Lsquage lraroidg4l:1, Malth 1991, pp. 85-11?

Methods and Results in the Study ofAnxiety and Language Learning:

A Review of the Literaturex

Peter D. MaclntyreRobert C. Gardner

The Uniuersity of Western Ontario

Since Scovel's review of the literature in 19?8, severalstudies have been conducted that consider the role ofanxiety in language learning. This paper examines theperspectives from which foreign language anxiety researchhas been conducted, the instruments that have been used,and the results thathavebeen reporbd. Threeapproachestl the study ofanxiety are identified as the trait, state, andsituation specific perspectives. The instruments chosen tomeasure anxiety have been quite varied, with severalscales specifically intended to assess foreign languageanxiety. The literature to be reviewed comes from studiesofchildren, studies that have included anxiety in rnodels oflanguage learning, and finally, studies that are focuseddirectly on the role of anxiety in language learning. With

*The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their thoroughness andvaluable comments on an earlierversion ofthis paper. The preparation ofthismanuscript has been aided by Scial Science and Humanities ResearchCouncil ofCanada Doctoral Fellowship No. 453-90-0177 to the first authorand Research Grant No. 410J8-4158 from the same agency to the secondauthor.

Requests for reprints may be sent to Peter D. Maclntl're, Department ofPsychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, CanadaN6A 5C2.

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