Methamphetamine and · PDF fileMethamphetamine and Beyond Robert P. Di Rienzo John M....
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Methamphetamineand
BeyondRobert P. Di RienzoJohn M. ReynoldsJames B. Perkins
AIHCe, May 2006
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Agenda
ProblemCompounds of InterestOther Drug Lab ContaminantsNew Methods
SamplingAnalysis
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Methamphetamine Problem
• Increasing Use• Health and Safety• Precursors • Contamination and Exposure• Clandestine Laboratory Production
– 20,000 Meth Labs busted in 2004
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Compound of InterestMethamphetamine
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Other Possible Drugs of Interest
Amphetamine
Ephedrine and Pseudophedrine
MDMA (Ecstasy)
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ManufactureHydrogenation of hydroxyl group
Red Phosphorus/Iodine Method (Most Common)
Phosphorus + Iodine = Hydroiodic Acid
Birch ReductionLithium and Ammonia
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Hydrogenation of Hydroxyl Group
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Commercial Products in the Manufacture of Methamphetamine
MSM (nutritional supplement)Pseudoephedrine (cold medications)Red phosphorus (matches or road flares)Salt (table or rock)Sodium hydroxide (lye)Sodium metalSulfuric acid (drain cleaner)Toluene (brake cleaner)Trichloroethane (gun cleaner)
AcetoneAlcohol (isopropyl or rubbing)Anhydrous ammonia (fertilizer)Ephedrine (cold medications)Ether (engine starter)Hydrochloric acid (pool supply)Iodine (flakes or crystal)Kitty litterLithium (batteries)Methanol (gasoline additive)
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Metamphetamine Laboratory Hazards
Source: DEA Office of Diversion Control.
May explode as a result of contact or friction. Ignites if heated above 260° C. Vapor from ignited phosphorus severely irritates the nose, throat, lungs, and eyes.
Red phosphorus
A colorless gas with a pungent, suffocating odor. Inhalation causes edema of the respiratory tract and asphyxia. Contact with vapors damages eyes and mucous membranes.
Anhydrous ammonia
Inhalation can cause sudden cardiac arrest or severe lung damage. It is corrosive if ingested.
Freon
Extremely flammable, posing a fire risk in and around the laboratory. Inhalation or ingestion of these solvents causes severe gastric irritation, narcosis, or coma.
Acetone/ ethyl alcohol
Ingestion of doses greater than 240 mg causes hypertension, arrhythmia, anxiety, dizziness, and vomiting. Ingestion of doses greater than 600 mg can lead to renal failure and seizures.
PseudoephedrineHazardsChemical
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Methamphetamine Laboratory Hazards
Source: DEA Office of Diversion Control.
Ingestion of doses greater than 75 mg causes hypertension, arrhythmia, anxiety, and dizziness. Quantities greater than 300 mg can lead to renal failure, seizures, stroke, and death.
Phenylpropanolamine
Give off vapor that is irritating to respiratory system and eyes. Solid form irritates the eyes and may burn skin. If ingested, cause severe internal damage.
Iodine crystals
A corrosive acid with vapors that are irritating to the respiratory system, eyes, and skin. If ingested, causes severe internal irritation and damage that may cause death.
Hydriodic acid
Extremely caustic to all body tissues. Reacts violently with water and poses a fire or explosion hazard.
Lithium metal
Extremely dangerous substitute for red phosphorus. If overheated, deadly phosphine gas is released. Poses a serious fire and explosion hazard.
Hypophosphorous acidHazardsChemical
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Other Drug Lab Contaminants
Birch ReductionAmmonia
By product of Red Phosporus-Iodine Method
Phosphine
Iodine used to make Hydro Iodic AcidIodine
Red Phosporus used to make HydroicAcid/ Litium used in Birch Reduction
Phosphorus/Metals
Used to extract Pseudoephedrine and Ephedrine
Solvents
Hydroiodic Acid used in Red Phosphorous-Iodine method
Inorganics Acids
UseContaminant
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Other Drug Lab Contaminants
NMAM 6015Ammonia
OSHA 1003Phosphine
NMAM 6005Iodine
NMAM 7300Phosphorus/Metals
TO-15 or TO-17Solvents
NMAM 7903Inorganics Acids
Analysis MethodsContaminant
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Analysis Methods
LC/MS – Direct InjectionNMAM 9111 Draft
GC/MS with Solid-Phase Extraction
NMAM 9109 Draft
GC/MS with Liquid-Liquid Extraction
NMAM 9106 Draft
Analysis TypeNMAM Method
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Analysis Methods
Accurate quantitation of all compounds of interestExtensive List of qualitative compoundsEasy Sampling ProceduresExtensive Validation
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Qualitative IdentificationNorephedrineMethcathinoneNorspseudoephedrineAminorexAcetoaminophenMethyl phenidateMerperidineAtropine
NicotineFenfluraminePhenylethylaminePhentermineCathinoneBupropionN-Ethyl amphetamineEcgonine-methyl ester
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Qualitative IdentificationPhencyclidine (PCP)MDEAMBDBTheophyllineMescalineChlorpheniramineMethyl phenidate4-Bromo-2,5-DMPEA
CaffeineN,N-DimethyltryptamineBDBKetamineLidocaineTrifluoromethylphenylpiperarazineBenzyl piperazine
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Qualitative IdentificationMorphineCodieneOxycdoneHydromorphoneFlunitrazepamFentanylHydromorphone
4-MethylaminorexDextromethorphanMethaqualoneCocaineAtrpineDiazepamHydrocodone
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Sampling• Media Tested
– Cotton Gauze, MIRASORB, NU GAUZE, SOF-WICK, TOPPER, AlphaWipe
• Solvents Tested– Methanol, Isopropanol, Water, 5% Vinegar
• Selected Media and Solvent– Cotton Gauze and Methanol
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Wipe Sampling
• Media– Cotton Gauze
• Recoveries > 90%• Cost Effective• Availability
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Wipe Sampling• Solvent
– Methanol (or Isopropanol)• Recoveries > 90%• Better recoveries than water• Available
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Wipe Sampling• Procedure*
– Fold Gauze in quarters– Wet with 2 – 3 mL of Methanol– Remove excess Methanol– Wipe left to right in overlapping “N” Pattern– Refold gauze (fresh surface) – Wipe top to bottom in overlapping “Z” pattern– Insert gauze in 50mL poly centrifuge tube and cap– Transport to lab at < 6°C if possible
* Contact your state for required sampling procedures.
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Method Summaries• NMAM 9106 Draft
– Add Solvent/Internal Standard and mix– Liquid-Liquid Extraction– Derivatize with perfluorinated acid anhydride– Solvent exchange to acetone-toluene– Analysis by GC/MS– Internal Standard Calibration– Wipes or Bulks
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Method Summaries• NMAM 9109 Draft
– Add Solvent/Internal Standard and mix– Solid Phase Extraction– Elute with MeCl2/IPA/NH40H– Derivatize with Acetonitrile, MBHFBA and
MSTFA– Analysis by GC/MS– Internal Standard Calibration– Wipes or Bulks
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Method Summaries• NMAM 9111 Draft
– Add Solvent/Internal Standard and mix– Analysis by LC/MS– Internal Standard Calibration– Wipes or Bulks
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Method Selectivity
Internal Standard – Methamphetamine-d14
Retention Time
Mass Spectra
Derivatization (GC/MS Methods Only)
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Method Sensitivity
0.50.50.5Cleanup Levels* (µg/100cm2)
0.050.050.05Reporting Limit (µg/wipe)
NMAM9111
NMAM9109
NMAM9106
* Colorado Department of Health - Contact your state for required cleanup levels.
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Method Comparison
Derivatization/Extraction
CostAnalysis TimeAdditional AnalytesLC/MSGC/MSInternal Standard
DesorptionCotton Gauze and Methanol
NMAM9111
NMAM9109
NMAM9106
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Thank YouRobert P. Di Rienzo
[email protected] M. Reynolds
[email protected] B. Perkins
(801) 266-7700