Methods and procedures in translationMethods and procedures in translationAn introduction to the subject An introduction to the subject If language were just a classifcation for a set of general or universal concepts, it would be easy to translate a text and a process of learning a L2 would be easier than it really is. Among the problematic factors involved in a translation, we will consider the dierent methods and procedures that can be used.!ethod vs. "rocedure#e consider a method as a procedure, techni$ue or planned way of doing something% while a procedure consists in the act or manner of proceeding in any action or process.&ranslation strategies' !ethods and procedures in translation(lobal translation strategy )translation method* ' the overall strategy you apply to a text as a whole.Local translation strategy )translation procedure* ' +trategies you apply in the translation of individual expressions in the +&, such as words, grammatical constructions, idioms, etc.&ranslation !ethodsword,for,word translation' #ords are translated out of context and word order is preserved.Literal translation' &he +L grammatical constructions are changed into their nearest &L e$uivalent but content words are translated out of context.-aithful translation' Attempts to reproduce the exact contextual meaning of the .& within the restrictions of the &L grammatical structures.+emantic translation' !ore /exible than -&, admits an exception to 0112 fdelity.&ranslation !ethodsAdaptation' used mainly for plays and poetry. &he themes and characters are usually 3ept and the text rewritten.-ree translation' A paraphrase longer than the original text, it reproduces content without form.Idiomatic translation' It tends to distort nuances of meaning by using idioms where these do not exist in the .&.4ommunicative translation' Attempts to reproduce the exact contextual meaning of the .& and both content and language are comprehensible to the readership.+emantic translation vs. 4ommunicative translation+emantic translation' used for expressive texts.#ritten at the author5s linguistic level."ersonal and individual.6ormally inferior to its original.4ommunicative translation'Informative texts.#ritten at the readership5s linguistic level.+ocial..ften better than its original.&ranslation "rocedures&echnical "rocedures'Analysis of the +L and &L.A through study of the +L& before translate it.!a3ing judgments of the semantic and syntactic approximations..rgani7ational "rocedures'4onstant reevaluation of the attempt made, contrasting it with other translations of the same text, and chec3ing the text5s eectiveness by as3ing the &L readers to evaluate its accuracy and studying their reactions.&ranslation direct procedures&ransference8 loan' &ransferral of a word or expression from the +L directly into the && without translating it.&ranslation loan' 9etention of syntactic constructions but translation of the words in it.&hrough translation' Literal translation of combinations and collocations. +trife for literal translation.6aturali7ation' &ransference in which you apply &L spelling and morphology )and pronunciation* to the expression or word in $uestion.&ranslation Indirect "rocedures:$uivalence' -ocus on e$uivalence in meaning in the perspective of the reader of the &&.4ultural e$uivalent' &ranslating a culturally rooted word in the +L& with a culturally rooted e$uivalent of the &L.-unctional e$uivalent' &ranslating a word in the +& with a functionally e$uivalent &L word.;escriptive e$uivalent' &ranslating a +L& word using a description of the concept it refers to in the &L.+ynonymy' &ranslating a +L& word with a &L expression that is nearly but not completely functionally e$uivalent.&ranslation Indirect "rocedures9eduction8 :xpansion' adding or removing elements."araphrase' Amplifcation or explanation of meaning.4ompensation' !a3ing up the loss of something in the +L but adding something else in the &&.9ecogni7ed translation' &han3s for your time?