Metrology Lab Manual COVAI

7/28/2019 Metrology Lab Manual COVAI

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080120044 METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENT LAB

THE KAVERY ENGINEERING COLLEGE Page1

VERNIER CALIPER

Examples


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CALIBRATION AND MEASUREMENT OF COMPONENTS USING

VERNIER CALIPERExp No:

Date:

AIM:

To measure the dimensions of the given component using vernier caliper.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Vernier caliperSamplecomponent

FORMULA USED:

MD=MSR+ (VSCXLC)

MD-Measured Dimension

MSR-Main Scale Reading

VSC-Vernier Scale Coincide

LC-Least Count

PROCEDURE:

Vernier caliper is cleaned with a cloth.

The clamping screws are loosened. With the help of slip gauges as standard, calibrate the gauges

The given component is fixed in both the two jaws.

The component should be perfectly held.

The outside diameter of component is noted.

Then the inside diameter of the component is measured with thehelp of knife face.

The thickness is measured with the external jaws.


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The length of the component is measured by adjusting themovable jaws.

The procedure is repeated for all the components.

At least three readings should be taken and then average will

give the accurate measurement

OBSERVATION:

CALIBRATION OF VERNIER CALLIPER Least count = 0.02 mm

MEASUREMENT

S.NO Slip gauge

inserted (mm)

Vernier scale reading Actual

value in

(mm)

Error in

mm

MSR

(mm)

VSR

(mm)

MSR+(VSR x LC)

(mm)1

2

3

4

5

Component-IMain scalereading(mm)

Vernier scalecoincide

MeasuredDimension Average(mm)

Inner diameter

Outer diameter

Thickness

Depth

Total length


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MODEL GRAPH:

Graph to be drawn for Actual reading vs Indicated reading for Vernier caliper.

Indicated Reading

Actual Reading

RESULT:

The measured dimensions are given as below

Component-I

Inner diameter

(mm)

Outer diameter

(mm) Thickness(mm) Length(mm)

MODEL CALCULATION:

Main scale reading = mm

Vernier scale coincides =

Measured dimension =MSR+(VSCXLC)


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MICROMETER


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CALIBRATION AND MEASUREMENT OF COMPONENT USINGMICROMETER

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To determine the diameter of a cylindrical component to an accuracy of 0.01mm

using micrometer to and check the result with digital micrometer.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Outside micrometer.

Cylindrical component.

PROCEDURE:

1. The micrometer is checked for zero error.

2. With the help of slip gauges as standard, calibrate the gauges

3. The given component is held between the faces of the anvil and spindle.

4. The spindle is moved by rotating the thimble until the anvil and spindle

touches the cylindrical surface of the component.

5. Fine adjustment is made by ratchet .the main scale reading and thimblescale reading are noted.

6. Two are more reading are taken at different places of the component.

7. The readings are tabulated and calculated.


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OBSERVATION:

CALIBRATION OF MICROMETER Least count = 0.02 mm

MEASUREMENT OF THE COMPONENT:

S.NOSlip gauge

inserted (mm)

Micrometer reading Actualvalue in

(mm)

Error in

(mm)MSR

(mm)

Thimble Scale

Reading

mm

MSR+(TSR x LC)

(mm)

1

2

3

4

5

S.NOPosition of

component

MSR in

mm

VSD in

DIV

VSR in

mm

Outputvalue in

mm

Actual vlaue

in mm

1

2

3

4

5


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MODEL GRAPH:

Graph to be drawn for Actual reading vs Indicated reading for Micrometer.

Indicated Reading

Actual Reading

RESULT:

The diameter of the given cylindrical component is ____________ mm.


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DIAL GAUGE


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CALIBRATION AND CHECKING DIMENSION OF THE COMPONENTUSINGDIAL GAUGE

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To check the height of the machined component with standard dimensioned

component using dial gauge.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Slip gauge set

Dial gauge with stand

Surface plate

Vernier caliper

PROCEDURE:

1. The slip gauges are built up to the given weight of the component.

2. Dial gauge with stand is placed on the surface plate.

3. The built up gauge is placed under the plunger.

4. The indicator is set to zero.

5. The built up gauge is removed.

6. The given machined component is placed under the plunger.

7. The variation in the height of the component is noted from the reading of the

dial.


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TABULATION: component height =____ mm.

Calibration and Measurement

Sl. NoStandard

Dimension(mm)

Dial reading on

build up slip

gauge (Div)

Dial reading

on component

(Div)

Variation inheight ( Div)

1

2

3

4

5

RESULT:

The height of the machined component is checked with standard

dimensioned component (slip gauges) using dial gauge.

The variation in height is ________________ mm.


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SINE BAR


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MEASUREMENT OF TAPER ANGLE USING SINE BAR

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To determine the taper of the given part using Sine bar.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sine bar

Slip gauge

Work piece

FORMULA USED:

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the surface plate, Sine bar and Slip gauges using fine cottonCloth.

2. Place the Job in the smooth flat surface.

3. Place the sine bar in such a manner that the Lower surface of theSine bar was uniformly touches the surface whose angle to bemeasured.

4. Calculate the angle using the Formula.

Where,

h = Vertical height of the slip gauge

L = Length of the sine bar (200 mm )


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OBSERVATION:

USING VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE:

USING SLIP GAUGE:

MODEL CALCULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the angle in the work pieces were Determined using Sine bar

Angle measured in work piece = ---------

Test

specimen

Vernier Height

Gauge Reading (mm)Difference

H2-H1sin

H1 (mm) H2 (mm)

1

2

Test

specimen

Length of Sine

Bar (L) in mm

Height of Slip

Gauges

inserted, mm

Taper

Angle ()

1

2


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VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOREXAMPLES:


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MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE USING VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To measure the angles of given specimen using bevel protractor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Surface Plate, Dial Gauge, Slip Gauge, Bevel protractor, specimen

PROCEDURE:

1. Initially bevel protractor is adjusted as per requirements.

2. Specimen is placed between the blades.

3. Reading noted directly from main scale and Vernier scale

4. For measuring, taper angle of sine bar, protractor is fixed to height

gauge.

5. The protractor is corresponding adjusted.

6. Noted reading is tabulated.

RESULT:

Thus angle of given specimens was determined.


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GEAR TOOTH VERNIER


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MEASUREMENTS OF GEAR TOOTH DIMENSIONS

Exp.No:

Date:

AIM:

To measure the thickness of gear tooth by using Gear Tooth Vernier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Gear tooth vernier Vernier caliper

Gear

FORMULA USED:

Depth= (Zm/2)(1+2/Z-COS(90/Z)

Width=Zm x sin (90/Z)

Outer diameter of gear =(Z+2)mWhere,

Z-no of gear tooth , m-module

PROCEDURE:

1. Find the zero error in the horizontal scale and vertical scale of the

given gear tooth vernier.

2. Find outer diameter of the given gear by using vernier caliper.

3. Count the no of tooth on the given gear.

4. Calculate the depth of pitch circle from the top circle.

5. Calculate the module (m) of the gear.

6. Similarly calculate the theoretical width by substituting and no of gear

tooth in the formula.7. The vertical gear tooth vernier is made of point the calculate the depth value.

8. Now the gear tooth, i.e. kept in between in the two jaws of the gear tooth

Vernier.

9. Observe the main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence of the

horizontal scale.


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10. Repeat the observation of different position of the same tooth and calculate

the average.

OBSERVATION:

Least count: Horizontal scale=0.02mm Vertical scale =0.02mm

MODEL CALCULATION:

Module = outer dia/(Z+2)

Depth = (Zm/2)(1+2/Z-COS(90/Z))

Width = Zm x sin (90/Z)

Deviation =theoretical value-actual value

RESULT:

Thus the thickness of the gear tooth of the given spur gear is calculated

using gear tooth Vernier.

Depth of the gear tooth = mm

Width of the gear tooth = mm

Theoretical value = mm

Actual value = mm


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TOOL MAKERS MIXCROMETER


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MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS TOOL MAKERS MICROSCOPE

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To determine the major, minor diameter and flank angle for the particular

screw.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Tool makers microscope

Work piece

PROCEDURE:

1. Determination of the relative position of two or more points on a piece of

work. This is measured by measuring the travel of the work table

necessary to transfer a second point to the position previously occupied

by the first and so on.

2. Measurement of angles: Angles pre measured by successively setting

fiducially line simply in the focal plane of the eyepiece along with arm of

the image of the angle, or through indicating the angle and noting from a

protractor scale the angle through which the line has been turned.

3. Comparison of thread forms with respect to outlines on a glass template

situated at the focal plane of the microscope eyepiece and

measurement of discrepancies there from.

4. Comparison of the enlarged projected image with a tracing drawn on

exact number if times full size and affixed to the projection screen.


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OBSERVATION:

Observations Initial Reading Final Reading Actual Reading

Major Diameter

Minor Diameter

Pitch

Angle

MODEL CALCULATION:

ACTUAL READING = FINAL READING INITIAL READING

RESULT:

Thus the all dimensions of the given particular screw were measured byusing tool makers microscope.


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MEASUREMENT SET UP


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MEASUREMENT OF STRAIGHTNESS AND FLATNESS USING AUTOCOLLIMATOR

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To measure the straightness and Flatness given specimen using two

axis auto collimator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Collimator unit, Base, plain reflector, optical Scanner

PROCEDURE:

1. Testing square with auto collimator.

2. Level auto collimator unit on a stand a table.

3. Straighten the light.

4. Observe measuring graphical through the eye below.

5. The smallest discussion of linear scale is measured.

6. Bring plain reflector in front of the auto collimator to get reflector.

7. Depending upon the verification in surface.

8. Using micrometer provided for eye piece we can measure the

frequency up in lose.

FORMULAE:

Deviation = Sin (A-B)

Where angle in rad & Distance A-B in mm


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TABULATION

S.NoDistance from

Ref (A-B)MSR(Min)

Micrometer

sec

Result

Degree

Deviations

(mm)

MODEL CALCULATION

Deviation = Sin (A-B)

Graph:

Deviation Vs Distance from reference

RESULT:

Thus the straightness and Flatness are determined using autocollimator.


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PROFILE PROJECTOR


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MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS PROFILE PROJECTOR

Exp No :

Date:

AIM:

To calibrate the profile projector using given samples which dimensions is

measured by micrometer as standard.

PROCEDURE:

1. Switch ON the main. The induction glows, then the instrument is ON.

2. Switch ON the toggle switch. For cooling fan below the light house.

3. Toggle switch 2 for light source ON.

4. Select the capacity of the length for precision operation measured and fix

that flow the projection head.

5. Place the object (balls) on the glass table. To get the clear image rotate the

arm wheel provided at the right side.

6. After getting the clear image locate the cross wire of the initial point on the

image which to be measured, and then the cross wire moved to the final

point. Note down the micrometer reading. This is done by using micrometer.

7. Now find the difference between initial and final readings that gives the

actual reading.


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TABULATION:

Observations Initial Reading Final Reading Actual Reading

Major Diameter

Minor Diameter

Pitch

Angle

MODEL CALCULATION:

ACTUAL READING = FINAL READING INITIAL READING

RESULT:

Thus the dimension of given samples are measured by using profileprojector.


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FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER


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MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERSFLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER

(BENCH MICROMETER)

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To measure the major diameter of screw thread using floating carriage

micrometer.

PROCEDURE:

1. Clear all the parts with tissue paper or soft cloth. Put the base (A) on the

form elevation table on surface plate level the machine with the help of

screw (E) in such a way that the floating top remains steady at any position

without gravitational motion.

2. Put floating top (O) on the carriage with two balls between the two stopper

fins on one side V groove of carriage (B) and floating top (C). Put one ball

on other V groove on other side of floating top between the stopper pins.

3. Insert the micrometer(F) provided with machine in one side of the floating

top nearer to observer and tight lever(Y) and screw provided on floating top

(C). Insert the O indicator (C) on the other side of the V groove on floating

and tight the lever and screw.

4. Now the machine is ready to take the readings.

MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION:

Major diameter measurement

The dia of the setting master on a cylinder should be nearly same as the dia of the

thread gauge. The advantage of using setting master is it gives similarly of contact

of anvils and radius error in measurement the setting is held between the centers.

The master cylinder is then replaced by the threaded work piece on threaded

gauge and then second reading is taken.


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D-Diameter of setting master.

R1 - Micrometer reading over setting master.

R2 - Micrometer reading of threaded work piece or gauge.

Then, Major diameter D+ different between R1 and R2

The +or is determined by relative size of master and work piece.

TABULATION:

RESULT:

Thus the major diameter of the screw thread is measured by using floatingcarriage Micrometer.


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MECHANICAL COMPARATOR


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CHECKING DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES OF THE COMPONENTS USINGMECHANICAL COMPARATOR

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To check the height of the machined component with standard dimensioned

component using dial gauge.

TOOLS REQUIRED:

Slip gauge set

Dial gauge with stand Surface plate

Vernier caliper

PROCEDURE:

1. The slip gauges are built up to the given Height of the component.

2. Dial gauge with stand is placed on the surface plate.

3. The built up gauge is placed under the plunger.

4. The indicator is set to zero.

5. The built up gauge is removed.

6. The given machined component is placed under the plunger.

7. The variation in the height of the component is noted from the

reading of the dial.


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TABULATION: component height =____ mm.

Sl. Dial reading on built up slip Dial reading on Variation of height

No gauges in div. component in div. In mm

RESULT:

The height of the machined component is checked with standard

dimensioned component (slip gauges) using dial gauge.

The variation in height is ________________ mm.


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TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To measure the temperature using copper constantan thermo couple.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Thermo couple

2. Temperature measuring setup.

3. Ice cubes.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the thermocouple supplied at the impute terminal if copper

constantan Thermocouple is used. Copper wire must be connected to the

terminal and constantan wire to ve terminal.

2. Immerse the junction of thermocouple in ice and adjust the meter reading at

0 C using potentiometer.

3. Immerse the junction of thermocouple in boiling at 98 C by using

potentiometer marked max.

4. Repeat the procedure for 2 to 3 times.


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TABULATION:

SL.NO ACTUAL TEMPERATURE C INDICATED TEMPERATURE C

1

2

3

4

5

GRAPH:

Indicated Temperature Vs Actual Temperature

RESULT:

Thus the temperature is measured using thermocouple.


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MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT USING LVDT

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To measure the displacement using LVDT.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. LVDT

2. Micrometer

PROCEDURE:

1. Plug the power chard to AC main 230v/50Hx & Switch on the

instrument.

2. Plate RED/CAL switch at read position.

3. Balance the amplifier with the help of zero knobs. Without connecting

LVDT to instruments.

4. Replace the RED/CAL switch at CAL position.

5. Adjust the calibration point by rotating CAL knob so display should

read 10.00 (i.e.) maximum ranges.

6. Again keep the RED/CAL switch at read position and connect the

LVDT cable to instruments.

7. Mechanical zero by rotating the micrometer. Display will read zero this

is full balancing.

8. Give displacement with micrometer and observe the digital reading.

9. Plot the graph of micrometer reading.


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TABULATION

Sl.no

Push side Pull Side

Micrometer

Reading

Indicated

Reading

Error Micrometer

Reading

Indicated

Reading

Error

1

2

3

4

5

MODEL GRAPH:

Output Error

Standard Input Standard Input

Result:

Thus displacement has been measured using LVDT.


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FORCE MEASUREMENT BY USING LOAD CELL

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To measure the force using load cell.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Proving Ring

2. Load cell

3. Force indicator

4. screw jack

5. Dial gauge.

PROCEDURE:

1. Ensure that proving ring along with load all is perfectly in vertical

position.

2. Check and ensure that the axis of screw jacks perfectly aligned with

load cell.3. Ensure that load cell with socket is connected to the rear side of the

load indicator.

4. Apply a small load without any slip in the system.

5. Note down the reading of dial gauge of force indicator.


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SL.NOACTUAL LOADAPPLIED (KG)

DEFLECTION (DIV) ERROR % OF ERROR

1

2

3

4

5

RESULT:

Thus the force measurement has been measured using load cell.

Graph: Deflection Vs Applied load


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TORQUE MEASUREMENTExp No:

Date:

AIM:

To measure the torque using shear type load cell.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Torque measurement equipment

2. Stand

3. lever

4. stain gauge

5. Weight.

FORMULA USED:

Calculated Torque = Load x Distance (kg-m)

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix the main frame of transducers rigidity.

2. Connect the cantilever beam with weight pan.3. Connect transducer wire socket to rear side of indicator.

4. Connect digital indicator at 230V, AC supply.

5. Set zero on indicator, by zero adjust pan provides indicator.

6. Now apply the load gradually and note down reading in upward &

downward trend.


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DISTANCE: 0.5 METER



1

2

3

4

5

DISTANCE: 1 METER



1

2

3

4

5


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MODEL CALCULATION:

Calculated Torque =Load x Distance (kg-m)

GRAPH:Observed torque Vs Calculated torque

RESULT:

Thus measurement of torque using shear type load cell has beencarried out.


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MEASUREMENT OF VIBRATION PARAMETERS USING VIBRATION SET UP

Exp No:

Date:

AIM:

To study the various parameters involved in the vibrations of a given system.

To plot the characteristic curves of the given specimen

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

o Vibration exciter

o Vibration pick-up

o Vibration analyzer

o Power amplifier

o Oscillator

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect power amplifier output to vibration exciter.

2. Place the vibration pick up on vibration exciter spindle.

3. Connect vibration pick up cable to vibration analyzer sensor socket.

4. select the range 0-100 by two way switch.

5. Note down the displacement, velocity and acceleration from vibration

analyzer.

6. Similarly noted above parameters in frequency range of 0-1000 Hz.

TABULATION


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S.NoFrequency

(Hz)

Indicator reading Actual reading

Acceleration

(m/sec2)

Velocity

(cm/sec)

Displacement

(mm)

Velocity

(cm/sec)

Displacement

(mm)

1 100

2 200

3 300

4 400

5 500

6 600

RESULT:

Various parameters of vibration such as displacement, velocity and

acceleration are studied and the following characteristic curves were plotted.

1. Displacement Vs Frequency

2. Velocity Vs Frequency

3. Acceleration Vs Frequency

Metrology Lab Manual COVAI

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