Methylated genes have similar patterns in different...
Transcript of Methylated genes have similar patterns in different...
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Steve StraussDistinguished ProfessorOregon State University
Tree BiotechProgress, prospects, and paralysis
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• The buzz from GMO crops and foods• What is biotech?• What is genetic engineering? • Where might it matter for forestry? • Some examples of progress• The current state: Near paralysis
Plan
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There are many pieces of the GMO controversy• “It is accurate to say that many of the real
ethical issues [of GMOs in agriculture] have little to do with the use of transgenic technologies” (Burkardt et al. 2005, Agricultural Ethics, CAST)
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Proponents of various issues frequently distort science to influence perceptions
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Money: Advocacy targeting conventional food & ag, often with GMO/chemical focus, is well funded and growing
Agbiotech Info Net
Agribusiness Examiner
ACGA
American Pasturage
APHA
Animal Protection Institute
Beyond Pesticides
NCRLC
Center for Food Safety
Center for Informed Food Choices
Center for Media & Democracy
CSPI
Chef’s Collaborative
Children’s Health Env Coalition
Common Dreams
Consumer Federation of America
Consumers Union
Crop Choice
David Suzuki Foundation
Dawn Watch
Deep Ecology
Eco-Trust
Economic Democracy
Earth Spirit
Earth First
Environmental Defense
Environmental Media Services
FAIR
Family Farm Defenders
Farm Animal Reform Movement
Farm Aid
Farm Sanctuary
Friends of the Earth
GRACE
Government Accountability Project
Green Guide Institute
Green Party USA
Greenpeace
Humane Farm Association
Humane Society US
IATP
Institute for Public Accuracy
Land Institute
Local Harvest
NFFC
Nishoren
No Spray coalition
NWARN
Organic Consumers Association
PANNA
PETA
PCRM
PIRG
Public Citizen
Purdey Fund
Sierra Club
SEAC
Water Keeper Alliance
More than 500 activist organizations in North America are spending in excess of $2 billion annually engaging in food-related campaigns targeting biotech and many other elements
Jay Byrne, 2012, V-fluence
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http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/
It is not surprising how much scientists and the public differ in views of GMOs
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http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/
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http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/29/public-and-scientists-views-on-science-and-society/
GMO issue with widest split between public and scientists
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http://weknowmemes.com/2012/07/dont-believe-everything-you-read-on-the-internet
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• The buzz from GMO crops and foods• What is biotech?• What is genetic engineering? • Where might it matter for forestry? • Some examples of progress• The current state: Near paralysis
Plan
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What is biotech?
• Use of biological technology for any reason• Usually refers to genetics and genetic
engineering (GE)• But non-GE biotech powerful and non-
controversial• Genomics, marker selection, genomic selection, etc
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Advanced breeding and selection has a great impact on forest productivity
Currently planted elite clone
Newly selected elite clone
Grattapaglia: Fibria
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Genomic Selection (GS) or Genome-Wide Selection Meuwissen et al. 2001
GS is the selection based on thousands of markers covering most of the genome
Gene involved in the target traits Genetic markersD. Grattapaglia
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Genomic selection of new genotypes – Determine correlation between DNA and traits, then use that
information to speed selection of best parents or clones
Hybrid mating Selection of best families and best trees in hybridprogeny trials (growth, form, pilodyn density and NIRS)
Production of cutting for expanded clonal trial
Selection of top clones in expanded clonal trial(growth, density, disease resistance, wood quality)
Production of cutting for minicutting expansion
Best trees are felled Production of cutting for first clonal trial
HT, low cost genotyping and phenotype prediction
Selected plants
Genomic selection cuts down the time needed to select top genotypes, and reduces testing expenses
D. Grattapaglia
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In Brazil, many companies are already implementing genomic selection in
Eucalyptus
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Questions about genomic selection
• Is it cost effective in the PNW?• Need to determine tens of thousands of DNA markers
in thousands of trees• Up front cost, benefits much later• Diversity of breeding zones in the western USA
• It can move things faster based on past performance, is this always good?• Can it get us to wrong place faster given changing
climates, pests, markets?
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• The buzz from GMO crops and foods• What is biotech?• What is genetic engineering? • Where might it matter for forestry? • Some examples of progress• The current state: Near paralysis
Plan
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What is genetic engineering (GE)
• Direct modification of DNA• Vs. indirect modification in breeding and genomic
selection• Asexually modified in somatic cells
• Then regenerated into whole organisms, usually starting in Petri dishes
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GMO method (genetic engineering) defined
Traditionalplant breeding
x
Variety A
Variety B
Geneticengineering
xAsexual
modification or insertion
from any gene source
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Regeneration of plants after introduction of
DNA
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Growth in the fieldPropagation of poplars in tissue culture
Then propagated normally (seeds, cuttings) and tested for health and new qualities, incorporated into breeding programs
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• The buzz from GMO crops and foods• What is biotech?• What is genetic engineering? • Where might it matter for forestry? • Some examples of progress• The current state: Near paralysis
Plan
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Short rotation, clonal plantations most obvious place for GE in forestry
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Lignin reduced variety of poplar for pulp or biofuelsCourtesy of G. Pilate, INRA)
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Lepidopteran-resistant poplars commercially approved in China - Bt cry1
• Trait stable• Helps to protect non-Bt trees
• Reduced insecticide use
• Improved growth rate
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Beetle resistant Bt-cottonwoods in eastern Oregon field trial
Control GE
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Growth benefits (10-20%) despite low
insect pressure during large field trial of
resistant genotypes
Wild typeGM
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Glyphosate herbicide resistance in cottonwood
Screen of primary transformants 2 yr-old field trial
Wild type controls
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Growth benefit in Roundup-resistance tailored system: ~20% volume at 2 years
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Testing genetic containment methods in the field in poplar
August 2015
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Complete sterility - Undeveloped catkins due to stable suppression of native “LEAFY” gene in poplar (RNAi)
control
LFY
AG/LFY
Control LFY
3-12-14
Klocko et al. 2014, American Soc. For Plant Biology, Portland, Oregon
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Better yet, “gene editing” by CRISPRs enable predictable, stable, certain sterility? ~50% biallelic mutation rate for floral genes!
AG-1target site
AG-2 target site
Wild type
Types of mutations
Mutants
Large deletionSmall deletions
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Insect control via RNAi Creation of a new plant gene that suppresses a critical gene in a pest using it’s own machinery
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Eucalypt plantation another obvious place for GE applications
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Wood modification to promote growth rate – just authorized by Brazilian government for commercial use
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Cold tolerant GE Eucalyptus
Results from first winter in
South Carolina
Results from second winter in Alabama
Field results indicate freezing tolerance to ~16°F (- 8° to - 9°C)
Control
Lead Lines + Control
Lead Line
Provided by Arborgen
Proposed for commercial deregulation in USA
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12 Months
Two yearsThree years
Four years
Seven years
Many eucalypt field trials underway
Courtesy of Les Pearson, Arborgen
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Male sterile eucalypts and pine -Arborgen
Anther-specific promoter driving expression of a strong RNAseprevents pollen maturation and release
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Overexpression of endogenous flowering genes induce early flowering in several tree species
Apple Plum
Orange
Eucalyptus
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Wild forest tree protection or restoration another place for GE trees?
American Chestnut restoration with help of GE?
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Forest health a global and growing concern
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Many exotic diseases have severely impacted US forests
• 1892 - White pine blister rust
• 1904 - Chestnut blight
• 1923 - Port-Orford-cedar root disease
• 1920s - Beech scale complex
• 1930 - Dutch elm disease
• 1967 - Butternut canker
• 1976 - Dogwood anthracnose
• 2000s - Sudden oak death American elm
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Hemlock in US under siege today
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Emerald Ash Borer: Killing ~all ashes in USA – costing billions
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Swiss Needle Cast in Oregon Douglas-fir: Breeding ~ ineffective
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• The buzz from GMO crops and foods• What is biotech?• What is genetic engineering? • Where might it matter for forestry? • Some examples of progress• The current state: Near paralysis
Plan
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The case for paralysis(August 2015, Science)
Forthcoming related essay in Forestry Source in November
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• Presumption that all GE is harmful to environment regardless of gene, problem• Very hard to go beyond boutique research without
very costly regulatory approval (millions of dollars)
• Public sector, small companies cannot afford• USDA Forest Service hesitant to invest, engage
• Essentially impossible to do field research in many countries due to costs, politicized nature• Vandalism a major issue in Europe still
Regulatory problems fundamental
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Forest Stewardship Council
“…genetically modified trees are prohibited…”
Market barriers large“Green” certification of forests create severe barriers to field research, markets
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Forest certification systems universally ban all GM trees – no exemptions
System Region GM Tree Approach / Reason
PEFC : Programme for Endorsement of Forest Certification
International Banned / Precautionary approachbased on lack of data
FSC : Forest Stewardship Council International Banned / Precautionary approachbased on lack of data
CerFlor : Certificação Florestal Brazil Banned via PEFC registration / No additional rationale
CertFor : Certficación Forestal Chile Banned via PEFC registration /No additional rationale
SFI : Sustainable Forestry Initiative North America Banned via PEFC registration /Awaiting risk-benefit data
ATFS : American Tree Farm System USA Banned via PEFC registration /No additional rationale
CSA : Canadian Standards Association Canada Banned via PEFC registration /Allows public to determine approach
CFCC : China Forest Certification Council China Banned via PEFC registration /No additional rationale
Adam Costanza, Institute for Forest Biotechnology
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• Trees often rich in diversity due to early state of domestication• GE often not essential, other options can be found
• Genetic engineering methods often very difficult and highly genotype-specific• Very limited advances outside of a few intensively
studied species, public research ~halted• Gene flow extensive, wild or feral relatives
• Ethical questions, regulatory questions, science challenges
• Political opponents active, powerful• No consensus on what precaution means in
relation to genetic engineering
Other constraints
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Forest health a major and growing concern
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No-analog scientific thinking should dominate today
“No-analog communities (communities that are compositionally unlike any found today) occurred frequently in the past and will develop in the greenhouse world of the future.”
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Are our regulations and certification systems worrying too much about the deck chairs on the Titanic, rather than providing tools for improved navigation of the ship?
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“The perfect is the enemy of the good”
Was Voltaire talking about biotech regulations?
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In summary• Many examples of progress with GE trees with a wide
variety of traits, in the field• Mostly poplar, some eucalypts
• Extraordinary barriers based on GMO regulation, certification, and tree biology• Makes implementation of GE tools on a scale and speed
relevant to need and benefit ~unworkable• Growing number of forest stresses where silviculture,
conventional breeding, inadequate• Much more expected with global travel, climate shifts• Is avoidance of GE precautionary or the opposite?
• Need for fundamental regulatory and market change?• USA reconsidering many regulations now• But fundamental change not likely (in my lifetime)