Method of Study for This Section
description
Transcript of Method of Study for This Section
Method of Study for This Section
• Read assigned readings of text• Use Thompson Manual and the Dynamic Human CD-
ROM to help review structure of bones, joints, and muscles as necessary. This is the purpose of lab.
• Complete labs conscientiously and study models of articulated skeleton, shoulder, spine, and knee
• Lecture will only provide a selective review of structure, muscles & movements, and movement-related issues
• For exams, review lecture notes and understanding questions in both lecture and labs
Objectives
• Explain how anatomical structure affects movement capabilities on upper extremity articulations.
• Identify factors influencing the relative mobility and stability of upper extremity movements
• Identify muscles that are active during specific upper extremity movements
• Describe the biomechanical contributions to common injuries of the upper extremity.
Sh Jt & Girdle Ant Musculature
Sh Jt & Girdle Post Musculature
Upper Extremity – Chapter 7
Shoulder Girdle Structure:
Muscles and Movement of Shoulder Girdle• Illustrations on next three slides• Trapezius (large, superficial medial and sup to scapulae)
– Upper portion - elevation, upward rotation– Middle portion - adduction, or retraction– Lower portion - depression, upward rotation
• Rhomboids - – elevation, downward rotation, adduction, or retraction
• Serratus anterior (underneath scapulae)– abduction, upward rotation
• Pectoralis minor (underneath pectoralis major)– downward rotation, abduction, or protraction
• Levator Scapulae (underneath upper trapezius)– elevation, downward rotation
Elevation and Depression
Upward & Downward Rotation
Protraction & Retraction
Shoulder Joint Structure
Shoulder Joint Stabilizers
• Stabilizers and rotators - Rotator cuff muscles –– Teres minor - external rotation
– Infraspinatus - external rotation
– Supraspinatus - abduction
– Subscapularis - internal rotation
Shoulder Joint Primary Movers
• Anterior movers – Anterior deltoid, pectoralis major
• Superior movers - middle deltoid
• Posterior movers - posterior deltoid
• Inferior movers - latissimus dorsi, teres major, lower pectoralis m.
• Force vectors of muscles (see next slide)
Shoulder Jt Muscles
Movements of Shoulder Complex
• Every movement of upper extremity involves either stabilizing or accomodating action of the shoulder girdle.– If carrying something in arms, scapular elevators are
involved– Arm elevation – scapular protraction and/or upward
rotation (first 30°,1/5th is scapular movement; then ½ scapular movement)
Shoulder Joint Impingement Syndrome• What is it? Pain from shoulder area resulting from impingement of
structures between humeral head, acromion, and coracromial arch. Three stages:
– Stage I - edema and hemorrhage of subacromial structures
– Stage II - tendon fibrosis and bursal thickening
– Stage III - rotator cuff tears, biceps tendon ruptures, and bone spurs
I: II: III:
Causes of Sh Jt Impingement• Primary impingement:
– Repeated movements requiring elevated and/or medially rotated humerus, compounded by weak rotator cuff muscles, causing: impingement of long head of biceps, supraspinatus
• Secondary Impingement: – Decreased volume of subacromial space due to glenohumeral
joint instability, and perhaps joint capsular tightness
• Structural abnormalities:– hooked or curved acromion, calcium deposits, bone spurs,
thickened bursa, thickened ligaments
Shoulder Jt Impingement (3)
• Treatment:– Related to the cause - may
involve surgery, rotator cuff strengthening, and flexibility exercises.
– Later, avoid humeral elevation and rotation movements.
http://www.aafp.org/afp/980215ap/fongemie.html
– Website for Shoulder JointImpingement Syndrome
Elbow Joint Structure
Elbow and Wrist Joint Muscles
• True Flexor - Brachialis• Flexor-Supinator - Biceps brachii• Extensor - Triceps brachii• Wrist flexors (medial epicondyle of humerus)
– Flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi radialis• Wrist extensors (lateral epicondyle of humerus)
– Extensor carpi ulnaris & extensor carpi radialis
• Force vectors of muscles on next slide
KIN 330 Biomechanics
• Muscles of elbow joint:
Muscles and Movements of Radioulnar Joint• Elbow Flexion -
– Forearm Supination - Biceps Brachii– Forearm Pronation - Pronator Teres
• Elbow Extension - – Forearm Supination - Supinator– Forearm Pronation -Pronator Quadratus
• Muscle force vectors on next slide• Epicondylitis
– The most common cumulative trauma disorder (CTD), repetitive stress injury (RSI), repetitive motion disorder (RMD), or overuse syndrome (OS) is epicondylitis
– Epicondylitis website
Radioulnar Jt Muscles
Bones of Wrist and Hand
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome• Background
Carpal tunnel includes
median nerve and
9 flexor tendons
( 4 flex dig sup,
4 flex dig prof,
1 fl pol l)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (cont’d)
• Symptoms– Pain in wrist area, or referred proximally or distally– Tingling of thumb, fingers, or palmar side of hand– Loss of control of muscles affected by median nerve blockage
• Causes– Enlargement of tissues within tunnel– Decreased size of tunnel– Extraneous tissue in tunnel
• Treatment– Related to cause
• Website for prevention of repetitive stress injury at computer workstations: CUergo: Neutral Posture Typing
KIN 330 Biomechanics
Review & Homework Problems for Chapter 7
• Review problems:– Torque at shoulder with elbow flexed vs extended
• Fig 7-15, 7-16
– Compressive force at shoulder jt• Fig 7-17, sample problem 1 p 197
– Elbow flexion force• Figure 7-25, sample problem 2 p 206
• Homework – due Wed October 13– Introductory problems, p 217: # 8,9,10– Additional problem, p 218: #10