Meteorology & Air QualityLecture-1

Dispersion = Advection (Transport) + Dilution (Diffusion)

Fick’s law of diffusion J= - D * D C/Dx

Where, J= Mass Flux; D = Diffusivity coefficient,; D C/Dx = Concentration gradient

Diffusion of pollutants occur due to turbulence, which further depends upon many factors:a. Ambient temperatureb. Temperature of emissionsc. Roughness factorsd. Wind velocitye. Wind directionf. Humidityg. Stability

Source Receptor

Transport

Re-entrainment

Air Pollutant Cycle

Dispersion

• General mean air motion• Turbulent velocity fluctuations• Diffusion due to concentration gradients –

from plumes• Aerodynamic characteristics of pollution• Particles

– Size– Shape– Weight

Turbulence

• Not always completely understood• Two types:• Atmospheric heating

– Causes natural convection currents --- discussed– Thermal eddies

• Mechanical turbulence– Results from shear wind effects– Result from air movement over the earth’s surface,

influenced by location of buildings and relative roughness of terrain.

Lapse Rate

• Important characteristic of atmosphere is

ability to resist vertical motion: stability• Affects ability to disperse pollutants• When small volume of air is displaced upward

– Encounters lower pressure– Expands to lower temperature– Assume no heat transfers to surrounding

atmosphere– Called adiabatic expansion

Adiabatic Expansion

To determine the change in temp. w/ elevation due to adiabatic expansion– Atmosphere considered a stationary column of air in a gravitational

field– Gas is a dry ideal gas– Ignoring friction and inertial effects

( dT/dz)adiabatic perfect gas = - (g M/ Cp)

• T = temperature• z = vertical distance• g = acceleration due to gravity• M = molecular weight of air• Cp = heat capacity of the gas at constant pressure

Adiabatic Expansion

( dT/dz)adiabatic perfect gas = -0.0098°C/m

or

( dT/dz)adiabatic perfect gas = -5.4°F/ft

Change in Temp. with change in height

Lapse rate

• Lapse rate is the negative of temperature gradient

• Dry adiabatic lapse rate =

Metric:

Γ = - 1°C/100m or

SI:

Γ = - 5.4°F/1000ft

Conti….

• Important is ability to resist vertical motion: stability

• Comparison of Γ to actual environment lapse rate indicates stability of atmosphere

• Degree of stability is a measure of the ability of the atmosphere to disperse pollutants

Atmospheric Stability

• Affects dispersion of pollutants• Temperature/elevation relationship principal

determinant of atmospheric stability• Stable

– Little vertical mixing– Pollutants emitted near surface tend to stay there– Environmental lapse rate is same as the dry

adiabatic lapse rate

• 4 common scenarios

Stability Classes

• Developed for use in dispersion models• Stability classified into 6 classes (A – F)• A: strongly unstable• B: moderately unstable• C: slightly unstable• D: neutral• E: slightly stable• F: moderately stable

Vertical Temperature Profiles

Environmental lapse rate (ELR)Dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR)

If, ELR > DALR =sub adiabatic condition, atmosphere is stable.ELR >> DALR= Inversion conditions. Very stable atmosphere.ELR= DALR= atmosphere is neutral.ELR< DALR = super adiabatic condition, atmosphere is unstable.

Shapes of plumes depends upon atmospheric stability conditions.

Mixing Height of atmosphere

The height of the base of the inversion layer from ground surface.

General Characteristics of Stack Plumes

• Dispersion of pollutants

• Wind – carries pollution downstream from source

• Atmospheric turbulence -- causes pollutants to

fluctuate from mainstream in vertical and crosswind directions

• Mechanical & atmospheric heating both present at same time but in varying ratios

• Affect plume dispersion differently

Plume Types

• Plume types are important because they help us understand under what conditions there will be higher concentrations of contaminants at ground level.

Looping Plume

• High degree of convective turbulence

• Superadiabatic lapse rate -- strong instabilities

• Associated with clear daytime conditions accompanied by strong solar heating & light winds

• High probability of high concentrations sporadically at ground level close to stack.

• Occurs in unstable atmospheric conditions.

Coning Plume

• Stable with small-scale turbulence

• Associated with overcast moderate to strong winds

• Roughly 10° cone• Pollutants travel fairly long

distances before reaching ground level in significant amounts

• Occurs in neutral atmospheric conditions

Fanning Plume

• Occurs under large negative lapse rate

• Strong inversion at a considerable distance above the stack

• Extremely stable atmosphere• Little turbulence• If plume density is similar to

air, travels downwind at approximately same elevation

Lofting Plume

• Favorable in the sense that fewer impacts at ground level.

• Pollutants go up into environment.

• They are created when atmospheric conditions are unstable above the plume and stable below.

Fumigation

• Most dangerous plume: contaminants are all coming down to ground level.

• They are created when atmospheric conditions are stable above the plume and unstable below.

• This happens most often after the daylight sun has warmed the atmosphere, which turns a night time fanning plume into fumigation for about a half an hour.

References

• USEPA, 2007. Online literature from www.epa.gov

• Meteorology and Air Quality Modeling Support for Measurement Projects http://files.harc.edu/Sites/TERC/About/Events/ Other200503/MeteorologyAndAirQuality.pdf

• Rao, M.N. and Rao, H. V. N., 1993. Air Pollution, Tata Mc-Graw Hill, New Delhi.

• Murty, B. P., 2004. Environmental Meteorology, I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

• Nevers, N.D. 2000. Air Pollution Control Engineering, Second Edition, Pub., McGraw Hill, New York.

• Cheremisinoff, N.P., 2002. Handbook of Air Pollution Prevention and Control, Pub., Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier Science, USA.