Meuse Argonne Offensive

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Meuse-Argonne Offensive

The Meuse-Argonne Offensive, also known as theMaas-Argonne Offensive and the Battle of the Ar-gonne Forest, was a part of the final AlliedoffensiveofWorld War Ithat stretched along the entire WesternFront. It was fought from September 26, 1918, until theArmisticeon November 11, a total of 47 days. The battlewas the largest in United States military history, involv-ing 1.2 million American soldiers, and was one of a seriesof Allied attacks known as theHundred Days Offensive,which brought the war to an end. The Meuse-Argonne

was the principal engagement of theAmerican Expedi-tionary Forcesduring the First World War.

1 Overview

The logistical prelude to the Meuse attack was plannedby then-ColonelGeorge Marshallwho managed to moveUS units to the front after the Battle of Saint-Mihiel.The big September/October Allied breakthroughs (north,centre and south) across the length of the Hindenburg

Line including the Battle of the Argonne Forest arenow lumped together as part of what is generally re-membered as the Grand Offensive(also known as theHundred Days Offensive) by the Allies on the West-ern front. The Meuse-Argonne offensive also involvedtroops from France, while the rest of the Allies, includ-ing France, Britain and its dominion and imperial armies(mainly Canada, Australia and New Zealand), and Bel-gium contributed to major battles in other sectors acrossthe whole front.

The French and British armies ability to fight unbrokenover the whole four years of the war in what amounted

to a bloody stalemate is credited by some historians withbreaking the spirit of the German army on the WesternFront. The Grand Offensive, including British, Frenchand Belgian advances in the north along with the French-American advances around the Argonne forest, is in turncredited for leading directly to theArmistice on Novem-ber 11.

On September 26, the Americans began their strike to-wards Sedan in the south; British and Belgian divi-sions drove towardsGhent(Belgium) on the 27th, andthen British and French armies attacked across northernFrance on the 28th. The scale of the overall offensive,

bolstered by the fresh and eager but largely untried andinexperienced U.S. troops, signaled renewed vigor amongthe Allies and sharply dimmed German hopes for victory.

The Meuse-Argonne offensive, shared by the U.S. forceswith the FrenchFourth Armyon the left (as shown on theaccompanying map and armistice), was the biggest oper-ation and victory of theAmerican Expeditionary Forces(AEF) in WorldWar I. The bulk of the AEF had not goneinto action until 1918. The Meuse-Argonne battle wasthe largest frontline commitment of troops by the U.S.Army in World War I, and also its deadliest. Commandwas coordinated, with some U.S. troops (e.g. theBuffaloSoldiersof the92nd Divisionand the93rd Division) at-

tached and serving under French command (e.g. XVIICorps during the second phase).

157th I.D.Red Hand flag [3] drawn by GeneralMariano Goybet.

The main U.S. effort of the Meuse-Argonne offensivetook place in the Verdun Sector, immediately north andnorthwest of the town ofVerdun, between 26 Septemberand 11 November 1918. However, far to the north, U.S.troops of the 27th and 30th divisions of the II Corps AEFfought under British command in a spearhead attack onthe Hindenburg Line with 12 British and Australian divi-sions, and directly alongside the exhausted veteran divi-

sions of the Australian Corps of theFirst Australian Im-perial Force(1st AIF).[4] With artillery andBritish tanks,the combined three-nation force, despite some early set-

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2 4 FIRST PHASE: SEPTEMBER 26 TO OCTOBER 3

backs, attacked and captured their objectives (includ-ing Montbrehain village) along a six-kilometre sectionof the Line between Bellicourt and Vendhuille, whichwas centred around an underground section of the St.Quentin Canaland came to be known as theBattle of St.Quentin Canal. Although thecapture of theheights above

the Beaurevoir Line by October 10, marking a completebreach in the Hindenburg Line, was arguably of greaterimmediate significance,[5] the important U.S. contribu-tion to the victory at the St. Quentin Canal is less wellremembered in the United States than Meuse-Argonne.

2 Opposing forces (Reims to Ar-

gonne)

The American forces initially consisted of fifteen divi-

sions of theU.S. First Army commanded by then-GeneralJohn J. Pershing until October 16, and then by LieutenantGeneral Hunter Liggett.[6] The logistics were plannedand directed by then-Colonel George C. Marshall. TheFrench forces next to them consisted of 31 divisions in-cluding theFourth Army(underHenri Gouraud) and theFifth Army(underHenri Mathias Berthelot).[7] The U.S.divisions of the AEF were oversized (16 battalionsperdivision versus the French/British/German 9 battalionsper division), being up to twice the size of other Alliesbattle-depleted divisions upon arrival, but the French andother Allied divisions had been partly replenished prior

to the Grand Offensive, so both the U.S. and Frenchcontributions in troops were considerable. Most of theheavy equipment (tanks, artillery, aircraft) was providedby the European Allies. For the Meuse-Argonne frontalone, this represented 2,780 artillery pieces, 380 tanksand 840 planes. As the battle progressed, both the Amer-icans and the French brought in reinforcements. Even-tually, 22 American divisions would participate in thebattle at one time or another, representing two full fieldarmies.[8] Other French forces involved included the2ndColonial Corps, under Henri Claudel, which had alsofought alongside the AEF at the Battle of Saint-Mihielearlier in September 1918.

German soldiers at a water hole, May 1915.

The opposing forces were wholly German. During thisperiod of the war, German divisions procured only 50percent or less of their initial strength. The 117th Di-vision, which opposed the U.S. 79th Division duringthe offensives first phase, had only 3,300 men in itsranks. Morale varied among German units. For exam-

ple, divisions that served on the Eastern front would havehigh morale, while conversely divisions that had beenon the Western front had poor morale. Resistance grewto approximately 200,000450,000 German troops fromtheFifth ArmyofGroup Gallwitzcommanded by Gen-eralGeorg von der Marwitz. The Americans estimatedthat they opposed parts of 44 German divisions overall,though many fewer at any one time.

3 Objective

The objective was the capture of therailroad/train stationhub atSedanwhich would break the rail net supportingthe German Army in France andFlanders.

4 First phase: September 26 to Oc-

tober 3

Ruined church at Montfaucon-d'Argonne. The blocky structure

on the left is a German WWI observation post.

The American attack began at 5:30 a.m. on September26 with mixed results. The V and III Corps met most oftheir objectives, but the79th Divisionfailed to captureMontfaucon, the28th Keystone Divisionwas virtuallyground to a halt by formidable German resistance, andthe91st Wild West Divisionwas compelled to evac-uate the village ofpinonvillethough it advanced eightkilometers. The green37th Buckeye Divisionfailedto captureMontfaucon d'Argonne. The subsequent day,September 27 most of 1st Army failed to make any gains.

The 79th Division finally captured Montfaucon and the35th Sante Fe Divisioncaptured the village of Baulny,Hill 218, and Charpentry, placing the division forward
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of adjacent units. On September 29, six extra Germandivisions were deployed to oppose the American attack,with the5th Guards and52nd Division counterattack-ing the 35th Division, which had run out of food andammunition during the attack. The Germans initiallymade significant gains but were barely repulsed by the

35th Divisions 110th Engineers, 128th Machine GunBattalion andHarry Truman's Battery D, 129th Field Ar-tillery. In the words of Pershing, We were no longerengaged in a maneuver for the pinching out of a salient,but were necessarily committed, generally speaking, to adirect frontal attack against strong, hostile positions fullymanned by a determined enemy.[9] The German coun-terattack had shattered so much of the 35th Division, apoorly led division (most of its key leaders were replacedshortly before the attack) made up of National Guardunits from Missouri and Kansas, that it had to be relievedearly - though remnants of the division subsequently reen-

tered the battle.[10][11]

Part of the adjacent French at-tack met temporary confusion when one of its generalsdied, however it was able to advance nine miles, pene-trating deeply into the German lines, especially aroundSomme-Py(the Battle of Somme-Py(French: Bataillede Somme-Py)) and northwest ofReims(the Battle ofSaint-Thierry (French: Bataille de Saint-Thierry)).[7]

The initial progress of the French forces was thus fasterthan the two to five miles gained by the adjacent Amer-ican units (however, the French units were fighting in amore open terrain, which is easier to attack).[2]

5 Second phase: October 4 to Oc-

tober 28

A GermanHannover CL III shot down on October 4 between

MontfauconandCierges.

The second phase of the battle began on 4 October, dur-ing which time all of the original phase one assault divi-

sions (the 91st, 79th, 37th and 35th) of the U.S. V Corpswere replaced by the 32nd, 3rd and 1st Divisions. The 1stDivision created a gap in the lines when it advanced one

328th Infantry Regiment of82nd Infantry Division line of ad-

vance in capture ofHill 223on October 7, 1918.

and a half miles against the 37th, 52nd, and 5th GuardsDivisions. It was during this phase that theLost Battal-ionaffair occurred. The battalion was rescued due to anattack by the 28th and 82nd Divisions (the 82nd attack-ing soon after taking up its positions in the gap betweenthe 28th and 1st Divisions) on October 7. The Ameri-cans launched a series of costly frontal assaults that finallybroke through the mainGerman defenses (the KriemhildeStellung of theHindenburg Line) between 1417 October(the Battle of Montfaucon(French: Bataille de Mont-

faucon)). By the end of October, US troopshadadvancedten miles and had finally cleared the Argonne Forest. Ontheir left the French had advanced twenty miles, reaching

the Aisne River.[2] It was during the opening of this oper-ation, on October 8, that Corporal (later Sergeant)AlvinYorkmade his famous capture of 132 German prisonersnearCornay.[12]

6 Third phase: October 28 to

November 11

By October 31, the Americans had advanced 15 kilome-ters and had finally cleared the Argonne Forest. On theirleft the French had advanced 30 kilometers, reaching theRiver Aisne. The American forces reorganized into twoarmies. The First, led by General Liggett, would con-tinue to move to the Carignan-Sedan-Mezieres Railroad.The Second Army, led by Lieutenant GeneralRobert L.Bullard, was directed to move eastward towardsMetz.The two U.S. armies faced portions of 31 German di-visions during this phase. The American troops capturedGerman defenses atBuzancy, allowing French troops tocross theRiver Aisne, whence they rushed forward, cap-turingLe Chesne(the Battle of Chesne(French: Ba-taille du Chesne)).[13] In the final days, the French forces

conquered the immediate objective, Sedan and its criticalrailroad hub (theAdvance to the Meuse(French: Pous-se vers la Meuse)), on November 6 and American forces
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Chesne,_Ardenneshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzancy,_Aisnehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Bullardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_L._Bullardhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisne_Riverhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Yorkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindenburg_Linehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Battalion_(World_War_I)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Battalion_(World_War_I)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Divisionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciergeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfaucon-d%2527Argonnehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover_CL_IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reimshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme-Pyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Trumanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Infantry_Division_(German_Empire)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Division_(Germany)


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4 9 REFERENCES

captured surrounding hills. On November 11, news ofthe German armistice put a sudden end to the fighting.

7 The battles place in history

American Cemetery at Romagne-sous-Montfaucon

Destruction seen in 1920.

Although the Meuse-Argonne was one of the bloodiestbattles in U.S. history, in that it left a large number ofU.S. dead (over 26,000),[14] the battle is largely forgottenin the United States, and the Argonne war cemetery is of-ten ignored by tourists. The battle also hailed the debutof theBrowning Automatic Riflein combat, with boththe US and France using them significantly for the firsttime in battle.[15] According to the American view , thebattles pressure on the Germans was an important factorin their agreeing to the armistice: Until the last, this bat-tle had worried German commanders most; unlike othersectors of the front, here they had little space short of avital objective that they could afford to trade for time.Historians have since begun to debate the legitimacy of

this claim, with many believing that the Meuse-Argonneoffensive was simply a diversion from greater Allied of-fensives and successes elsewhere.[16]

In an interview,Paul von Hindenburgstated, So I mustreally say that the British food blockade and the Ameri-can blow in the Argonne decided the war for the allies.and that "... without the American troops and despite afood blockade... the war could have ended in a sort ofstalemate.[17]

8 See also

American Order of Battle Meuse-Argonne Offen-sive

Code talker

9 References

[1] Ferrell, Robert H. 2012. Americas Deadliest Battle:Meuse-Argonne, 1918. Lawrence: University Press ofKansas.

[2] Meuse River-Argonne Forest Offensive, 26 September-11 November 1918. Historyofwar.org. Retrieved 2013-09-26.

[3] Red Hand Flag | History Detectives. PBS. 2011-05-15.Retrieved 2013-09-26.

[4] Hindenburg Line and Montbrehain, 27 September 5October 1918. Australians on the Western Front 1914

1918: An Australian journey across the First World Warbattlefields of France and Belgium. Department of Vet-erans Affairs, Australian Government. November 2008.

[5] 30th-Division in WWI. Battlefield Tour Guide.

[6] firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 2009-05-06.

[7] Situation au debut D'Octobre 1918 (Situation at the be-ginning of October 1918)". Retrieved 2009-10-08.

[8] Battle of Argonne Began 18 Years Ago. New YorkTimes. Associated Press. 1937-09-27. Retrieved 2013-09-26. Eighteen years ago today at dawn the AmericanFirst Army started its pivotal attack which smashed theHindenburg line on the western front and forced the impe-rial German command to sue for armistice. (subscriptionrequired)

[9] The Meuse-Argonne Offensive: Part II: Pershings Re-port. The Great War Society. Retrieved 2008-01-15.

[10] Ferrell, Robert H. (2004). Collapse at Meuse-Argonne:The Failure of the Missouri-Kansas Division. Universityof Missouri Press. p. 176. ISBN 0-8262-1532-7.

[11] 35th Infantry Division (Mechanized) The Santa Fe Di-vision"". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2009-05-15.

[12] Fleming, Thomas (October 1993). Meuse-ArgonneOffensive of World War I. Military History (Histo-ryNet.com).
http://www.historynet.com/meuse-argonne-offensive-of-world-war-i.htmhttp://www.historynet.com/meuse-argonne-offensive-of-world-war-i.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/35id.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/35id.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1532-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://www.worldwar1.com/dbc/bigshow2.htmhttp://www.worldwar1.com/dbc/bigshow2.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Presshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Timeshttp://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60D1EF83F59167B93C5AB1782D85F428385F9http://pagesperso-orange.fr/grande.guerre/sitocobre18.htmlhttp://pagesperso-orange.fr/grande.guerre/sitocobre18.htmlhttp://www.firstworldwar.com/source/meuseargonne_pershing.htmhttp://www.battlefield-tourguide.com/30th-divison-in-wwi.htmlhttp://www.ww1westernfront.gov.au/battlefields/hindenburg-line-montbrehain-1918.htmlhttp://www.ww1westernfront.gov.au/battlefields/hindenburg-line-montbrehain-1918.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigations/602_redhandflag.htmlhttp://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_meuse_argonne.htmlhttp://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_meuse_argonne.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_talkerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Order_of_Battle_Meuse-Argonne_Offensivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Order_of_Battle_Meuse-Argonne_Offensivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1918_Browning_Automatic_Riflehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial


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[13] Novembre1918 (November 1918)". Retrieved2009-10-08.

[14] Ferrell, Robert H. 2012. Americas Deadliest Battle:Meuse-Argonne, 1918. Lawrence: University Press ofKansas.

[15] Lengel, Edward G. (May 25, 2008). Why Didn't We Lis-ten to Their War Stories?". The Washington Post. p. B03.

[16] Leaders & Battles database, Meuse-Argonne.

[17] Seldes, George. You Can't Print That, Payson & ClarkeLtd., 1929, p.5. So too, Henry, Mark and Walsh, Stephen.The US Army of World War I (Men-at-Arms) , ISBN 1841764868, Osprey, 2003, p. 4.

10 Further reading

Baker, Horace L. (2007). Argonne Days in WorldWar I. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.ISBN 0-82626-575-8.OCLC 614477736.

Braim, Paul (1987). The Test of Battle: the Amer-ican Expeditionary Forces in the Meuse-Argonne

Campaign. Newark: University of Delaware Press.ISBN 0-87413-301-7.OCLC 14240589.

Clodfelter, Michael (2007). The Lost Battalionand the Meuse-Argonne, 1918: Americas Dead-

liest Battle. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. ISBN0786426799.OCLC 71812758.

Ferrell, Robert H. (2007). Americas Deadliest Bat-tle: The Meuse Argonne, 1918. Lawrence: Univer-sity press of Kansas.ISBN 0-70061-499-0.OCLC71275542.

Ferrell, Robert H. (2004). Collapse at Meuse-Argonne: the Failure of the Missouri-Kansas Di-

vision. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.ISBN 0-82621-532-7.OCLC 54500285.

Lengel, Edward G. (2008). To Conquer Hell. NewYork: Henry Holt.ISBN 0-8050-7931-9.

Palmer, Fredrick (1919). Our Greatest Battle: TheMeuse Argonne. New York: Dodd, Meade.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7931-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54500285https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-82621-532-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71275542https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-70061-499-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71812758https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786426799https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14240589https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-301-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://www.worldcat.org/oclc/614477736https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-82626-575-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841764868https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1841764868http://pagesperso-orange.fr/grande.guerre/novembre18.html


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6 11 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text

Meuse-Argonne Offensive Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse-Argonne%20Offensive?oldid=637586421 Contributors:GABaker, Llywrch, Jrcrin001, Gabbe, Ahoerstemeier, Angela, Andrewman327, SpeakerFTD, Thue, Oaktree b, SoLando, Richy, Sj,Cattac, Wwoods, Gdr, Loopy, Blue387, Klemen Kocjancic, N328KF, TerraFrost, RJHall, Edward Z. Yang, Gigano, Great Scott, Hohum,Tainter, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Woohookitty, Dysepsion, BD2412, Titanz, Tim!, Koavf, NekoDaemon, Gurch, Gdrbot,YurikBot, Wbfergus, Rsrikanth05, Member, DonaldDuck, Wiki alf, Spot87, Welsh, Andersonblog, Sliggy, DeadEyeArrow, Pietdesomere,BuffaloBob, SmackBot, DMorpheus, InvictaHOG, Folajimi, Hmains, ERcheck, Bazonka, Rcbutcher, Xchbla423, Kidvicious, Jwillbur,Labattblueboy, Jhal949, Magmagirl, PokeTIJeremy, Wilt, Captain Jackson, Nareek, Dumelow, CylonCAG, Volker89, Andrwsc, Jrt989,Wild Wolf, Iridescent, Clarityfiend, Vanished user 90345uifj983j4toi234k, Joseph Solis in Australia, Civil Engineer III, Lahiru k, Cm-drObot, Sir Vicious, Gatoclass, FrankDynan, Thijs!bot, Bloodknight, Nick Number, Seaphoto, Zhenjiu, PhilKnight, Bongwarrior, Carom,The Anomebot2, MetsBot, Tintinlover123, Cdecoro, MartinBot, FlieGerFaUstMe262, J.delanoy, Brocky44, Uncle Dick, Charles Wilton,NewEnglandYankee, Rlfb, Useight, Director, Paulturtle, Broadbot, Johnsonb52, Aguasde13013, Enigmaman, Bahamut0013, Tttom,Koalorka, Uncle Scrooge, Flonto, Rambos Revenge, WereSpielChequers, Caltas, Srushe, Wilson44691, Sf46, Jons63, Francvs, ClueBot,The Thing That Should Not Be, CheGregory, Keraunoscopia, Piledhigheranddeeper, CAVincent, Central Data Bank, PCHS-NJROTC,GPS73, MWadwell, Addbot, X3 beckyluu, Beckyphan, Laurinavicius, Groundsquirrel13, Cst17, LaaknorBot, Kyle1278, Blaylockjam10,Fireaxe888, Henri1958, Evans1982, Gobbleswoggler, AnomieBOT, Piano non troppo, Ulric1313, Truth or consequences-2, Citationbot, Raven1977, LilHelpa, Prof. balthazar, AustralianRupert, StoneProphet, Recognizance, CRgunner, Tetraedycal, Chocolate Panic!,Citation bot 1, RedBot, Jesus freak16, Full-date unlinking bot, DocYako, Gusterbuster, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Skamecrazy123, EmausBot,Orphan Wiki, Stryn, Peaceray, TuHan-Bot, Wikipelli, Italia2006, AvicBot, Neun-x, Traxs7, DJ Tricky86, ClueBot NG, Bpickett123321,

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11.2 Images

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