¶Y t AwZ Zxeª cÖK…wZi †iv‡Mi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv j¶Y QvovB gwnl gviv hvq| m`¨ AvµvšÍ gwn‡l mvaviYZ ¶zavgv›`¨, bvmviÜ« †_‡K †k−®§v †ei nIqv, Mjv dz‡j hvIqv, D”P ˆ`wnK ZvcgvÎv cÖf…wZ j¶Y †`Lv hvq|

wPwKrmv I cÖwZ‡iva t AvµvšÍ gwnl‡K mvjdvRvZxq Ilya, †hgb- mvjdvcvBivRj A_ev A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK, †hgb- Aw·‡UUªvmvBwK¬b †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv wba©vwiZ gvÎvq cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j fv‡jv dj cvIqv hvq| †ivMcÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ 6 gvm AšÍi wUKv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

ev`jv (Black quarter) Aíeq¯‹ gwnl G‡Z AvµvšÍ nq

Ges g„Zz nvi 90-95% ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z cv dz‡j hvq I †dvjv ’v‡b Pvc w`‡j cP& cP& ev eR& eR& kã nq|

G msµvgK †ivMwU mvaviYZ el©vi †k‡l †`Lv †`q| K¬m&wUªwWqvg †PŠwfqvB (Clostridium chauvaei) bvgK e¨vK‡Uwiqv G †iv‡Mi KviY| Aíeq¯‹ gwnl G‡Z AvµvšÍ nq Ges g„Zz¨ nvi 90-95% ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i|

j¶Y t cv dz‡j hvq I nvU‡Z †ek Kó nq| †`‡ni ZvcgvÎv 1030-1060 †m. ch©šÍ I‡V| †dvjv ’v‡b Pvc w`‡j cP& cP& ev eR& eR& kã nq| AvµvšÍ gwnl w`b yG‡Ki g‡a¨B gviv †h‡Z cv‡i| AwZ Zxeª cªK…wZi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv j¶Y cÖKv‡ki c~‡e©B gviv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wPwKrmv I cÖwZ‡iva t wPwKrmvi Rb¨ †cwbwmwjb ev Aw·‡UUªvmvBwK¬bRvZxq A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Ilya †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv wbav©wiZ gvÎvq cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j mydj cvIqv hvq| cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ evQy‡ii 6 gvm eqm †_‡K cÖwZ 6 gvm AšÍi wUKv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

msµvgK Mf©cvZ ev eªæ‡m‡jvwmm (Brucellosis) gwn‡li cÖRbb e¨nZKvix †iv‡Mi g‡a¨ msµvgK Mf©cvZ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| c„w_exi me †`‡kB GwU †`Lv hvq|

gwn‡li cÖRbb e¨nZKvix msµvgK †iv‡Mi g‡a¨ eªæ‡m‡jvwmm me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| c„w_exi me †`‡kB GwU †`Lv hvq| eªæ‡mjv A¨v‡eviUvm (Brucella abortus) bvgK e¨vK‡Uwiqvi Kvi‡Y G †ivM n‡q _v‡K|

j¶Y t Mf©cvZ Ges åæYveiY wbM©g‡b e¨vNvZ I Abye©iZv G †iv‡Mi cÖavb j¶Y| mvaviYZ Mf©Kv‡ji 5-7 gv‡mi gv_vq Mf©cvZ nq| RxevYy Avµg‡Yi d‡j Rivqyi AšÍiveiwYKvi cÖ`vn m„wó nq, d‡j Mf©cv‡Zi ci Rivqy ms‡KvP‡b wej¤^ N‡U Ges K‡qK gvm ch©šÍ cyuRhy³ mªve wbtm„Z nq| Mf©cv‡Zi ci AwaKvsk gwnl Mvfx eûw`b ch©šÍ Abye©i _v‡K|

wPwKrmv t eªæ‡m‡jvwmm †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv eZ©gv‡b mvaviYZ Kiv nq bv| wKš‘ mvjdvWvqvwRb I AwaKvsk A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK D³ RxevYy aŸsm Ki‡Z m¶g|

gwn‡li wewfbœ †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ ’vbxq †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv mg‡q wewfbœ msµvgK †iv‡Mi wUKv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov eQ‡i AšÍZ yevi G‡ì‡K K…wgbvkK Ilya †meb Kiv‡Z n‡e| m‡e©vcwi G‡ì evm¯’vb I Ab¨vb¨ eë¯’vcbv ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z n‡Z n‡e|

Abykxjb (Activity) t Mjv‡dvjv, ev`jv I msµvgK Mf©cvZ †iv‡Mi j¶Y¸‡jvi cv_©K¨m~PK GKwU PvU© ˆZwi Kiæb|


gwnl I †fov cvjb

mvigg© t gwn‡li †ivMcÖwZ‡iva ¶gZv Miæi Zzjbvq †ewk| Z‡e GKevi †ivMvµvšÍ n‡q co‡j g„Zzï m¤¢vebv Miæi Zzjbvq †ewk _v‡K| gwn‡li †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ me mgq GKB eë ’vw` cÖ‡hvR¨ nq bv| GRb¨ RvZxqwfwËK Kvh©µgB †ewk djcÖmy n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e cÖ‡Z¨K Lvgvix ev gwnl cvjK‡ì wb‡R‡ì Lvgv‡i †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Kvh©vejx¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e| mwVK mg‡q wUKv cÖ`vb, K…wgbvkK Ilya †meb Kiv‡bv, RxevYygy³ cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv BZ¨vw` Gme Kvh©µ‡gi Ab¨Zg| Giv Miæ, QvMj ev †fovi b¨vq RxevYyNwUZ, ciRxexNwUZ, AcywóRwbZ, wecvKxq I Ab¨vb¨ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡ì wewfbœ †iv‡Mi g‡a¨ †MvemšÍ, Lyiv †ivM, Mjv‡dvjv, ev`jv, ZoKv, eªæ‡m‡jvwmm, A¨vm‡Kwiqvwmm, wK‡Uvwmm, `yaR¡i, g¨v÷vBwUm, d¨vwmIwjqvwmm Ges Ab¨vb¨ K…wgNwUZ †ivMB cÖavb| G‡ì wewfbœ msµvgK †ivM `g‡bi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv mg‡q wUKv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov eQ‡i AšÍZ `yevi K…wgbvkK Ilya †meb Kiv‡Z n‡e|


173

Mevw`cï cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| Kxfv‡e †ivMe¨vwa `g‡b Mbm‡PZbZv M‡o †Zvjv hvq?

K) wUKvi gva¨‡g L) wk¶v, cÖwk¶Y I cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g M) wk¶vi gva¨‡g N) cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g

2| gwn‡li fvBivmNwUZ †ivM †Kvb& ‡jv?

K) ev`jv I ZoKv L) wK‡Uvwmm I `ya R¡i M) †MvemšÍ I Lyiv †ivM N) A¨vm‡Kwiqvwmm I d¨vwmIwjqvwmm

3| †Kvb& RxevYy Mjv‡dvjv †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx?

K) mvj‡gv‡bjv UvBwd L) K¬m&wUªwWqvg †PŠwfqvB M) eªæ‡mjv A¨v‡eviUvm N) cvm&Pz‡ijv gvjUzwmWv

4| †Kvb& †iv‡M cP& cP& ev eR& eR& kã nq?

K) ev`jv L) ZoKv M) Lyiv †ivM N) †MvemšÍ

5| †Kvb& †iv‡M Mf©cvZ nq?

K) Mjv‡dvjv L) eªæ‡m‡jvwmm M) †MvemšÍ N) wK‡Uvwmm


gwnl I †fov cvjb

cvV 7.4 †fov cvj‡b myweavw`, †fovi evm¯’vb I cwiPh©v

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- †fov cvj‡bi myweav¸‡jv mn‡RB ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| †fovi N‡ii aib ej‡Z cvi‡eb| †fovi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvY wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| †fovi cwiPh©v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

†fov cvj‡b myweavw` †fov cvj‡bi †ek myweav i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv wbgœiƒc-

†fov Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `v‡g m¯Ív I ªæZ esk e„w× Ki‡Z m¶g| cÖwZ weqv‡b G‡KKwU †fov 3-4wU ev”Pvi Rb¥ w`‡q _v‡K| Giv QvM‡ji g‡Zv 15 gv‡m `yevi ev”Pv †`q| Z‡e G‡ì cwic°Zv wKQyUv †`wi‡Z Av‡m|

†fov Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `v‡g m¯Ív I ªæZ esk e„w× Ki‡Z m¶g| Giv 15 gv‡m yevi ev”Pv †`q| Giv ïay Nvm †L‡q †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i| G‡ì Rb¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv m¤ú~iK Lv`¨ jv‡M bv|

AvMvQvc~Y© f‚wg cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z G‡ì Rywo †bB| Giv cÖ‡qvR‡b †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Lvevi †L‡Z cv‡i| AvMvQv, Nvm, jZv¸j¥, g~j, K›`, km¨`vbv, cvZv, Qvj, GgbKx Lv`¨ NvUwZi mgq cÖ‡qvRb n‡j gvQ ev gvsmI †L‡Z m¶g| Giv ïay Nvm †L‡q †eu‡P _vK‡Z

cv‡i| G‡ì Rb¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv m¤ú~iK Lv`¨ jv‡M bv| Giv Nvm †L‡q Zv AZ¨šÍ `¶Zvi m‡½ Dj I gvs‡m iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|

QvM‡ji g‡Zv †fov MvQMvQov bó K‡i bv| †fov me mgq `j‡bZv‡K AbymiY K‡i, ZvB G‡ì jvjbcvjb I eë ’vcbv AZ¨šÍ

mnR| G‡ì Rb¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv DbœZgv‡bi evm¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †fovi gvsm I `ya †ek my¯^v`y| G‡ì Pvgov wewµ K‡iI fv‡jv A_© Avq Kiv hvq| †fovi †jvg ev ckgB Dj (wool) bv‡g cwiwPZ| G¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ `vwg| Dj †_‡K

kxZe ¿, K¤^j, kvj BZ¨vw` ˆZwi nq| †fovi †jvg ev ckgB Dj bv‡g cwiwPZ hv AZ¨šÍ `vwg| Dj †_‡K kxZe ¿, K¤^j, kvj BZ¨vw` ˆZwi nq|

†fovi †Mvei I Pbv DrK…ógv‡bi ˆRe mvi wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| †fovi nv‡oi ¸u‡ov Mevw`cï I †cvwëªi Lv`¨ Ges DrK…ó mvi wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| Gi

bvwofuzwo I i‡³ i‡q‡Q DbœZgv‡bi Avwgl hv nvumgyiwMi Lv`¨ ev †cvwëª wdW wn‡m‡e †ek RbwcÖq|

†fov AZ¨šÍ A_©Kix cÖvYx|

†fovi G‡Zv ¸Yv¸Y _vK‡jI evsjv‡`‡k Giv †Zgb GKUv RbwcÖq bq| G‡`‡k †fovi †Kv‡bv fv‡jv RvZ †bB|

†fovi G‡Zv ¸Yv¸Y _vK‡jI evsjv‡`‡k Giv †Zgb GKUv RbwcÖq bq| msL¨vI Lye Aí| G‡`‡ki †fovi †Kv‡bv fv‡jv RvZ †bB| †fov ï®‹ I kxZj AvenvIqvi cÖvYx| G‡`‡ki †fRv I m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z AvenvIqv G‡ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx bq| evsjv‡`‡k †bvqvLvjx I ewikv‡ji DcK‚jxq AÂ‡jB †ewk msL¨vq †fov cvjb Kiv nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki ’vbxq Rv‡Zi †fovi †jvg mv`v n‡jI Ah‡Zœi Kvi‡Y Zv njy eY© aviY K‡i| G‡ì ckg AZ¨šÍ †gvUv I wbgœgv‡bi| d‡j G †_‡K fv‡jv Dj cÖ¯‘Z nq bv| G Dj †_‡K K¤^j Qvov Ab¨ wKQy ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e bq| ev Í‡e, G‡`‡k †fov †_‡K gvsm Qvov Avi wKQyB cvIqv hvq bv ej‡jB P‡j| G gvsmI †ewkifvM †jvKB cQ›` K‡ib bv| Z‡e G‡`‡ki †fovi cÖwZ wKQyUv bRi w`‡j mn‡RB G †_‡K AvÍKg©ms ’v‡bi eë ’v Kiv hv‡e| we‡`kx DbœZ Rv‡Zi †fovi m‡½ cÖRbb NwU‡q msKiRvZ m„wó Ki‡j Zv †_‡K DbœZgv‡bi DjI cvIqv hv‡e| d‡j †fov cvjb A_©‰bwZKfv‡e jvfRbK n‡q IV‡e|


175

Mevw`cï cvjb

†fovi evm ’vb †fovi Rb¨ evm ’vb †Zgb †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq bq| KviY Giv cÖavbZ gv‡V P‡i Nvm LvIqvi Ici wbf©ikxj| G‡ì‡K Nvmc~Y© we¯ÍxY© gv‡V cvjb Kiv nq †hLv‡b Giv `j †e‡a Nvm †L‡Z †L‡Z GKcÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨cÖv‡šÍ †h‡Z _v‡K| iv‡Zi †ejv gv‡VB GKm‡½ wekªvg †bq| Z‡e kxZcÖavb †`‡k kxZKv‡j G‡ì Rb¨ evm¯’v‡bi ìKvi c‡o| ZvQvov AviI K‡qKwU Kvi‡Y †fovi evm¯’v‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| †hgb-

iv‡Zi †ejv fv‡jvfv‡e wekªvg †bqvi Rb¨| wkKvwi cÖvYxi nvZ †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨| †hme †fov †ewk `ya †`q Zv‡ì `ya †`vn‡bi Rb¨| Mf©eZx, cÖm~wZ I ev”Pv †fovi mwVK cwiPh©v Kivi Rb¨| †Pv‡ii nvZ †_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨| Avgv‡ì g‡Zv m¨vuZm¨vu‡Z †`‡k Soe„wói nvZ †_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨|

†fovi N‡ii aib †fov cvj‡bi Rb¨ cÖavbZ wZb ai‡bi Ni eënvi Kiv nq| †hgb- K. †Lvjv ev Db¥y³ Ni, L. Avav-Db¥y³ Ni I M. Ave× ev Qv`hy³ Ni|

K. Db¥y³ Ni t †hme AÂ‡j e„wócvZ AZ¨šÍ Kg nq †mLv‡b Db¥y³ N‡i †fov cvjb Kiv nq| wbw`©ó RvqMvi Pviw`‡K †eov w`‡q G ai‡bi Ni ˆZwi Kiv nq| G‡Z †Kv‡bv Qv` _v‡K bv| †g‡S‡Z cÖavbZ Lo eënvi Kiv nq|

L. Avav-Db¥y³ Ni t Pviw`K wN‡i †eov †`qv GKwU wbw`©ó ’v‡bi GK †Kv‡Y LvwbKUv RvqMv Qv` w`‡q wN‡i G ai‡bi Ni ˆZwi Kiv nq|

M. Ave× Ni t G ai‡bi N‡ii cy‡iv AskB Qv` w`‡q †Niv _v‡K| N‡i ch©vß Av‡jv-evZvm PjvP‡ji eë ’v _v‡K| †g‡S cvKv ev AvavcvKv n‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì g‡Zv †`‡k †fov cvj‡bi Rb¨ G ai‡bi NiB Dc‡hvMx| †fov mvivw`b gv‡V Pi‡e I iv‡Zi †ejv N‡i Avkªq †b‡e| ZvQvov Soe„wó ev Lvivc AvenvIqvi nvZ †_‡K i¶v cvIqvi Rb¨ G ai‡bi Ni AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq|

†fovi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMv †fovi Rb¨ f‚wgmgZj †g‡S (L‡oi ˆZwi) ev gvuPvi †g‡S ˆZwi Kiv hvq| guvPvi †g‡S‡Z RxevYy I K…wg msµgY NUvi m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K| ZvQvov GwU ¯^v¯’¨m¤§ZI e‡U| gvuPvi ˆZwi †g‡S‡Z †fovi Rb¨ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e RvqMvI Kg jv‡M| mviwY 34-G wewfbœ eq‡mi †fovi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvY D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q|

mviwY 34 t gvuPvi †g‡S I L‡oi †g‡S‡Z wewfbœ eq‡mi †fovi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z ¯’vb

†fovi aib gvPvui †g‡S (eM© wgUvi)

L‡oi †g‡S (f‚wgmgZj) (eM© wgUvi)

ev”PvQvov eo †fox (68-90 †KwR) 0.95-1.10 1.2-1.4 ev”Pvmn eo †fox (68-90 †KwR) 1.2-1.7 1.40-1.85 ev”PvQvov †QvU †fox (45-68 †KwR) 0.75-0.95 1.0-1.3 ev”Pvmn †QvU †fox (45-68 †KwR) 1.0-1.4 1.30-1.75 g`©v †fov (32 †KwR) 0.55-0.75 0.75-0.95

†fovi Rb¨ f‚wgmgZj †g‡S ev gvuPvi †g‡S ˆZwi Kiv hvq| guvPvi †g‡S‡Z RxevYy I K…wg msµgY NUvi m¤¢vebv Kg|

†fov cvj‡bi Rb¨ cÖavbZ wZb ai‡bi Ni eënvi Kiv nq| h_v- Db¥y³, Avav-Db¥y³ I Ave× Ni|

†fovi Rb¨ evm¯’vb †Zgb †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq bq| KviY Giv cÖavbZ gv‡V P‡i Nvm LvIqvi Ici wbf©ikxj|


gwnl I †fov cvjb

†fovi aib gvPvui †g‡S (eM© wgUvi)

L‡oi †g‡S (f‚wgmgZj) (eM© wgUvi)

g`©v †fov (23 †KwR) 0.45-0.55 0.65-0.95 ev”Pv †fov ( 6 mßvn) - 0.4 ev”Pv †fov (2 mßvn) - 0.15

Drm t Scott, W. N. (1978). The Care and Management of Farm Animals, Bailliere Tindall, UK p. 90.

Abykxjb (Activity)t ev”Pvmn 5wU eo †foxi Rb¨ guvPvi †g‡S I L‡oi †g‡S‡Z me©‡gvU cÖ‡qvRbxq RvqMvi cwigvY wn‡me K‡i †ei Kiæb|

†fovi cwiPh©v †fov‡K my ’mej I Kg©¶g ivLv

Ges Gi †_‡K ch©vß Drcv`b †c‡Z n‡j mwVKfv‡e hZœ ev cwiPh©v Ki‡Z n‡e|

†fov‡K my ’ mej I Kg©¶g ivLv Ges Gi †_‡K ch©vß Drcv`b †c‡Z n‡j mwVKfv‡e hZœ ev cwiPh©v Ki‡Z n‡e| Miæ, gwnl ev QvM‡ji g‡ZvB ˆ`wbK †fovi cwiPh©v Ki‡Z n‡e| wewfbœ eq‡mi †fov‡K cÖ‡qvRbgvwdK †mevhZœ Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov Mf©eZx, cÖm~wZ, beRvZK cÖf…wZ †fovi †¶‡Î we‡klfv‡e hZœ wb‡Z n‡e| wbgœwjwLZfv‡e †fovi cwiPh©v Kiv hvq| h_v-

cÖwZw`b mKv‡j Ni †_‡K †ei K‡i gv‡V Pivi Rb¨ †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e| Zviv †hb ch©vß mgq gv‡V Pi‡Z cv‡o †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|

Ni fv‡jvfv‡e cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| †Mvei ev Pbv †hb †Kv‡bv †iv‡Mi KviY bv nq †mw`‡K j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| mßv‡n AšÍZ GKevi RxevYybvkK Ilya w`‡q Ni RxevYygy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|

G‡ì wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ Aek¨B Kv‡b U¨vM b¤î jvMv‡Z n‡e| mvaviYZ we‡kl Ae¯’v Qvov G‡ì‡K †Zgb †Kv‡bv `vbv`vi Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z nq bv|

mvaviYZ we‡kl Ae¯’v Qvov G‡ì‡K †Zgb †Kv‡bv `vbv`vi Lv`¨ mieivn Ki‡Z nq bv| Z‡e, Mf©eZx, cÖm~wZ, ev”Pv †fov I cÖRb‡bi cvVvi Rb¨ m¤ú~iK (supplementary) Lv‡`ï eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|

wPÎ 75 t m`¨cÖm~Z ev”Pvmn †fox

wbqwgZ eªvk w`‡q †`n cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z D‡ji †fZ‡ii gqjv †ewi‡q Avm‡e I i³ mÂvjb cÖwµqv e„w× cv‡e|

wbqwgZ eªvk w`‡q †`n cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z D‡ji †fZ‡ii gqjv †ewi‡q Avm‡e I i³ mÂvjb cÖwµqv e„w× cv‡e| wbqwgZ eªvk Ki‡j Dj D¾¡j †`Lv‡e I Pvgovi gvb e„w× cv‡e|


177

Mevw`cï cvjb

cÖwZw`b wbw`©ó mg‡q †foxi `ya †`vnb Ki‡Z n‡e| `ya †`vn‡bi mgq cwi®‹vi-

cwi”QbœZv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| †fovi Dj KvUvi c~‡e© G‡ì‡K ewntciRxexbvkK Ilya w`‡q †Mvmj ev †aŠZ Kiv‡Z

n‡e A_ev G‡ì †`‡n Zv wQwU‡q w`‡Z n‡e| G mgq Aek¨B mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e †hb †fov †m welv³ Ilya †L‡q bv †d‡j| Gfv‡e ewntciRxexbvkK eënvi Ki‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi DKyb, AvuUvwj I Ab¨vb¨ ewntciRxex aŸsm nIqvi cvkvcvwk Dj †_‡K wewfbœ gqjv ~i nq, gvwQi Kxov †`‡n evmv evua‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡Z D‡ji gvbI e„w× cvq|

†fovi Dj KvUvi c~‡e© G‡ì‡K ewntciRxexbvkK Ilya w`‡q †Mvmj Kiv‡Z n‡e A_ev G‡ì †`‡n Zv wQwU‡q w`‡Z n‡e|

wbw`©ó †gŠmy‡g †fovi †`n †_‡K Dj †K‡U wb‡Z n‡e| cÖRb‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ eëüZ †fov‡K GKv‡R eënv‡ii c~e© Dj †K‡U w`‡j cÖRbb ¶gZv I `¶Zv ev‡o|

cÖRb‡bi Kv‡R eënv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ bv _vK‡j cyiæl ev”Pv †fov‡K mgqg‡Zv Luvwm K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| mKj eq‡mi †fov‡K wbqwgZ

K…wgbvkK Ilya LvIqv‡Z n‡e I wUKv cÖ vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

Amy ’ †fov‡K Ab¨vb¨ my ’ †fov †_‡K c„_K K‡i wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| mKj eq‡mi †fov‡K wbqwgZ K…wgbvkK Ilya LvIqv‡Z n‡e I wUKv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|

mvigg© t †fov Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `v‡g m¯Ív| Giv `ªæZ esk e„w× Ki‡Z m¶g; 15 gv‡m `yevi ev”Pv †`q| †fovi †jvg ev ckgB Dj bv‡g cwiwPZ hv AZ¨šÍ `vwg| Dj †_‡K kxZe¯¿, K¤^j, kvj BZ¨vw` ˆZwi nq| †fovi Rb¨ evm ’vb †Zgb †Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq bq| Giv ïay Nvm †L‡q †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i| G‡ì Rb¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv m¤ú~iK Lv`¨ jv‡M bv| KviY Giv cÖavbZ gv‡V P‡i Nvm LvIqvi Ici wbf©ikxj| G‡ì Rb¨ wZb ai‡bi Ni eënvi Kiv nq| h_v- Db¥y³, Avav-Db¥y³ I Ave× Ni| †fovi Rb¨ f‚wgmgZj †g‡S ev guvPvi †g‡S ˆZwi Kiv hvq| guvPvi †g‡S‡Z RxevYy I K…wg msµgY NUvi m¤¢vebv Kg| wbqwgZ eªvk w`‡q G‡ì †`n cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z D‡ji †fZ‡ii gqjv †ewi‡q Avm‡e I i³ mÂvjb cÖwµqv e„w× cv‡e| †fovi Dj KvUvi c~‡e© G‡ì‡K ewntciRxexbvkK Ilya w`‡q †Mvmj Kiv‡Z n‡e| mKj eq‡mi †fov‡K wbqwgZ K…wgbvkK Ilya LvIqv‡Z n‡e I wUKv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|


gwnl I †fov cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| †fov cÖwZ weqv‡b KqwU K‡i ev”Pv cÖme K‡i?

K) 3-4wU L) 4-5wU M) 2-3wU N) 1-2wU

2| evsjv‡`‡ki †fovi Dj ev ckg Kx ai‡bi?

K) AZ¨šÍ miæ I DuPzgv‡bi L) AZ¨šÍ †gvUv I wbgœgv‡bi M) ga¨ggv‡bi N) †gvUv Z‡e wbgœgv‡bi bq

3| †fovi Rb¨ Kq ai‡bi Ni i‡q‡Q?

K) Db¥y³ I Ave× Ni L) Db¥y³ I Avav-Db¥y³ Ni M) Avav-Db¥y³ I Ave× Ni N) Db¥y³, Avav-Db¥y³ I Ave× Ni

4| 2 mßvn I 6 mßvn eq‡mi ev”Pv †fovi Rb¨ h_vµ‡g KZUzKz RvqMvi cÖ‡qvRb?

K) 0.12 I 0.40 eM© wgUvi L) 0.12 I 0.32 eM© wgUvi M) 0.15 I 0.32 eM© wgUvi N) 0.15 I 0.40 eM© wgUvi

5| †fovi †`‡n ewntciRxexbvkK Ilya e¨envi Ki‡j Kx DcKvi nq?

K) DKzb I AuvUvwj ~i nq L) wewfbœ gqjv `~i nq M) DKzb, AuvUvwj, wewfbœ ewntciRxex, gvwQi Kxov I gqjv ~i nq N) gvwQi Kxov ~i nq


179

Mevw`cï cvjb

cvV 7.5 †fovi Lv`¨ I †ivMe¨vwa `gb

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- †fovi Lv`¨vf¨vm m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| †fovi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb| wewfbœ ai‡bi †fovi Lv`¨ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †fovi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †iv‡Mi bvg I `gb eë¯’v wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

Mevw`cïi g‡a¨ †fovB GKgvÎ cÖvYx hviv †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Lv`¨ †L‡q †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i| Giv †hgb Lv`¨ NvUwZi mgq AwZ wbgœgv‡bi jZvcvZv †L‡q RxebaviY Ki‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb ïay km¨`vbv †L‡qI RxebaviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯iƒc ejv hvq, gvs‡mi Rb¨ cvwjZ †fov¸‡jv‡K ïay km¨`vbvm¤§„× `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï IciB cvjb Kiv nq| Z‡e, †fov `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï Zzjbvq NvmRvZxq Lv`¨ †L‡ZB †ewk cQ›` K‡i| Avi KvUv NvmRvZxq Lv‡`ï †P‡q wb‡Riv gv‡V P‡i (grazing) Nvm †L‡ZB †ewk fv‡jvev‡m| cïm¤ú‡ì (livestock) g‡a¨ †fovB GKgvÎ cÖvYx hviv Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Ab¨ cÖvYxi †_‡K †ewk nv‡i Z…Y ev NvmRvZxq Lv`¨ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Kv‡RB †fov †_‡K fv‡jv Drcv`b †c‡Z n‡j G‡ì‡K me mgqB gv‡V Piv‡Z n‡e| j¤^v I †gvUv Nv‡mi †P‡q Lv‡Uv I wPKb Nvm Giv †ewk cQ›` K‡i| Giv QvM‡ji g‡Zv Lv‡`¨ ‰ewPÎ †Luv‡R bv| Dw”Qó Lv`Ï Abvqv‡m Lvq|

Mevw`cïi g‡a¨ †fovB GKgvÎ cÖvYx hviv †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Lv`¨ †L‡q †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 76 t GKcvj †fov gv‡V P‡i †eov‡”Q

Abykxjb (Activity)t QvMj I †fovi Lv`¨vf¨v‡mi cv_©K¨m~PK GKwU PvU© ˆZwi Kiæb|

†fovi cvK¯’jx I cwicvK wµqv †fov Miæ, gwnl I QvM‡ji

g‡ZvB †ivgš’K cÖvYx| †fov Miæ, gwnl I QvM‡ji g‡ZvB †ivgš’K cÖvYx| G‡ì cvK ’jxi MVbI Gme cÖvYxi g‡ZvB| QvMj I †fovi cvK¯’jxi MVb I cwicvK wµqv GKB ai‡bi| †fovi Lv‡`ï †kªwYweb¨vm †fovi Lv‡`ï †kªwYweb¨vm

QvM‡ji g‡ZvB| Z‡e G‡ì Lv‡`¨ Avukhy³ Lv‡`ï cwigvY `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï Zzjbvq †ewk w`‡Z nq|

†fovi Lv‡`ï †kªwYweb¨vm QvM‡ji g‡ZvB| Z‡e G‡ì Lv‡`¨ Avukhy³ Lv‡`ï cwigvY `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï Zzjbvq †ewk w`‡Z nq| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq †fov‡K ïay Avukhy³ Lv`¨ w`‡qB cvjb Kiv nq| Giv wewfbœ ai‡bi ZvRv Nvm, †hgb- KvDwc, `~ev© Nvm, Ab¨vb¨ †QvU Nvm, mqvweb, KjvB, gUi BZ¨vwì cvZv †ewk cQ›` K‡i| G¸‡jv ZvRv QvovI †iv‡` ïwK‡qI mieivn Kiv hvq| G‡Z wfUvwgb-G mn‡RB ms‡k−lY Ki‡Z cv‡i| wewfbœ ai‡bi ˆLj, †hgb- wZwmi ˆLj, mqvweb ˆLj, Zzjvex‡Ri ˆLj †_‡K Giv DbœZgv‡bi Avwgl †c‡q _v‡K| `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï g‡a¨ Mg, he, fzÆv, miMg BZ¨vw`B cÖavb| G‡ì Lv‡`¨ mvaviYZ wdW A¨vwWwUfm& †hvM Kiv nq bv|


gwnl I †fov cvjb

†fovi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Lv`¨ I Lv`¨ZvwjKv beRvZK ev”Pv †fov‡K QvM‡ji ev”Pvi g‡ZvB R‡b¥i ci 3-4 w`b ch©šÍ IRb Abycv‡Z kvj`ya cvb Kiv‡Z nq|

beRvZK ev”Pv †fov‡K QvM‡ji ev”Pvi g‡ZvB R‡b¥i ci 3-4 w`b ch©šÍ IRb Abycv‡Z kvj`ya cvb Kiv‡Z nq| Gici QvM‡ji wbq‡gB 4-5 †KwR IRb nIqv ch©šÍ ïay `y‡ai Ici cvjb Ki‡Z nq Ges Gici †_‡KB ˆ`wbK wKQy wKQy cwigvY Z…YRvZxq Lv`¨ gv‡V Pwi‡q LvIqv‡Z nq| A‡bK mgq gvs‡mi Rb¨ cvwjZ †fov‡K †Kv‡bviƒc `vbv`vi Lv`¨B cÖ`vb Kiv nq bv| Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv ïay `vbv`vi Lv‡`ï IciB G‡ì‡K cvjb Kiv nq|

Mf©eZx †foxi Zzjbvq cÖm~wZi Lv`¨ZvwjKvq AwaK cwigv‡Y `vbv`vi Lv`¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Z‡e †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨ cvjb bv Ki‡j mvaviYZ †fovi Lv`¨ZvwjKvq km¨`vbv Lye Kg †¶‡ÎB †hvM Kiv nq| Lvgv‡i †fox ev”Pv cÖm‡ei GKgvm c~e© †_‡K G‡ì Lv`¨ZvwjKvq ˆ`wbK 200-250 MÖvg nv‡i `vbv`vi Lv`¨ †hvM Kiv nq| †foxi mviv eQ‡ii Lv`¨ZvwjKvi cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv †iv‡` ïKv‡bv Nvm ev Ab¨vb¨ NvmRvZxq Lv`¨| Gim‡½ cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a mxwgZ cwigvY km¨`vbvc~Y© `vbv`vi Lv`¨ †`qv hv‡e| ZvRv I †iv‡` ïKv‡bv WvjRvZxq Nvm ïay AvwglB mieivn K‡i bv eis G †_‡K cÖPzi cwigv‡Y K¨vjwmqvg Ges wfUvwgb-G I wW cvIqv hvq| mviwY 35, 36 I 37-G h_vµ‡g gvsm Drcv`bKvix, Mf©eZx I cÖm~wZ †foxi Rb¨ GKwU K‡i Lv`¨ZvwjKvi bgybv †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

Mf©eZx †foxi Zzjbvq cÖm~wZi Lv`¨ZvwjKvq AwaK cwigv‡Y `vbv`vi Lv`¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Lvgv‡i †fox ev”Pv cÖm‡ei GKgvm c~e© †_‡K G‡ì Lv`¨ZvwjKvq ˆ`wbK 200-250 MÖvg nv‡i `vbv`vi Lv`¨ †hvM Kiv nq|

mviwY 35 t gvsm Drcv`bKvix †fovi Lv`¨ZvwjKv

Dcv`vb cwigvY (%)

fzÆvi ¸u‡ov wPUv¸o M‡gi fzwk ˆLj ïK‡bv wjwMDg Nvm

40 5 10 9 36

we‡kl `ªóe¨ t `vbv`vi Lv`¨¸‡jv fv‡jvfv‡e wgwk‡q wb‡Z n‡e Ges wjwMDg Nvm cwigvYg‡Zv LvIqv‡Z n‡e| GQvovI Lv`¨ZvwjKvq ch©vß cwigvY jeY I LwYRc`v_© †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|

mviwY 36 t Mf©eZx †foxi Lv`¨ZvwjKv

Dcv`vb cwigvY (%)

he fzÆv (1 fvM) mqvweb ev wZwmi ˆLj (1 fvM) ïK‡bv wPUv¸o (1 fvM) fzÆvi mvB‡jR ïK‡bv wjwMDg Nvm

50

5-10

20-30 20

mviwY 37 t cÖm~wZ †foxi Lv`¨ZvwjKv

Dcv`vb cwigvY (%)

fv‡jvgv‡bi ïK‡bv wjwMDg Nvm he (60 fvM) fzÆvi `vbv (25 fvM) M‡gi fywk (15 fvM)

80

20

Drm (mviwY 10, 11 I 12) t Diggis, R. V., and Bundy, C. E. Sheep Production, Prentice-Hall Inc., USA, pp. 113, 116.


181

Mevw`cï cvjb

†fovi †ivMe¨vwa `gb †h †Kv‡bv cÖvYx †_‡K ch©vß Drcv`b cvIqvi c~e©kZ© n‡jv Gi †ivMe¨vwa `gb| Miæ, QvMj, gwn‡li g‡Zv †fovi †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bI cÖvq GKB ai‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡i QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ cªwYZ bxwZgvjv¸‡jv †fovi RbÏ †gvUvgywUfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| Z‡e †fov †h‡nZz `je×fv‡e evm K‡i ZvB cv‡ji GKwU †fov †Kv‡bv msµvgK †iv‡M AvµvšÍ n‡j Ab¨¸‡jvi AvµvšÍ nIqvi m¤¢vebv Lye †ewk _v‡K| †fov‡Z QvM‡ji Zzjbvq ewntciRxexi AvµgY †ewk nq| G‡ì j¤^v D‡j mn‡RB wewfbœ ai‡bi gvwQi Kxov I AvuUvwj evmv evua‡Z cv‡i| †fov `je×fv‡e _vKvi Kvi‡Y G¸‡jv `ªæZ cy‡iv cv‡j Qwo‡q covi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| ZvB †fov‡K wbqwgZ ewntciRxexbvkK Ilya w`‡q †Mvmj Kiv‡Z n‡e ev G‡ì Dci ewntciRxexbvkK Ilya wQUv‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov wewfbœ msµvgK †ivM `g‡bi Rb¨ wbqwgZ †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv cÖwZ‡laK wUKv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| wewfbœ ai‡bi K„wg, †hgb- †Mvj K…wg, wdZvK…wg, cvZvK…wg cÖf…wZi AvµgY †_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ wbqwgZ K…wgbvkK Ilya †meb Kiv‡Z n‡e| †fovi †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ QvM‡ji b¨vq RvZxqwfwËK I e¨w³MZ `gb eë ’v AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

wPÎ 77 t †fovi ewntciRxex ~i Kivi Rb¨ G‡ì‡K ewntciRxexbvkK Ily‡a †Mvmj Kiv‡bv n‡”Q

†fovi †ivMe¨vwa QvMj Avi †fovi †ivMe¨vwa cÖvq GKB ai‡bi Ges G‡ì wbivgq eë¯’vI A‡bKUv GKB| †fov‡Z cÖavbZ ev`jv, ZoKv, A¨v›Uv‡ivUw·wgqv, dzU iU, g¨v÷vBwUm, Lyiv †ivM, ¯Œ¨vwc, wewfbœ ai‡bi Pg©‡ivM, Mf©eZx †foxi Uw·wgqv, K…wg I ewntciRxexi AvµgY BZ¨vw`B †ewk †`Lv hvq| Gme †ivMe¨vwa ¯’vbxq †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk© Abyhvqx wPwKrmv Kiv‡bv DwPZ| mvigg© t M„ncvwjZ cÖvYx‡ì g‡a¨ †fovB GKgvÎ cÖvYx hviv †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Lv`¨ †L‡q †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i| Giv QvM‡ji g‡Zv Lv‡`¨ ‰ewPÎ †Luv‡R bv| Dw”Qó Lv`Ï Abvqv‡m Lvq| †fovi Lv‡`ï †kªwYweb¨vm QvM‡ji g‡ZvB| beRvZK ev”Pv †fov‡K QvM‡ji ev”Pvi g‡ZvB R‡b¥i ci 3-4 w`b ch©šÍ IRb Abycv‡Z kvj`ya cvb Kiv‡Z nq| Mf©eZx †foxi Zzjbvq cÖm~wZi Lv`¨ZvwjKvq AwaK cwigv‡Y `vbv`vi Lv`¨ cÖ vb Kiv nq| Z‡e †Kv‡bv we‡kl D‡Ï‡k¨ cvjb bv Ki‡j mvaviYZ †fovi Lv`¨ZvwjKvq km¨`vbv Lye Kg †¶‡ÎB †hvM Kiv nq| †fov cÖavbZ ev`jv, ZoKv, A¨v›Uv‡ivUw·wgqv, dzU iU, g¨v÷vBwUm, Lyiv †ivM, ¯Œ¨vwc, wewfbœ ai‡bi Pg©‡ivM, Mf©eZx †foxi Uw·wgqv, K…wg I ewntciRxex BZ¨vw`‡Z AvµvšÍ nq| †fovi wewfbœ msµvgK †ivM `g‡bi Rb¨ †f‡Uwibvwi mvR©‡bi civgk©g‡Zv wbqwgZ cÖwZ‡laK wUKv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov wewfbœ ai‡bi K„wgi AvµgY †_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ wbqwgZ K…wgbvkK Ilya †meb Kiv‡Z n‡e|

†fov ev`jv, ZoKv, A¨v›Uv‡ivUw·wgqv, dzU iU, g¨v÷vBwUm, Lyiv †ivM, ¯Œ¨vwc, Pg©‡ivM, Uw·wgqv, K…wg, ewntciRxex BZ¨vw`‡Z †ewk AvµvšÍ nq|

Miæ, QvMj, gwn‡li g‡Zv †fovi †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bI cÖvq GKB ai‡bi eë ’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡i, QvM‡ji †ivMe¨vwa `g‡bi Rb¨ cªwYZ bxwZgvjv¸‡jv †fovi RbÏ †gvUvgywUfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|


gwnl I †fov cvjb



1| †fov †Kvb& ai‡bi Nvm †ewk cQ›` K‡i? K) j¤^v I wPKb Nvm L) j¤^v I †gvUv Nvm M) Lv‡Uv I wPKb Nvm N) Lv‡Uv I †gvUv Nvm

2| †iv‡` ïKv‡bv Nvm †_‡K Kx Kx cywó Dcv`vb cvIqv hvq?

K) Avwgl, K¨vjwmqvg, wfUvwgb-G I wW L) Avwgl M) K¨vjwmqvg I dmdivm N) wfUvwgb-G I wW

3| Mf©eZx †foxi Lv`¨ZvwjKvq ˆ`wbK KZUzKy `vbv`vi Lv`¨ †hvM Kiv DwPZ?

K) 150-200 MÖvg L) 200-250 MÖvg M) 250-300 MÖvg N) 300-350 MÖvg

4| †fovi g‡a¨ †Kvb& ai‡bi ciRxexi AvµgY †ewk †`Lv hvq?

K) AšÍtciRxex L) K…wg M) KK&wmwWqv N) ewntciRxex


183

Mevw`cï cvjb


msw¶ß I iPbvg~jK cÖkœ 1| Gu‡o I Mf©eZx gwn‡li Rb¨ N‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq gvc KZ? 2| gwn‡li mvaviY cwiPh©v¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb| 3| Kxfv‡e ev”Pv gwn‡li cwiPh©v Ki‡eb? 4| gwn‡li iæ‡gbga¨w¯’Z †Kvb& †Kvb& ai‡bi Rxe Kx Kx ai‡bi Lv`¨ ms‡k−lb K‡i? 5| gwnl Avukhy³ Lv`¨ †_‡K Kx cvq? 6| evQy‡ii Rb¨ GKwU cÖv_wgK Lv`¨ZvwjKv ˆZwi Kiæb| 7| gwn‡li wUKv cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Kvi m‡½ civgk© Ki‡Z n‡e? 8| gwn‡li K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †iv‡Mi bvg wjLyb| 9| Mjv‡dvjv †iv‡Mi j¶Y Kx Kx? 10| ev`jv †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv I cÖwZ‡iva wjLyb| 11| evsjv‡`‡k †fov cvj‡bi myweav I Amyweav Kx Kx? 12| Kx Kx Kvi‡Y †fovi Rb¨ Ni ˆZwii cÖ‡qvRb nq? 13| wewfbœ eq‡mi †fovi Rb¨ gvuPvi †g‡S‡Z Kx cwigvY RvqMv eivÏ Ki‡Z nq? 14| D‡ji gvb fv‡jv ivL‡Z Kx Kiv DwPZ? 15| ms‡¶‡c †fovi Lv`¨vf¨vm wjLyb| †fovi Lv`¨ZvwjKvq †Kvb& ai‡bi Lv`¨`ªe¨ †ewk

_v‡K? 16| gvsm Drcv`‡bi †fovi Rb¨ GKwU Lv`¨ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiæb| 17| †fovi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ivM¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb|

DËigvjv - BDwbU 7 cvV 7.1 1| N 2| K 3| K 4| M 5| L cvV 7.2 1| L 2| K 3| L 4| M 5| N cvV 7.3 1| L 2| M 3| N 4| K 5| L cvV 7.4 1| K 2| L 3| N 4| N 5| M cvV 7.5 1| M 2| K 3| L 4| N


BDwbU 8 cï eë ’vcbv BDwbU 8 cï eë¯’vcbv

cï eë ’vcbv Ggb GKwU welq hv cïi Lv`¨, hZœ I cÖRb‡bi mgy`q Kg©‡K †evSvq| B‡Zvc~‡e© Gme welq ms‡¶‡c c„_K c„_Kfv‡e D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q| Rb¥e„ËvšÍ, R‡b¥i ci †_‡K evošÍ cïi ˆRweK cwieZ©‡bi µg, †hŠb cwic°Zv, kvixwiK Dchy³Zv AR©b I Gici cÖRbb Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q cïi RxebPµ AwZevwnZ nq| GRb¨ R‡b¥i ci †_‡K eqtmwÜ¶Y ch©šÍ cïi Rxe‡b †h cwieZ©b I j¶Y¸‡jv †`Lv hvq Zv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i| cïi kvixwiK IRb, ùvZ IVv, eqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ ùv‡Zi MVb ev Ab¨vb¨ kvixwiK cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Kiv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| GKB mv‡_ wewfbœ cï‡K N‡ii †fZi aiv ev AvUKv‡bvi c×wZ¸‡jv cï eë ’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask|

G BDwb‡Ui wewfbœ cv‡V cï eë¯’vcbvi wewfbœ welq, †hgb- Miægwnl‡K wewfbœfv‡e AvUKv‡bv c×wZ, ùvZ †`‡L Miæ, gwnl, QvMj I †fovi eqm wbY©q, Mevw`cïi kixwiK IRb wbY©q cªf…wZ ZvwË¡K I eënvwiKmn ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cvV 8.1 Miægwnl‡K wewfbœfv‡e AvUKv‡bv c×wZ

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- Miægwnl‡K †Kb AvUKv‡bv nq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| Miægwnl‡K AvUKv‡bvi AvocvZv c×wZwU eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Miægwnl‡K gvwU‡Z †kvqv‡bvi c×wZ¸‡jv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

Miæ I gwnl Avgv‡ì †`‡k fvievnx cï wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| cÖvPxbKv‡j cïiv e‡bR½‡j P‡i †eov‡Zv| mgvRe× Rxe wn‡m‡e Avwef©v‡ei ci †_‡KB gvbyl wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b Miægwnl‡K M„‡n jvjbcvjb Kivi c×wZ D™¢veb K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ Zvic‡iI cï‡ì g‡a¨ cyi‡bv Rsjx Af¨vm I AvPiY¸‡jv we`¨vgvb| Gme AvPiY‡K Avgiv cï‡ì †`vl ev fvBm (vice) e‡j _vwK| Zv m‡Ë¡I M„‡n jvjbcvjb Kivi Rb¨B cï‡K ai‡Z nq, Zvi Kv‡Q †h‡Z nq Ges wPwKrmvmn wewfbœ †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| gvby‡li wewfbœ Kv‡R cï‡K eënvi Kiv nq| Gme Kvi‡YB cï‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv ev AvUKv‡bvi wewfbœ c×wZ¸‡jv †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cï AvUKv‡bvi KZK¸‡jv c×wZ ev Kjv‡KŠkj GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

M„‡n jvjbcvjb Kivi Rb¨ Miægwnl‡K aiv, Kv‡Q hvIqv ev wPwKrmvmn wewfbœ †mev cÖ vb Kivi Rb¨ Lvgv‡i wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z G‡ì‡K AvUKv‡bv nq|

AvocvZv c×wZ (Stanchion/Chute method) AvocvZv ev k~U c×wZ‡Z

Miægwnl‡K mn‡RB wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq|

cï cvjbKvix ev wPwKrm‡Ki Rb¨ G c×wZ‡Z Miægwnl‡K AvocvZv ev aiv m¤ú~Y© wbivc`|

wPÎ 78 t k~U c×wZ‡Z Miæ‡K AvUKv‡bv (Gd.G.I.-Gi †mŠR‡b¨)

Mevw`cï cvjb

wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡k Miægwn‡li Lvgvi¸‡jv‡Z G c×wZ‡Z G‡ì‡K AvUKv‡bv nq| GKwU wbw`©ó myweavRbK ¯’v‡b AvocvZv nq| G Avo †jvnv, KvV ev euv‡ki ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| cÖavbZ cvqyc_ I †hvwbc_ cix¶v Kivi myweavi Rb¨ k~‡Ui †kl cÖvšÍ ev †cQb w`‡K h‡_ó RvqMv _v‡K| cï‡K †kvqv‡bv iæMœ cïi cix¶v ev A‡ ¿vcPvi

myôzfv‡e Kivi Rb¨ gvwU‡Z ïB‡q wbqš¿Y Kiv DËg c×wZ| mvaviYZ uwoi mvnv‡h¨ Miægwnl‡K †eu‡a gvwU‡Z †kvqv‡bv nq|

iæMœ cïi cix¶v ev A‡ ¿vcPvi myôzfv‡e Kivi Rb¨ cï‡K gvwU‡Z ïB‡q wbqš¿Y Kiv DËg c×wZ| Z‡e Mevw`cï‡K gvwU‡Z †djvi c~‡e© Aek¨B ¯’vbwU †`‡L wb‡Z n‡e hv‡Z cï gvivZ¥K †Kv‡bv AvNvZ bv cvq| cï‡`‡ni †h †Kv‡bv cvk¦© gvwUi w`‡K †djv hvq| Z‡e mvaviYZ evg w`‡K †djv †kªq| mvaviYZ uwoi mvnv‡h¨ Miægwnl‡K †eu‡a gvwU‡Z †kvqv‡bv nq| ùwoi mvnv‡h¨ †eu‡a †kvqv‡bvi †ek KwU c×wZ i‡q‡Q| GKwU c×wZ‡Z GKwU k³ j¤^v iwki GK cªvšÍ cïi wks‡qi †Mvovq †eu‡a wZbevi †M‡iv w`‡q kix‡i †eówb cov‡bv nq Ges iwki Aci cªvšÍ †cQb †_‡K „pfv‡e †U‡b ai‡j cï Avcbv Avcwb †cQ‡bi w`‡K by‡q c‡o| iwki †M‡iv Miægwnl‡K †giæ`Û eivei w`‡Z nq| G‡Z cïi wKQy ¶wZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| †m Kvi‡Y hZœmnKv‡i GwU Ki‡Z nq| Ab¨ GKwU c×wZ‡Z Miæi †c‡Ui gvSvgvwS †giæ`Û eivei GKwU k³ iwk civ‡bv nq| iwki GK cªvšÍ mvg‡bi cv‡qi Pviw`‡K Ges Aci cªvšÍ †cQ‡bi cv‡qi Pviw`‡K wN‡i ai‡Z nq| AZtci `yw`K †_‡K wcV eivei iwk †U‡b ai‡j cï nVvr K‡i GKcv‡k ï‡q c‡o| G‡Z Miægwn‡li ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i| AZGe Gw`‡K mZK© `„wó ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| GQvovI Kg IR‡bi cï‡K †cQ‡bi `ycv‡q †eu‡a n¨vPKv Uv‡b gvwU‡Z †djv hvq|

K- wks I kix‡i †M‡iv †`qvi gva¨‡g Miæ‡K †kvqv‡bv

L- †cQ‡bi cv‡q iwk †eu‡a Miæ‡K †kvqv‡bv wPÎ 79 (K I L) t Miæ‡K †kvqv‡bvi `y‡Uv c×wZ (K¨v‡mj wjt-Gi †mŠR‡b¨)


cï eë¯’vcbv

Z‡e G‡¶‡Î †h ¯’v‡b cï‡K †djv n‡e Zv †hb big nq| Mvfx AšÍtmË¡v n‡j Zv‡K cª_g c×wZ‡Z †kvqv‡bv hvq| Z‡e G Ae¯’vq Mvfx‡K me mgq evg w`‡K ïB‡q w`‡Z nq|

†Mvkvjvq mve©¶wbK †eu‡a †i‡L Miægwnl jvjbcvjb Kivi †h †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv nq Zv‡Z G‡ì‡K Dc‡iv³ †Kv‡bv c×wZ‡ZB AvUKv‡bv nq bv| †h RvqMvq Miæ ev gwnlwUi Ae ’vb †mLv‡bB AvocvZv cš’vq Zv‡K me mgq _vK‡Z nq| Amy¯’ n‡j ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvR‡b †h wkKj cïi Mjvq me mgq jvMv‡bv _v‡K Zvi GKvsk †U‡b wb‡q cïi bv‡K jvMv‡bv AvsUvi (nose ring) m‡½ GKwU cu¨vP w`‡q Dc‡i †U‡b wks‡qi m‡½ Av‡iKwU cu¨vP w`‡q AvU‡K w`‡jB cï Avi †Zgb bovPov Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G c×wZ BD‡iv‡ci eo Lvgvi¸‡jv‡Z Pvjy Av‡Q| G †KŠkj wKQyUv Amnvq‡Z¡i K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡jI Gfv‡eB Ime †`‡k cï AvUKv‡bv nq| wPwKrmK I †mev cª vbKvix e¨w³ GKRb mvnvh¨Kvixi mvnv‡h¨ GKvR K‡i _v‡Kb|

†Mvkvjvq †h RvqMvq Miæ ev gwnlwUi Ae ’vb †mLv‡bB AvocvZv cš’vq Zv‡K me mgq _vK‡Z nq|

wPÎ 80 t bv‡Ki AvsUv I wks‡q wkKj cu¨vwP‡q Miæ wbqš¿Y (K¨v‡mj wjt-Gi †mŠR‡b¨)

Abykxjb (Activity) t Miægwnl‡K AvUKv‡bv ev wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ AvocvZv I †kvqv‡bvi g‡a¨ †Kvb&wU †ewk myweavRbK c×wZ e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib? Avcbvi gZvg‡Zi ¯^c‡¶ hyw³ w`b|

mvigg© t M„‡n jvjbcvjb Kivi Rb¨ cï‡K ai‡Z nq, Zvi Kv‡Q †h‡Z nq Ges wPwKrmvmn wewfbœ †mev cÖ vb Ki‡Z nq| ZvB Avgv‡ì †`‡k Miægwn‡li Lvgvi¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z cï‡K AvUKv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| Gi g‡a¨ AvocvZv ev k~U c×wZ‡Z Miægwnl‡K mn‡RB wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq| iæMœ cïi cix¶v ev A‡ ¿vcPvi myôzfv‡e Kivi Rb¨ cï‡K gvwU‡Z ïB‡q wbqš¿Y Kiv DËg c×wZ| mvaviYZ uwoi mvnv‡h¨ Miægwnl‡K †eu‡a gvwU‡Z †kvqv‡bv nq| Mvfx AšÍtmËv n‡j Zv‡K evg w`‡K †kvqv‡Z n‡e|


187

Mevw`cï cvjb



1| cïi †`vl¸‡jv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z Kx e‡j? K) fvBm (vice) L) †`vlÎæwU M) eÀf¨vm N) ev‡R Af¨vm

2| Miægwnl‡K AvUKv‡bv ìKvi nq †Kb? K) †mevhZœ Kivi Rb¨ L) G‡ì‡K aiv ev wPwKrmv †mev cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ M) A‡ ¿vcPvi Kivi Rb¨ N) LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨

3| AvocvZv c×wZ‡Z cï‡K Kx‡mi g‡a¨ AvUKv‡bv nq? K) N‡ii g‡a¨ L) LuvPvi g‡a¨ M) k~‡Ui g‡a¨ N) †Lvqv‡oi g‡a¨

4| Mvfx AšÍtmË¡v n‡j Zv‡K †Kvb& w`‡K †kvqv‡Z n‡e? K) Wvb w`‡K L) evg w`‡K M) Wvb ev evg w`‡K N) Dci w`‡K


cï eë¯’vcbv

cvV 8.2 ùvZ †`‡L Miægwn‡li eqm wbY©q Kiv

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- cïi eqm Rvbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ej‡Z cvi‡eb| Miægwn‡li A¯’vqx I ¯’vqx ùv‡Zi msL¨v I `šÍm~Î wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| Miægwn‡li A ’vqx uvZ IVv, †m¸‡jv c‡o wM‡q ’vqx uvZ MRv‡bv I ’vqx uvZ ¶q

nIqvi eqm D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Miægwnl jvjbcvjb Kivi Rb¨ G‡ì eqm wbY©q Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| KviY eqm e„w×i m‡½ cïi ˆ`wnK e„w×, Drcv`b I Kg©¶gZvi †hvMm~Î i‡q‡Q| †hgb- Mvfx Z…Zxq weqv‡b (cÖvq 5-6 eQi) m‡e©v”P cwigvY `ya Drcv`b K‡i| Kv‡RB cïcvjbKvix, cÖRbbKvix, we‡µZv I †µZvi Rb¨ cïi eqm Rvbv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| GQvovI eq‡mi ZviZ‡gï Kvi‡Y cïi †ivMe¨vwai cÖv yf©ve I ZxeªZvi ZviZg¨ N‡U| ZvQvov cïi †ivM wbY©q, wPwKrmv, †`‡n mwVKgvÎvq Ilya cÖ‡qvM cªf…wZi RbÏ eqm Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| eqm wbY©‡qi wbf©i‡hvM¨ Dcvq n‡”Q mKj cïi Rb¥ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv I Zv‡Z Rb¥ I Rb¥ cieZx© mKj Z_¨ mwbœ‡ek Kiv| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k cïcvj‡b GLbI AvaywbKZvi †Zgb †Quvqv jv‡M wb e‡j Mevw`cïi eqm wbY©‡q AvaywbK †Kv‡bv c×wZi cÖ‡qvMB nq bv| eZ©gv‡b G‡`‡ki MÖv‡gM‡Ä, GgbKx Lvgvi ch©v‡qI ùvZ †`Lvi gva¨‡g Mevw`cïi eqm wbY©q Kiv nq| uvZ †`Lvi gva¨‡g me mgq mwVKfv‡e cïi eqm wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| G c×wZ‡Z cïi eqm m¤^‡Ü Abygvb Kiv hvq gvÎ| wKš‘ G‡`‡k Mevw`cïi eqm wbY©‡q G c×wZwUB eûj cÖPwjZ|

Miægwnl jvjbcvjb Kivi Rb¨ G‡ì eqm wbY©q Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| KviY eqm e„w×i m‡½ cïi ˆ`wnK e„w×, Drcv`b I Kg©¶gZvi †hvMm~Î i‡q‡Q|

ùvZ †`‡L me mgq mwVKfv‡e cïi eqm wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| wKš‘ G‡`‡k Mevw`cïi eqm wbY©‡q G c×wZwUB eûj cÖPwjZ|

Miæ, gwnl, QvMj, †fov cÖf…wZ †ivgvš’bKvix cïi uv‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ eqm Abygvb Kivi Rb¨ G‡ì ùvZ m¤^‡Ü wKQy Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †ivgš’bKvix cïi `yai‡bi ùvZ _v‡K| h_v- A¯’vqx I ’vqx uvZ| †ivgš’bKvix cïi `yai‡bi uvZ

_v‡K| h_v- A¯’vqx I ’vqx ùvZ| A ’vqx uvZ (Deciduous teeth) t cïi cÖ_g †mU uvZ‡K A ’vqx uvZ e‡j| R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB

G ùvZ MRv‡bv ïiæ nq| GgbKx †ivgvš’bKvix cï R‡b¥i mgq †ek KwU ùvZ wb‡q Rb¥vq| wbw`©ó mgq I wbq‡g µgvš^‡q cÖ_g †m‡Ui ùvZ c‡o hvq I wØZxq †m‡Ui ùvZ MRvq| GKvi‡Y A ’vqx uvZ‡K y‡a uvZ (milk teeth) ev cZbkxj uvZ (deciduous teeth) e‡j| Miægwn‡li A¯’vqx ùv‡Zi msL¨v 20| †ò †_‡K `yeQi eq‡mi c‡i A¯’vqx ùvZ cov ïiæ K‡i I bZzb ¯’vqx uvZ (permanent teeth) MRvq|

A¯’vqx uvZ‡K `y‡a ùvZ ev cZbkxj uvZ e‡j| Miægwn‡li A¯’vqx uv‡Zi msL¨v 20|

¯’vqx ùvZ (Permanent teeth) t cïi eqm evovi m‡½ m‡½ A¯’vqx ùvZ c‡o †h bZzb ùvZ MRvq Zv‡ì ’vqx uvZ e‡j| ’vqx ùv‡Zi msL¨v A¯’vqx ùv‡Zi †_‡K †ewk| Miægwn‡li ¯’vqx uv‡Zi msL¨v 32|

Miægwn‡li ’vqx ùv‡Zi msL¨v 32|

Miæ, gwnl, QvMj, †fov cÖf…wZ Mevw`cïi Dc‡ii †Pvqv‡ji mvg‡bi w`‡K †Kv‡bv ùvZ †bB| eis †mLv‡b GKwU k³ c¨vW (pad) _v‡K| mvg‡bi w`K †_‡K †cQ‡bi w`‡K †gvU wZb ai‡bi, h_v- KZ©b (incisor), Pe©b ev cÖvK-†clY (premolar) Ges †clY (molar) uvZ _v‡K| G‡ì †Kv‡bv †Q`b ùvZ ev k¦`šÍ (canine) _v‡K bv|

Miæ, gwnl, QvMj, †fov cÖf…wZ Mevw`cïi Dc‡ii †Pvqv‡ji mvg‡bi w`‡K †Kv‡bv ùvZ †bB| eis †mLv‡b GKwU k³ c¨vW _v‡K|

Miæ, gwnl, QvMj I †fovi A¯’vqx I ¯’vqx ùv‡Zi msL¨v wbæwjwLZ `šÍmyÎ w`‡q cÖKvk Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

A ’vqx uvZ (deciduous teeth) = 2 × [ DI 04

DC 00

DP 33

DM 00] = 20

’vqx uvZ (permanent teeth) = 2 × 1 [ I 04

C 00

P 33

M 33 ]= 32


189

Mevw`cï cvjb

[GLv‡b, D = deciduous teeth ev A ’vqx uvZ, I = incisor teeth ev KZ©b uvZ, C = canine teeth ev †Q`b ùvZ, P = premolar teeth ev cÖvK-†clY uvZ, M = molar teeth ev †clY ùvZ]

KZ©b uv‡Zi †gvU msL¨v 8 Ges G¸‡jv‡K †gvU Pvifv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- †Kw›`ªK (central), cÖ_g ga¨K (first intermediate), wØZxq ga¨K (second intermediate) Ges †KŠwYK (corner)| cÖvK-†clY Ges †clY uvZ‡K GKm‡½ †Pvqv‡ji uvZ (cheek teeth) e‡j Ges G‡ì †gvU msL¨v 24| cÖ‡Z¨K †Pvqv‡j h_vµ‡g 3wU K‡i cÖvK-†clY I †clY uvZ _v‡K|

KZ©b ùvZ Pvifv‡M fv‡M wef³| h_v- †Kw›`ªK, cÖ_g ga¨K, wØZxq ga¨K I †KŠwYK| cÖvK-†clY I †clY uvZ‡K GKm‡½ †Pvqv‡ji ùvZ e‡j|

Miægwn‡li eqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †hfv‡e A ’vqx ùvZ I‡V, †m¸‡jv c‡o wM‡q †mLv‡b ¯’vqx uvZ MRvq ev ’vqx uvZ ¶q nq Zv mviwY 38 I 39-G †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

mviwY 38 t Miægwn‡li A¯’vqx ùvZ IVv Ges †m¸‡jv c‡o wM‡q ¯’vqx ùvZ MRv‡bvi eqm

A ’vqx ùv‡Zi bvg uvZ IVvi eqm ’vqx uv‡Zi bvg ’vqx uvZ MRv‡bvi eqm

A ’vqx KZ©b uvZ (8wU)- ¯’vqx KZ©b ùvZ (8wU)-

†Kw› ªK KZ©b uvZ R‡b¥i c~‡e© †Kw› ªK KZ©b uvZ 14-25 gvm cÖ_g ga¨K KZ©b ùvZ R‡b¥i c~‡e© cÖ_g ga¨K KZ©b uvZ 17-33 gvm wØZxq ga¨K KZ©b ùvZ R‡b¥i c~e© †_‡K 2-6 w`‡bi

g‡a¨ wØZxq ga¨K KZ©b uvZ 22-40 gvm

†KŠwYK KZ©b uvZ R‡b¥i c~e© †_‡K 2-14 w`‡bi g‡a¨

†KŠwYK KZ©b uvZ 32-42 gvm

A¯’vqx cÖvK-†clY ùvZ (12wU)- ’vqx cÖvK-†clY uvZ (12wU)-

cÖ_g cÖvK-†clY ùvZ R‡b¥i c~e© †_‡K 14-21 w`‡bi g‡a¨

cÖ_g cÖvK-†clY ùvZ 24-28 gvm

wØZxq cÖvK-†clY ùvZ R‡b¥i c~e© †_‡K 14-21 w`‡bi g‡a¨

wØZxq cÖvK-†clY uvZ 24-30 gvm

Z…Zxq cÖvK-†clY ùvZ R‡b¥i c~e© †_‡K 14-21 w`‡bi g‡a¨

Z…Zxq cÖvK-†clY ùvZ 28-34 gvm

¯’vqx †clY ùvZ (12wU)- cÖ_g †clY uvZ 5-6 gvm wØZxq †clY ùvZ 15-18 gvm Z…Zxq †clY ùvZ 24-28 gvm

mviwY 39 t Miægwn‡li ¯’vqx KZ©b ùvZ ¶q nIqvi eqm

uv‡Zi bvg Miægwn‡li eqm (eQi)

†Kw› ªK KZ©b uvZ 6-7 cÖ_g ga¨K KZ©b uvZ 7-8 wØZxq ga¨K KZ©b ùvZ 8-9.5 †KŠwYK KZ©b uvZ 11 eQ‡ii g‡a¨

we‡kl `ªóe¨ t evi eQ‡ii ci ùvZ ¶‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡Y Miægwn‡li ùv‡Zi cÖKvi‡f` †evSv m¤¢e nq bv|

Abykxjb (Activity) t Miægwn‡li wewfbœ ai‡bi A¯’vqx KZ©b uvZ IVv I Zv c‡o wM‡q ’vqx ùvZ MRv‡bv Ges ¶q nIqvi eq‡mi GKwU QK ˆZwi Kiæb|


cï eë¯’vcbv

wPÎ 81 (K-P)-G wewfbœ eq‡m Miæi ùv‡Zi Ae¯’v †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

wPÎ 81 (K-P) t wewfbœ eq‡m Miæi ùv‡Zi Ae¯’v

mvigg© t Miægwnl jvjbcvjb Kivi Rb¨ G‡ì eqm wbY©q Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| KviY eqm e„w×i m‡½ cïi ˆ`wnK e„w×, Drcv`b I Kg©¶gZvi †hvMm~Î i‡q‡Q| uvZ †`‡L me mgq mwVKfv‡e cïi eqm wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| wKš‘ G‡`‡k Mevw`cïi eqm wbY©‡q G c×wZwUB eûj cÖPwjZ| †ivgš’bKvix cïi yai‡bi uvZ _v‡K| h_v- A ’vqx I ’vqx uvZ| A ’vqx uvZ‡K y‡a uvZ ev cZbkxj uvZ e‡j| Miægwn‡li A ’vqx I ’vqx uv‡Zi msL¨v h_vµ‡g 20 I 32wU| Miæ, gwnl, QvMj, †fov cÖf…wZ Mevw`cïi Dc‡ii †Pvqv‡ji mvg‡bi w`‡K †Kv‡bv uvZ †bB| eis †mLv‡b GKwU k³ c¨vW _v‡K| KZ©b uvZ Pvifv‡M wef³| h_v- †Kw› ªK, cÖ_g ga¨K, wØZxq ga¨K I †KŠwYK| cÖvK-†clY I †clY ùvZ‡K GKm‡½ †Pvqv‡ji uvZ e‡j|


191

Mevw`cï cvjb


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b| 1| uvZ IVvi aib Abyhvqx †ivgš’K cïi uvZ‡K Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q?

K) wZb fv‡M L) `y fv‡M M) Qq fv‡M N) Pvi fv‡M

2| Miægwn‡li †Pvqv‡ji ùv‡Zi (cheeck teeth) msL¨v KZ? K) 10wU L) 12wU M) 18wU N) 24wU

3| Miægwn‡li A ’vqx I ’vqx wØZxq cÖvK-†ckb ùvZ h_vµ‡g KZ eq‡m I‡V? K) R‡b¥i c~e© †_‡K 14-21 w`‡bi g‡a¨ I 24-30 gv‡m L) R‡b¥i c~e© †_‡K 14-21 w`‡bi g‡a¨ I 12-18 gv‡m M) R‡b¥i ci †_‡K 15-20 w`‡bi g‡a¨ I 20-24 gv‡m N) R‡b¥i ci †_‡K 14-21 w`‡bi g‡a¨ I 20-24 gv‡m

4| Miægwn‡li †Kw›`ªK KZ©b ùvZ KZ eq‡m ¶q nq? K) 7-8 eQi eq‡m L) 10-12 eQi eq‡m M) 6-7 eQi eq‡m N) 4-5 eQi eq‡m


cï eë¯’vcbv

cvV 8.3 t ùvZ †`‡L QvMj I †fovi eqm wbY©q Kiv

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- †fov I QvM‡ji A¯’vqx I ¯’vqx ùv‡Zi msL¨v I `šÍm~Î wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| †fov I QvM‡ji wewfbœ ai‡bi KZ©b ùvZ IVv I Zv c‡o wM‡q ’vqx uvZ MRv‡bvi eqm

D‡j−L Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Miæ I gwn‡li b¨vq QvMj I †fovi `šÍm~Î GKB| QvMj I †fovi A¯’vqx cÖvK-†clY I †clY ùvZ c‡o wM‡q Miæ I gwn‡li wbq‡gB ¯’vqxfv‡e MRvq|

Miæ I gwn‡li b¨vq QvMj I †fovi `šÍm~Î I msL¨v GKB| QvMj I †fovi A ’vqx Ges ’vqx uv‡Zi msL¨v h_vµ‡g 20 I 32wU| A ’vqx uv‡Zi g‡a¨ KZ©b uv‡Zi msL¨v 8wU I cÖvK-†clY

ùv‡Zi msL¨v 12wU| QvMj I †fovi A¯’vqx cÖvK-†clY I †clY ùvZ c‡o wM‡q †gvUvgywU Miæ I gwn‡li wbq‡gB ’vqxfv‡e MRvq| ’vqx KZ©b uvZI †gvUvgywU GKB wbq‡g MRvq| QvMj I †fovi `šÍm~Î wbæiƒc-

A ’vqx uvZ (deciduous teeth) = 2 × [ DI 04

DC 00

DP 33

DM 00

] = 20

’vqx uvZ (permanent teeth) = 2 × [ I 04

C 00

P 33

M 33

] = 32

Abykxjb (Activity) t QvM‡ji `šÍm~Î wj‡L Gi wewfbœ ms‡KZ¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb I †m m~Î †_‡K Dci I wb‡Pi †Pvqv‡ji wewfbœ ai‡bi uv‡Zi msL¨v wjLyb|

QvMj I †fovi KZ©b uvZ IVv I Zv c‡o wM‡q ¯’vqxfv‡e MRv‡bvi eqm mviwY 40-G †`qv n‡q‡Q|

mviwY 40 t QvMj I †fovi KZ©b uvZ IVv I Zv c‡o wM‡q ¯’vqxfv‡e MRv‡bvi eqm

cïi bvg A ’vqx ùv‡Zi bvg uvZ IVvi eqm

’vqx uv‡Zi bvg ’vqx uvZ MRv‡bvi eqm

A ’vqx KZ©b uvZ (8wU)- ¯’vqx KZ©b ùvZ (8wU)-

†Kw› ªK KZ©b uvZ R‡b¥i c~‡e© †Kw› ªK KZ©b uvZ 15-18 gvm

QvMj cÖ_g ga¨K KZ©b ùvZ R‡b¥i c~‡e© cÖ_g ga¨K KZ©b uvZ 21-24 gvm

wØZxq ga¨K KZ©b ùvZ R‡b¥i c~‡e© wØZxq ga¨K KZ©b uvZ 25-28 gvm

†KŠwYK KZ©b uvZ 1-4 gvm †KŠwYK KZ©b uvZ 29-36 gvm

A¯’vqx cÖvK-†clY ùvZ (12wU)- ’vqx cÖvK-†clY uvZ (12wU)-

†Kw› ªK KZ©b uvZ 1-2 mßvn †Kw› ªK KZ©b uvZ 10-14 gvm

†fov cÖ_g ga¨K KZ©b uvZ 1-2 mßvn cÖ_g ga¨K KZ©b uvZ 24 gvm

wØZxq ga¨K KZ©b ùvZ 2-3 mßvn wØZxq ga¨K KZ©b ùvZ 36 gvm

†KŠwYK KZ©b uvZ 3-4 mßvn †KŠwYK KZ©b ùvZ 48 gvm

wPÎ 82-G wewfbœ eq‡m QvM‡ji ùv‡Zi Ae¯’v †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|


193

Mevw`cï cvjb

wPÎ 82 (K-P) t wewfbœ eq‡m †fovi ùv‡Zi Ae¯’v

mvigg© t Miæ I gwn‡li b¨vq QvMj I †fovi `šÍm~Î I msL¨v GKB| QvMj I †fovi A¯’vqx Ges ¯’vqx ùv‡Zi msL¨v h_vµ‡g 20 I 32wU| QvMj I †fovi A¯’vqx cÖvK-†clY I †clY ùvZ c‡o wM‡q †gvUvgywU Miæ I gwn‡li wbq‡gB ¯’vqxfv‡e MRvq|


cï e¨e¯’vcbv



1| QvMj I †fovi y‡a uvZ I ’vqx uv‡Zi msL¨v h_vµ‡g KZ? K) 12 I 24wU L) 20 I 30wU M) 24 I 32wU N) 20 I 32wU

2| QvM‡ji KZ©b uvZ¸‡jvi bvg Kx? K) †Kw›`ªK, cÖ_g ga¨K, wØZxq ga¨K I †KŠwYK L) †Kw›`ªK, ga¨K I †KŠwYK M) †Kw›`ªK I †KŠwYK N) †Kw› ªK, ga¨K, cÖ_g †KŠwYK I wØZxq †KŠwYK

3| QvMj I †fovi A ’vqx †Kw› ªK KZ©b `uvZ h_vµ‡g †Kvb& eq‡m I‡V? K) R‡b¥i c‡i I 2-3 mßvn L) R‡b¥i c~‡e© I 1-2 mßvn M) 1-2 mßvn I 2-3 mßvn N) R‡b¥i c~‡e© I 2-3 mßvn


195

Mevw`cï cvjb

cvV 8.4 Mevw`cïi kvixwiK IRb wbY©q Kiv

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- Mevw`cïi kvixwiK IRb wbY©‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb| Mevw`cïi kvixwiK IRb wbY©‡qi wewfbœ c×wZ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wewfbœ mg‡q Miægwn‡li ˆ`wnK IRb cwigvc Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- Rb¥, eqte„w×, Mig nIqv, †hŠb cwic°Zv, AšÍtmË¡v nIqv cÖf…wZi mgq| yfv‡e IRb wbY©q Kiv hvq| h_v- 1. Zzjv`‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ Ges 2. ˆ`N© I ey‡Ki †eo cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g|

R‡b¥i ci †_‡K cÖwZw`bB Mevw`cïi kixi e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| d‡j ‰`wnK IRb evo‡Z _v‡K| Mevw`cï‡K †h Lv`¨ LvIqv‡bv nq Zvi GKwU Ask gjg~Î n‡q kixi †_‡K †ei n‡q hvq Ges Aci Ask kixi MV‡b e¨q nq| †h Ask cïi kixi MV‡b eëüZ nq Zv cïi ˆ`wnK e„w× NUvq| †h cï w`b w`b Lvevi †L‡q eo n‡q I‡V Zvi kvixiZË¡ ^vfvweK P‡j| Mevw`cïi ˆ`wnK IRb cÖvq mgqB cwigvc Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- Rb¥, eqte„w×, Mig nIqv, †hŠb cwic°Zv, AšÍtmË¡v nIqv cÖf…wZi mgq| Miægwn‡li IRb `yfv‡e wbY©q Kiv hvq| h_v- 1. IRb gvcvi hš¿ ev Zzjv`‡Ûi (balance) mvnv‡h¨ Ges 2. ˆ`N©¨ I ey‡Ki †eo cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g| Miægwn‡li IRb Zzjv`‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ cwigvc Ki‡j G‡Kev‡i wbf©yj Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| †hLv‡b Miægwnl cvjb Kiv nq †mLv‡b GKwU wbivc` ’v‡b Zzjv`ÛwU gvwU‡Z ¯’vcb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Miægwnl‡K Zzjv`‡Êi Dc‡i DwV‡q IRb wb‡Z nq| Zzjv`‡Êi eë¯’v bv _vK‡j ˆ`N©¨ I ey‡Ki †eo cwigv‡ci gva¨‡gI Miægwn‡li IRb wbY©q Kiv hvq| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î Zzjv`‡Êi g‡Zv wbf©yj IRb cvIqv hv‡e bv| G c×wZ‡Z cÖvß IRb cªK…Z IR‡bi †P‡q ±5% Kg‡ewk n‡Z cv‡i| G c×wZ‡Z eëüZ m~ÎwU wbæiƒc- L G×10400

= ‰`wnK IRb (†KwR) 2

ˆ`N©¨ I ey‡Ki †eo cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g cÖvß IRb cªK…Z IR‡bi †P‡q ±5% Kg‡ewk n‡Z cv‡i|

[ GLv‡b, L = ‰`N¨ (†m.wg.), G = ey‡Ki †eo (†m.wg.)]

ˆ`N© gvc‡Z n‡j cï‡K kvšÍfv‡e mgZ‡j `vuo Kiv‡Z n‡e| cïi Nvo †_‡K †j‡Ri †Mvov ch©šÍ `~iZ¡UzKz ‰`N©¨ gvcvi wdZv ev U¨v‡ci mvnv‡h¨ †m.wg.-G gvc‡Z n‡e| Gici ey‡Ki †eo †m.wg.-G †g‡c Dc‡iv³ m~Î Abyhvqx wnmve K‡i IRb wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e|

Abykxjb (Activity) t aiæb GKwU Miæi ˆ`N© I ey‡Ki †eo h_vµ‡g 120 I 110 †m.wg.| MiæwUi IRb KZ †KwR n‡e?

mvigg© t wewfbœ mg‡q Miægwn‡li ˆ`wnK IRb cwigvc Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- Rb¥, eqte„w×, Mig nIqv, †hŠb cwic°Zv, AšÍtmË¡v nIqv cÖf…wZi mgq| yfv‡e IRb wbY©q Kiv hvq| h_v- 1. Zzjv`‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ Ges 2. ˆ`N©¨ I ey‡Ki †eo cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g| ˆ`N©¨ I ey‡Ki †eo cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g cÖvß IRb cªK…Z IR‡bi †P‡q ±5% Kg‡ewk n‡Z cv‡i|


cï e¨e¯’vcbv



1| †Kvb& †Kvb& mg‡q Mevw`cïi ˆ`wnK IRb cwigvc Ki‡Z nq? K) Rb¥, eqte„w×, Mig nIqv, †hŠb cwic°Zv, AšÍtmË¦v nIqv cªf…wZ mg‡q L) Rb¥ I eqte„w×i mg‡q M) †hŠb cwic°Zv I AšÍtmË¦v nIqv N) Rb¥, eqte„w×, AšÍtmË¦v nIqv

2| KqwU c×wZ‡Z Mevw`cïi IRb gvcv hvq? K) GKwU L) `ywU M) wZbwU N) PviwU

3| wdZvi mvnv‡h¨ Miæi IRb wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡j †Kvb& †Kvb& As‡ki gvc wb‡Z nq? K) D”PZv I ey‡Ki †eo L) D”PZv, ˆ`N©¨ I ey‡Ki †eo M) ‰`N©¨ I D”PZv N) ‰`N©¨ I ey‡Ki †eo


197

Mevw`cï cvjb

eënvwiK

cvV 8.5 wbR nv‡Z Miægwnl‡K †kvqv‡bv

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- Miæ ev gwnl‡K wbR nv‡Z †kvqv‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvmw½K Z_¨ iæMœ Miægwn‡li cix¶v ev A‡ ¿vcPvi myôzfv‡e Kivi Rb¨ G‡ì‡K gvwU‡Z †kvqv‡bvi ìKvi nq| cï‡`‡ni †h †Kv‡bv cvk¦© gvwUi w`‡K †djv hvq| Z‡e evg w`‡K †djvB †kªq| iæMœ Miægwn‡li cix¶v ev

A‡ ¿vcPvi myôzfv‡e Kivi Rb¨ G‡ì‡K gvwU‡Z †kvqv‡bvi ìKvi nq|

cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY GKwU Miæ ev gwnl, `wo, Kjg, †cwÝj, eënvwiK LvZv BZ¨vw`| Kv‡Ri avc

Miæ ev gwnl‡K mvnvh¨Kvixi gva¨‡g wbqš¿Y K‡i `wo w`‡q †eu‡a mveav‡b evg cv‡k †kvqvb|

cÖ_‡g Miæ ev gwnlwU‡K GKRb mvnvh¨Kvixi gva¨‡g wbqš¿Y Kiæb| Gici ZvwË¡K cv‡V (cvV 8.1) cÖ`wk©Z wbq‡g G‡K `wo w`‡q euvayb| euvav †kl n‡j `woi GKcÖv‡šÍ Uvb w`‡q mveav‡b evg w`‡K Miæ ev gwnl‡K ïB‡q w`b| Miæ‡K `wo w`‡q euvav I †kvqv‡bvi c×wZi wPÎ eënvwiK LvZvq AvuKzb| Miægwnl‡K †kvqv‡bvi cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU avivevwnKfv‡e eënvwiK LvZvq wjLyb I wk¶K‡K

†`Lvb|

wPÎ 83 t GKwU Mvfx‡K †kvqv‡bv n‡”Q (Gd.G.I.-Gi †mŠR‡b¨)

mveavbZv gvwU‡Z †djvi mgq j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb Miæ Miæ ev gwnl‡K †Kv‡bv AvNvZ bv cvq|

Miæ ev gwnl‡K Ggb k³fv‡e euva‡eb bv hv‡Z Zvi kix‡i PvcRwbZ ¶Z m„wó nq| Miæ ev gwnl‡K †kvqv‡bvi ¯’vbwU †hb DuPzwbPz Ges K¼i ev K›UKhy³ bv nq| gvwU‡Z †djvi mgq j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb Miæ ev gwnl †Kv‡bv AvNvZ bv cvq|


cï eë¯’vcbv

eënvwiK

cvV 8.6 wbR nv‡Z wewfbœ eq‡mi Miæi ùvZ †`‡L eqm wbY©q Kiv I LvZvq †jLv

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- wbR nv‡Z `vuZ †`‡L Miæi eqm wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvmw½K Z_¨ ùvZ †`Lvi gva¨‡g hwÌ mwVKfv‡e Miæi eqm wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| Z_vwc G †_‡K eqm m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Kiv hvq| uvZ †`Lvi gva¨‡g Miæi eqm wbY©q Kiv G‡`‡k eûKvj Av‡M †_‡K P‡j G‡m‡Q| Miæi ’vqx I A ’vqx uvZ h_vµ‡g 20 I 32wU|

Miæi ’vqx I A¯’vqx uvZ h_vµ‡g 20 I 32wU|

cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY GKwU Miæ, Kjg, †cwÝj, eënvwiK LvZv BZ¨vw`| Kv‡Ri avc cÖ_‡g MiæwU‡K LuwU‡Z †eu‡a

wb‡Pi †PvqvjwU k³ K‡i a‡i KZ©b uvZ¸‡jv MYbv Kiæb| Gici Zv mviwY 38 I 39-Gi mv‡_ wgwj‡q eqm wbY©q Kiæb|

cÖ_‡g MiæwU‡K GKUv LuwU‡Z k³ K‡i †eu‡a wbb| Gici wPÎ 84 Abyhvqx wb‡Pi †PvqvjwU evg nvZ w`‡q k³ K‡i aiæb| Gevi MiæwUi KZ©b ùvZ¸‡jv G‡K G‡K MYbv Kiæb I G‡ì ¶qcÖvwßi weeiY LvZvq

wjLyb| AZtci ZvwË¡K cv‡Vi (cvV 8.2) mviwY 38 I 39-Gi mv‡_ Avcbvi †jLv Z_¨ wgwj‡q

MiæwUi eqm wbY©q Kiæb| eqm wbY©‡qi cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU avivevwnKfv‡e eënvwiK LvZvq wjLyb I wk¶K‡K †`Lvb|

wPÎ 84 t ùvZ †`‡L Miæi eqm wbY©q Kiv (Gd.G.I.-Gi †mŠR‡b¨)

mveavbZv †Pvqvj ev gvwo‡Z AZ¨waK Pvc †`‡eb bv| Miæ‡K mwVKfv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiæb|

†Pvqvj ev gvwo‡Z AZ¨waK Pvc †`‡eb bv|


199

Mevw`cï cvjb

eënvwiK cvV 8.7 wbR nv‡Z wewfbœ eq‡mi QvM‡ji `vuZ †`‡L eqm wbY©q Kiv I LvZvq †jLv

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- wbR nv‡Z `vuZ †`‡L QvM‡ji eqm wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvmw½K Z_¨ uvZ †`Lvi gva¨‡g hwÌ mwVKfv‡e QvM‡ji eqm wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| Z_vwc G †_‡K eqm

m¤ú‡K© Abygvb Kiv hvq| uvZ †`Lvi gva¨‡g QvM‡ji eqm wbY©q Kiv G‡`‡k eûKvj Av‡M †_‡K P‡j G‡m‡Q| QvM‡ji ’vqx I A ’vqx uvZ h_vµ‡g 20 I 32wU| cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY QvM‡ji ’vqx I A¯’vqx ùvZ

h_vµ‡g 20 I 32wU| GKwU QvMj, Kjg, †cwÝj, eënvwiK LvZv BZ¨vw`| Kv‡Ri avc

cÖ_‡g QvMjwU‡K `ycv‡qi gvSLv‡b AuvUwK‡q wbqš¿Y K‡i wb‡Pi †PvqvjwU k³ K‡i a‡i KZ©b uvZ¸‡jv MYbv Kiæb| Gici Zv mviwY 40-Gi mv‡_ wgwj‡q eqm wbY©q Kiæb|

cÖ_‡g QvMjwU‡K `ycv‡qi gvSLv‡b AuvUwK‡q wbqš¿Y Kiæb| AZci †Pvqv‡j nvZ w`‡q gvwo duvK Kiæb| Gici wPÎ 85 Abyhvqx wb‡Pi †PvqvjwU evg nvZ w`‡q k³ K‡i aiæb| Gevi QvMjwUi KZ©b uvZ¸‡jv G‡K G‡K MYbv Kiæb I Gi weeiY LvZvq wjLyb| AZtci ZvwË¡K cv‡Vi (cvV 8.3) mviwY 40-Gi mv‡_ Avcbvi †jLv Z_¨ wgwj‡q

QvMjwUi eqm wbY©q Kiæb| eqm wbY©‡qi cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU avivevwnKfv‡e eënvwiK LvZvq wjLyb I wk¶K‡K †`Lvb|

wPÎ 85 t ùvZ †`‡L QvM‡ji eqm wbY©q Kiv (Gd.G.I.-Gi †mŠR‡b¨)

mveavbZv †Pvqvj ev gvwo‡Z AZ¨waK Pvc †`‡eb bv| QvMjwU‡K mwVKfv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiæb|

†Pvqvj ev gvwo‡Z AZ¨waK Pvc †`‡eb bv|


cï eë¯’vcbv

eënvwiK

cvV 8.8 wbR nv‡Z GKwU Miæi IRb wbY©q Kiv I LvZvq †jLv

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- wbR nv‡Z Miæi IRb wb‡Z cvi‡eb|

cÖvmw½K Z_¨ Miæi IRb gvcvi y‡Uv c×wZ i‡q‡Q| h_v- 1. Zzjv`‡Êi mvnv‡h¨ I 2. ‰`N© I ey‡K †eo cwigvc K‡i m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨| Zzjv`‡Êi mvnv‡h¨ 100% mwVK IRb wbY©q Kiv hvq| wKš‘ ‰`N©¨ I ey‡Ki †eo †g‡c m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ IRb wbY©q Ki‡j Zv cÖK…Z IR‡bi †P‡q ±5% Kg‡ewk n‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Miæi IRb wbY©q K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q|

‰`N© I ey‡Ki †eo †g‡c m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ IRb wbY©q Ki‡j Zv cÖK…Z IR‡bi †P‡q ±5% Kg‡ewk n‡Z cv‡i|

cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY GKwU Miæ, wdZv ev U¨vc, Kjg, †cwÝj, eënvwiK LvZv BZ¨vw`| Kv‡Ri avc wPÎ 86 Abyhvqx MiæwUi ey‡Ki

†eo I ˆ`N© †m.wg.-G cwigvc K‡i Zv LvZvq wjLyb I m~Î Abyhvqx IRb wbY©q Kiæb|

cÖ_‡g MiæwU‡K mgZjf‚wg‡Z kvšÍfv‡e uvo Kivb| AZtci wPÎ 86 Abyhvqx MiæwUi ey‡Ki †eo (G) I ˆ`N©¨ (L)cwigvc K‡i Zv LvZvq

wjLyb| ey‡Ki †eo I ˆ`N©¨ †m.wg.-G †b‡eb| Gevi ZvwË¡K cv‡V (cvV 8.4) †`qv m~Î Abyhvqx Miæi IRb †KwR‡Z wbY©q Kiæb| IRb wbY©‡qi cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU avivevwnKfv‡e eënvwiK LvZvq wjLyb I wk¶K‡K †`Lvb|

wPÎ 86 t ey‡Ki †eo I ˆ`N©¨ †g‡c m~‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Miæi IRb wbY©q Kiv (K¨v‡mj wjt-Gi †mŠR‡b¨)

mveavbZv gvc Aek¨B †m.wg.-G †b‡eb|

Z‡e BwÂ‡Z †bqv n‡j Zv †m.wg.-G cwieZ©b K‡i wnmve Ki‡Z n‡e|

MiæwU‡K mgZjf‚wg‡Z ùvo Kivb| gvc Aek¨B †m.wg.-G †b‡eb| hw` BwÂ‡Z †bqv nq Z‡e Zv †m.wg.-G cwieZ©b K‡i

wnmve Ki‡Z n‡e|


201

Mevw`cï cvjb

P‚ovš— g~j¨vqb - BDwbU 8

msw¶ß I iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| Miægwnl‡K AvUKv‡bvi Rb¨ Kx Kx c×wZ i‡q‡Q? ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiæb| 2| cï‡K Kx D‡Ï‡k¨ Ges Kxfv‡e †kvqv‡bv nq? 3| Mevw`cïi eqm wbY©‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wjLyb| 4| Miæ ev QvM‡ji A ’vqx I ’vqx `šÍm~Î wjLyb| 5| KvR Abyhvqx Mevw`cïi uvZ¸‡jv‡K Kqfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q? fvM¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb? 6| y‡a uvZ I ’vqx uv‡Zi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb| 7| Miægwn‡li wewfbœ ai‡bi KZ©b `uvZ ¶q nIqvi eqm D‡j−L Kiæb| 8| †fov I QvM‡ji g‡a¨ †Kvb& cÖvYxi A ’vqx uvZ Av‡M I‡V? 9| QvMj I †fovi g‡a¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi KZ©b uvZ IVvi eqm D‡j−L Kiæb| 10| IRb gvcvi hš¿ Qvov Kxfv‡e Mevw`cïi IRb wbY©q Ki‡eb? c×wZwU eY©bv Kiæb|

DËigvjv - BDwbU 8 cvV 8.1 1| K 2| L 3| M 4| L cvV 8.2 1| L 2| N 3| K 4| M cvV 8.3 1| N 2| K 3| L cvV 8.4 1| K 2| L 3| N cvV 8.5 1| K 2| N cvV 8.6 1| L 2| N cvV 8.7 1| K 2| M cvV 8.8 1| L 2| K


Mevw`cï cvjb

Z_¨m~Î Avjx, †k. wR., (1984)| cï cÖRbb, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv|

dviæK, †gv. I., Gg. G. nvmbvZ I L. †Mv. †gv¯Ídv, (1988)| gwnl cvjb I cwiPh©v, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv|

†gv¯Ídv, G. GBP. Gg., Wv., (1995)| QvMj cvjb, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv|

ingvb, †gv. g., Wv., (1993)| QvMj cvjb, cïm¤ú` Awa`ßi, Lvgvievwo, XvKv|

ingvb, gy. k., (1981)| Mvfx I y» Lvgvi, evsjv GKv‡Wgx, XvKv|

m¤úvw`Z, (1988)| cïcvjb, K…wl m¤úÖmviY Awa`ßi, Lvgvievwo, XvKv|

mvgv`, Gg. G., W., (1996)| cïcvjb I wPwKrmvwe`¨v, wjwiK-GwcK cÖKvkbx, evsjv‡`k K…wl wek¦we`¨vjq, gqgbwmsn|

Alam, Z., (1994). Livestock Resources in Bangladesh, Present Status and Future Potential, BLRI, Savar, Dhaka.

Aspinall, K., (1978). First Steps in Veterinary Science, English Language Book Society, London, UK.

Banerjee, G. C., (1989). A Textbook of Animal Husbandry (6th ed.), Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., India.

BBS, (1995). Statistical Pocketbook, BBS, Dhaka.

Cockrill, W. R., (1974). Husbandry and Health of Domestic Buffalo, FAO, Rome, Italy.

Devendra, C., (1992). Goat Production in the Tropics.

Devendra, L. and M. Burns, (1970). Goat Production in the Tropics, Tech. Comn. Bur. Anim. Breed. Genet., No. 19, Comn. Agric. Bur., Farnham Royal, UK.

Diggis, R. V. and C. E. Bundy, (1970). Sheep Production, Prentice-Hall Inc., USA.

Edited, (1983). A Manual for Animal Health Auxiliary Personnel, FAO, Rome, Italy.

Edited, (1994). A Manual for the Primary Health Care Worker, FAO, Rome, Italy.

Edited, (1993). Human and Draught Animal Power in Crop Production, FAO, Rome, Italy.

Ensminger, E., (1964). Sheep and Wool Science, The Interstate Printers & Publishers Inc., Danville, Illinois, USA.

Epstein, H., (1965). Regionalization and Stratification in Livestock Breeding, Anim. Breed Abst., 33(2):169.

Fahimuddin, M., (1975). Domestic Water Buffalo, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., India.

FAO, (1993). Production Yearbook, FAO, Rome, Italy.


Mevw`cï cvjb

Joy, D. and E. J. Wibberley, (1979). A Tropical Agriculture Handbook, Cassell

Ltd., UK.

McGregar, R., (1941). The Domestication of Buffalo.

McNitt, J. I., (1983). Livestock Husbandry Techniques, Granada Publishing Ltd., UK.

National Survey Report, (1994). Survey in Livestock and Poultry in Bangladesh 1988-’89, BBS, Dhaka.

Owen, J. B., (1976). Sheep Production, English Language Book Society, London, UK.

Petersen, W. E., (1950). Dairy Science: Its Principles and Practice, J. B. Lippingcott Co., New York, USA.

Scott, W. N., (1978). The Care and Management of Farm Animals, Bailliere Tindall, UK.


Mevw`cï cvjb€¦ · Mevw`cï cvjb LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY wm Gj wc †cÖvMÖvg †Kvm© †KvW t CLP...

Documents

Transcript of Mevw`cï cvjb€¦ · Mevw`cï cvjb LIVESTOCK HUSBANDRY wm Gj wc †cÖvMÖvg †Kvm© †KvW t CLP...