Methods And Discourse Paragraph

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UNIVERSITY OF BATANGASLipa Campus

ANTHOLOGY OF PARAGRAPHS AND DISCOURSES

A Midterm Requirement in English Communication 2 ENG102

Compiled by:

Jessie Boy C. CanariaBSED-PEAHM

Checked by:

Sir Aldwin S. ManguiatProfessor, ENG102

January 2012


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DEFINITION

Definition paragraphs are used in order to explain the meaning, origin and

function of things.

Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words. Words consist

of one or more smaller units called morphemes. Amorpheme is the smallest unit of

meaningless units. Therefore, cat is a single morpheme because c and at are

meaningless alone. If we split the word into ca and t, we have a similar situation;

producing ca violates the meaning, for there is nothing in cat that includes the meaning

of ca, and t is meaningless alone.

Authors Name: Jaime R. Dizon, Ph. D

Date/Year of publication: Copyright 2009

Title of the Resource Material: Self-Instructional Modules for College English

Communication

Place of Publication: 856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr., St. Sampaloc, Manila

Publishers Name: Rex Book Store, Incorporation

Page: 34


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CLASSIFICATION

Classification paragraph is to clearly define something and place it in a group

according to some basis or rule so that it only fits in one group.

Morphemes are having two varieties, free and bound. Free morphemes are

independent and can stand alone. They form words or parts of words. Example of Free

morphemes are toy, big and happy. Bound morphemes are grammatical tags or marker

markers that cannot function independently. They must be attached to free morphemes

or to other morphemes. Example include s, -est, ch and ly, meaning plural, most,

negative and manner, respectively. By combining the free and bound morphemes

mentioned above, we can create toys, biggest and unhappily. Bound or grammatical

morphemes

Authors Name: Jaime R. Dizon, Ph. D

Date/Year of publication: Copyright 2009

Title of the Resource Material: Self-Instructional Modules for College English

Communication

Place of Publication: 856 Nicanor Reyes, Sr., St. Sampaloc, Manila

Publishers Name: Rex Book Store, Incorporation

Page: 34


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DESCRIPTION

This method of development pictures out a person, a thing, an object or an event

by using of vivid words or expressions as well as sensory images.

The village of North Haven occupies a 2.5 square mile peninsula that lies some

200 yards across the water from Saz Harbor, where I live, and is connected to the

South Fork of Long Island, New York, by a spit of island. Except for the spit of island

North Haven is an island. It used to be called Hog Neck, but haven is an appropriate

Name for it. The place is quite and serene. It has no downtown, and the houses of its

733 full-time residents are scattered about a lovely landscape of meadows, fields, small

ponds and oak forests that seem to thrive on glacial moraines. Everywhere, there are

water views. If you drive through quickly and you could its only three miles from the

bridge to the end of Ferry Road.

Authors Name: Lucila Del Mundo

Belen Zavala D. Asis

Date/Year of publication: 2008

Title of the Resource Material: Improving Study Thinking Reading & Writing

Skills for College Freshmen

Place of Publication: 1518 Alvarez St, Sta. Cruz, Manila

Publishers Name: Booklore Publishing Corporation

Page: 151


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NARRATION

Narration refers to the way that a story is told, and so belongs to the level

of discourse.

There was a man who had two sons. The younger one said to his father,

Father, give me my share of the estate. So he divided his property between them.

Not long after that, the younger son got together all he had, set off for a distant country

and there squandered his wealth in wild living. After he had spent everything, there was

a severe famine in that whole country, and he began to be in need. So he went and

hired himself out to a citizen of that country, who sent him to his fields to feed pigs. He

longed to fill his stomach with the pods that the pigs were eating, but no one gave him

anything.

When he came to his senses, he said, How many of my fathers hired servants

have food to spare, and here I am starving to death! I will set out and go back to my

father and say to him: Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you. I am no

longer worthy to be called your son; make me like one of your hired servants. So he got

up and went to his father.

But while he was still a long way off, his father saw him and was filled with

compassion for him; he ran to his son, threw his arms around him and kissed him.

The son said to him, Father, I have sinned against heaven and against you. I am no

longer worthy to be called your son.

But the father said to his servants, Quick! Bring the best robe and put it on him.

Put a ring on his finger and sandals on his feet. Bring the fattened calf and kill it. Lets


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have a feast and celebrate. For this son of mine was dead and is alive again; he was

lost and is found. So they began to celebrate.

Meanwhile, the older son was in the field. When he came near the house, he

heard music and dancing. So he called one of the servants and asked him what was

going on. Your brother has come, he replied, and your father has killed the fattened

calf because he has him back safe and sound.

The older brother became angry and refused to go in. So his father went out and

pleaded with him. But he answered his father, Look! All these years Ive been slaving

for you and never disobeyed your orders. Yet you never gave me even a young goat so

I could celebrate with my friends. But when this son of yours who has squandered your

property with prostitutes comes home, you kill the fattened calf for him!

My son, the father said, you are always with me, and everything I have is

yours. But we had to celebrate and be glad, because this brother of yours was dead and

is alive again; he was lost and is found.

Authors Name: ANONYMOUS

Date/Year of publication: Copyright 1973, 1978, 1984, 2011

Title of the Resource Material: BIBLE

Place of Publication: 890 United Nations Avenue Manila, Philippines

Publishers Name: Philippine Bible Society

Page: Luke 15:11-32


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CONTRAST

A contrast paragraph labels the differences between two persons, places, or

things.

A wise son makes a father glad, But a foolish son is a grief to his mother. Ill-

gotten gains do not profit, But righteousness delivers from death. The LORD will not

allow the righteous to hunger, But He will reject the craving of the wicked. Poor is he

who works with a negligent hand, But the hand of the diligent makes rich. He who

gathers in summer is a son who acts wisely, But he who sleeps in harvest is a son who

acts shamefully. Blessings are on the head of the righteous, But the mouth of the

wicked conceals violence. The memory of the righteous is blessed, But the name of the

wicked will rot. The wise of heart will receive commands, But a babbling fool will

be ruined. He who walks in integrity walks securely, But he who perverts his ways will

be found out. He who winks the eye causes trouble, And a babbling fool will

be ruined. The mouth of the righteous is a fountain of life, But the mouth of the wicked

conceals violence. Hatred stirs up strife, But love covers all transgressions. On the lips

of the discerning, wisdom is found, But a rod is for the back of him who

lacks understanding. Wise men store up knowledge, But with the mouth of the foolish,

ruin is at hand. The rich mans wealth is his fortress, The ruin of the poor is their

poverty. The wages of the righteous is life, The income of the wicked,

punishment. He is on the path of life who heeds instruction, But he who ignores reproof

goes astray. He who conceals hatred has lying lips, And he who spreads slander is a

fool. When there are many words, transgression is unavoidable, But he who restrains


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his lips is wise. The tongue of the righteous is as choice silver, The heart of the wicked

is worth little. The lips of the righteous feed many, But fools die for lack

of understanding. It is the blessing of the LORD that makes rich, And He adds no

sorrow to it. Doing wickedness is like sport to a fool, And so is wisdom to a man of

understanding. What the wicked fears will come upon him, But the desire of the

righteous will be granted. When the whirlwind passes, the wicked is no more, But

the righteous has an everlasting foundation. Like vinegar to the teeth and smoke to the

eyes, So is the lazy one to those who send him. The fear of the LORD

prolongs [l]life, But the years of the wicked will be shortened. The hope of the righteous

is gladness, But the expectation of the wicked perishes. The way of the LORD is a

stronghold to the upright, But ruin to the workers of iniquity. The righteous will never be

shaken, But the wicked will not dwell in the land. The mouth of the righteous flows with

wisdom, But the perverted tongue will be cut out. The lips of the righteous bring

forth what is acceptable, But the mouth of the wicked what is perverted.



Title of the Resource Material: BIBLE



Page: Proverbs 10 (611)


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Cause and Effect

A method of paragraph or essay development in which a writer analyzes the

reasons for --and/or the consequences of--an action, event, ordecision.

When one big tree is cut down in a primary forest the ecosystem around it suffers

such an imbalance that it takes a long time for nature to recover. In the immediate area

the effects are keenly felt, becoming less and less as one goes farther. When the big

tree falls to the ground, some small trees are inevitably smashed to death . Sun comes

into that gap in the forest. This encourages new plants to grow, but for young

dipterocarp trees who like the shade of a parent plant, it will be rough going. There will

be less total oxygen and water vapor given up to the ecosystem around the absent

tree. For the inhabitants of the tree it is like losing their home to an Intensity 10

earthquake. And along with their homes, their source of daily subsistence.








Page: 178


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ANALYSIS

Analysis is the breaking up of a whole into its parts to find the nature or

proportion of its constituents.

Coronary thrombosis results from changes in the structure of the walls in the inner

lining of the arteries of the heart. Because of the roughened condition of the lining and

the narrowing that is often present, a flake of the wall may break loose, producing a plug

thus bringing about an occlusion, or closure. When a clot is formed in the artery, it is

spoken of as a thrombus, and resulting state is a thrombosis. A foreign substance in the

blood stream, too, may close a vessel and lead to thrombus formation. A thrombus may

occur when one is very quiet, just as readily as in the presence of shock or excitement.








Page: 178


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ANALOGY

This is a pattern of paragraph development which compares two different objects

on the basis of their similarities in certain respects.

I have long had an image in my mind of what constitutes liberty. Suppose that I

were building a great price of powerful machinery and suppose that I so unskillfully and

awkwardly assemble the parts of it the every time one part tied to move it would be

interfered with the others, and the whole thing would buckle up and be checked. Liberty

for several parts would consists in the beset possible assembling and adjustment of

them, all, would it not. If you want the great absolute freedom, give it absolutely perfect

alignment and it is set alone or isolated, but because it has been associated most

skillfully and carefully with the other parts of the great structure.








Page: 199


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REPETITION

An instance of using a word, phrase, or clause more than once in a short

passage--dwelling on a point.

It is commonplace to say that nationalism is one of the most potent factors in the

cultural development of a people. Love of ones own is essential in the equipment of all

truly civilized human beings; it is the only safe and sensible basis for the appreciation of

things that pertain to others. Only those who truly love their own country and people the

tradition, history and destiny----can develop a sincere interest in, and admiration for, the

tradition, history and destiny of other countries and peoples. Only they can become

genuine cosmopolites citizens of the world.

Authors Name: Pacita I. Habana

Alicia L. Cinco


Title of the Resource Material: College English For Today 1: A new Edition

Place of Publication: 8007-b Pioneer St., Brgy. Kapitolyo Pasig City

1603, Philippines

Publishers Name: Anvil Publishing Incorporation

Page: 234


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COMPARISON

A rhetorical strategy and method of organization in which a writer examines

similarities and/or differences between two people, places, ideas, or things.

Conglomerate consists largely of gravels These particles may range in size

from large boulders to particles as small as garden peas. The particles are large enough

to be identified as distinctive rock types; thus, they can be valuable in identifying the

source areas between the large particles contain sand or mud.

Gravels accumulate in a variety of environments and usually indicate the

existence of steeps slopes and / or very turbulent currents. The coarse particles in the

conglomerate may reflect the action of energetic mountain streams or result from strong

wave activity along a rapidly eroding coast. Some glacial and landslide deposits also

contain much gravel. If the large particles are angular rather than rounded, the rock is

called breccias. Since large particles abrade and become rounded very rapidly during

transport, the pebbles and cobbles in a breccia indicate that they not travel far from their

source area before they were deposited. Thus, as with many other sedimentary rocks,

conglomerates and breccias contain clues to their history. Their particle sizes reveal the

strength of the currents that transported them, whereas the degree of rounding indicates

how far the particles traveled. The fragments within a sample identify the indicates rock

that supplied them.


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Authors Name: Pacita I. Habana

Alicia L. Cinco


Title of the Resource Material: College English For Today 1: A new Edition

Place of Publication: 8007-b Pioneer St., Brgy. Kapitolyo Pasig City

1603, Philippines

Publishers Name: Anvil Publishing Incorporation

Page: 51


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NARRATIVE

A successful narrative involves realistic characters and situations brought to life

with specific details

CREATION

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was

formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God

was hovering over the waters.

And God said, Let there be light, and there was light. God saw that the light was

good, and he separated the light from the darkness. God called the light day, and the

darkness he called night. And there was evening, and there was morningthe first

day.

And God said, Let there be a vault between the waters to separate water from

water. So God made the vault and separated the water under the vault from the water

above it. And it was so. God called the vault sky. And there was evening, and there

was morningthe second day.

And God said, Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place, and let dry

ground appear. And it was so. God called the dry ground land, and the gathered

waters he called seas. And God saw that it was good.

Then God said, Let the land produce vegetation: seed-bearing plants and trees

on the land that bear fruit with seed in it, according to their various kinds. And it was so.

The land produced vegetation: plants bearing seed according to their kinds and trees

bearing fruit with seed in it according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good. And

there was evening, and there was morningthe third day.


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And God said, Let there be lights in the vault of the sky to separate the day from

the night, and let them serve as signs to mark sacred times, and days and years, and let

them be lights in the vault of the sky to give light on the earth. And it was so. God made

two great lightsthe greater light to govern the day and the lesser light to govern the

night. He also made the stars. God set them in the vault of the sky to give light on the

earth, to govern the day and the night, and to separate light from darkness. And God

saw that it was good. And there was evening, and there was morningthe fourth day.

And God said, Let the water teem with living creatures, and let birds fly above

the earth across the vault of the sky. So God created the great creatures of the sea and

every living thing with which the water teems and that moves about in it, according to

their kinds, and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw that it was

good. God blessed them and said, Be fruitful and increase in number and fill the water

in the seas, and let the birds increase on the earth. And there was evening, and there

was morningthe fifth day.

And God said, Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: the

livestock, the creatures that move along the ground, and the wild animals, each

according to its kind. And it was so. God made the wild animals according to their

kinds, the livestock according to their kinds, and all the creatures that move along the

ground according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good.

Then God said, Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so that they

may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock and all the

wild animals,and over all the creatures that move along the ground. So God created


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mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he

created them.

God blessed them and said to them, Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the

earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky and over every

living creature that moves on the ground.

Then God said, I give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole

earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food. And to all

the beasts of the earth and all the birds in the sky and all the creatures that move along

the ground everything that has the breath of life in it I give every green plant for food.

God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. And there was evening, and

there was morningthe sixth day. Thus the heavens and the earth were completed in

all their vast array.

By the seventh day God had finished the work he had been doing; so on the

seventh day he rested from all his work. Then God blessed the seventh day and made it

holy, because on it he rested from all the work of creating that he had done.



Title of the Resource Material: BIBLE (Genesis)



Page: Genesis 1


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DESCRIPTIVE

Concentrate on conveying a single, effective picture to the reader.

This is how we roll

Monica Gullon

At the heart of every summer roll are its crispy, crunchy sprouts. Dont

underestimate them because of their diminutive size and cutesy name----- the infant

form of radishes, mung beans, broccoli, and alfalfa pack a big nutritional punch, in some

cases way bigger than their grown-up counter parts. Broccoli sprouts, for one, contain

up to 100 times more sulforaphane glucosinolate (SGS)---- an antioxidant that scientists

believe boosts the bodys disease defense system---than plain old broccoli. Another

nice perk: these little guys are as close to a calorie free food as you can get. One full

cup of radish sprouts has only 16 calories. Yet sprouts high-fiber, high-water content

fills you up surprisingly fast, says Elisa Zied, R.D., a New York Citybased nutritionist

and spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association. We combined each distinctly

flavor sprout with the perfect complement of vegetables and / or protein and a

delectable dip to create a satisfying snack or easy, light meal. Each recipe makes eight

rolls, plus half cup of sauce.


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Authors Name: Monica Gullon

Date/Year of publication: November, 2010

Title of the Resource Material: Womens Health

Place of Publication:

Publishers Name: Womens Health

Page: 58


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EXPOSITORI

This kind of a paragraph is used as a component of other types of writing. Its

written in order to clarify or explain problems and phenomena.

CORDILLERAS FAVORITE FOOD AWAITING PATENT

Desiree Caluza

BAGUIO CITYSagada, the most popular tourist destination in Mt. Province,

wants to patent its homegrown etag, an in indigenous salted meat dish that is the

favorite in almost every ritual feast (caao) of the Cordillera. Residents who mount the

Etag Festival every February have started the process to acquire the patent for the

native way of preparing the delicacy, given the interest it has drawn from people outside

the region.

Etag is called

inuday by the Kankanaey in Benguet, but these tribes have

almost similar ways for smoking and curing pork meat in time for their clan festivals.

Some provinces cure their etag by hanging the meat over a raging fire. Other

provinces store the meat in earthen jars to stew in its own juice for weeks. Etag is then

boiled in a broth containing vegetables and pinikpikan. A slab of etag is sold for P150

per 250 grams in the local markets.

The Highland Agriculture and Resources Research and Development

Consortium in La Trinidad, Benguet believes there are ways to popularize the delicacy

by improving its quality.

Dr. Sownright Maddul, consortium director, said researchers had drawn up

a paper detailing how to make etag palatable as cuisine for non-Igorots. When you see


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a piece of etag, what do you usually think of? It has a foul smell. It is adiri (gross)

because it has maggots. Even the packaging is not appealing, he said.

In 2009, Harrdec undertook the project, value adding of pork based ethnic

delicacy (etag) for commercialization, which was jointly financed by the Philippine

Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development and

Benguet State University. Maddul said even the family-cultured meat did not follow a

strict code that was handed down by elders. The procedures, such as salting, smoking,

curing and preserving, were just estimations. The quality was not consistent, he said.

We were motivated to standardize the process of etag preparation, he said.

Authors Name: Desiree Caluza

Date/Year of publication: January 27, 2012

Title of the Resource Material: Philippine Daily Inquirer

Place of Publication: 330 San Gil Puyat Avenue, Makati City

Publishers Name: Philippine Daily Inquirer

Page: A 15


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ARGUMENTATIVE

A course of reasoning aimed at demonstrating truth or falsehood. Argument is

one of the traditional modes of discourse.

People to senators: Let the truth come out

Neal H. Cruz

The protagonists in the Corona impeachment trial, including the senator-judges,

seem to have forgotten one thing: ChiefJustice Renato Corona is being tried before the

people. The senators are there only as representatives of the people. The impeachment

court is similar to a Peoples Court. Therefore, what is going on in the impeachment

court should, as much as possible, be understandable to the people. In the final

analysis, it would be the people who would judge whether or not Corona is fit to remain

as ChiefJustice.

Right now, it would appearby the way legal technicalities not understandable to

the ordinary citizen are flying back and forththat the trial is the exclusive domain of

lawyers. Even some of the senator-judges who are not lawyers have a difficult time

trying to understand whats going on.

The same is true with perhaps 90 percent of the Filipinos watching the trial on their

television sets. They cant make heads or tails of what is going on. In fact, many of them

have lost interest in the trial and have turned to other channels. Too bad, because many

of the lawyers, especially lead defense counsel Serafin Cuevas and some of the

senators, are playing up to the gallery.


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I have listened to comments of men-on-the-street watching the trial from TV sets

in show windows of stores. The most common comment is: Ang gulo naman. Hindi ko

maintindihan ang nangyayari (Its confusing. I cant understand whats happening).

For example, they cant understand why the prosecution is being prevented from

presenting witnesses and evidence. Hindi ba ang silbi ng trial ay malaman ang

katotohanan? Paano malalaman ang katotohanan kung hindi pakikinggan ang mga

testigo at ipalalabas ang ebidensya (Isnt the purpose of the trial to find out the truth?

How can we know the truth if witnesses are not allowed to testify and evidence is

blocked from being presented)?

The person was an ordinary jeepney driver but what he said made a lot of sense,

something that the lawyers for the defense, and even some of the senator-judges, dont

seem to have.

I understand what is happening. The lawyers are so steeped in the law. Having

been immersed in it during their student days in law school and during most of their

adult life as lawyers, they breathe and think and live the law. The way the lawyers,

especially the defense counsels, are governed by the Rules of Court and the Rules of

Evidence, you would think that these rules are The Ten Commandments themselves.

The lawyers do not see outside the rules. So the rules are made to appear like blinders

on horses.

But the Senate impeachment court has its own rules. Presiding officer Juan

Ponce Enrile made that clear at the beginning of the trial. The Rules of Court are only

suppletory to the Senate rules, meaning, they only supplement the Senate rules.


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Therefore, if the impeachment court thinks the Rules of Court are a bar to the truth, it

should discard them. But the senators seem to have forgotten this.

Let us not forget that the purpose of the trial is to find out the truth. Is Corona still

fit to be ChiefJustice? If he is not, then he should go. If he is, then he should stay.

It is not whether he is guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the charges against him. It has

been said time and again that the impeachment trial is not a criminal trial where guilt

beyond reasonable doubt has to be proven. It is nearer to an administrative case where

only preponderance of evidence is necessary.

The reason for the difference is that if an accused is found guilty in a criminal

trial, he loses his life, liberty and property. In an administrative case, he loses only his

job, or is censured or suspended. He is not barred from finding a new job or, if he is

merely censured or suspended, he can go back to his old job. That is why only a

preponderance of evidence is needed to convict him.

An administrative case is similar to an impeachment case wherein the accused, if

found guilty, does not lose his life, liberty or property. He only loses his job and will be

barred from future employment in the government. But he can still get a job in the

private sector. If Corona is convicted, he only ceases to be the ChiefJustice, but he can

still work as a consultant in a private firm or practice law.

That is why many Filipinos do not understand why the defense tried to bar Internal

Revenue Commissioner Kim Henares from testifying and furnishing the court with

copies of his tax returns when the declarations in his ITR will determine his honesty and

his fitness to be ChiefJustice.


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The reason given was that it is not clear that ill-gotten wealth is among the

charges filed against him, although that is included in Article 2 of the impeachment

charges. The defense and, surprisingly, the presiding officer made it very difficult for the

prosecution to present its witness and evidence through legal technicalities. The

defense took advantage of the relative inexperience of the congressmen-prosecutors to

block them every inch of the way from presenting evidence. For almost every question,

formerJustice Cuevas would make an objection that left not only the prosecution but

also the people frustrated. The people only want to know the truth, not how smart the

lawyers are.

There is a saying among lawyers: If your client is guilty, prevent evidence and

witnesses from being presented. No evidence, no guilt. The defense seems to be

succeeding in this.

The impeachment court, and the presiding officer, should be wary of this ploy.

Let the senator-judges and the Filipino people know the truth. Is Renato Corona still fit

to be ChiefJustice?

Authors Name: Desiree Caluza

Date/Year of publication: January 27, 2012

Title of the Resource Material: Philippine Daily Inquirer

Place of Publication: 330 San Gil Puyat Avenue, Makati City

Publishers Name: Philippine Daily Inquirer

Page: A 12

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