Metamaterial & Metamaterial Metamaterials & Based … · 2019-10-29 · • Metamaterial exhibiting...
Transcript of Metamaterial & Metamaterial Metamaterials & Based … · 2019-10-29 · • Metamaterial exhibiting...
S. S. Islam
M. R.I. Faruque and
M. T. Islam
Metamaterial & Metamaterial
Based Research
Dr. Sikder Sunbeam
Islam
Metamaterials &
Metamaterial-based Research
Dr. Sikder Sunbeam Islam
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
International Islamic University Chittagong
-Background
-Introduction to Metamaterial
- Metamaterial Types
-Metamaterial Applications & Research
- References
Outline of Talk
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Background Background
V.G. Veselago, Sov. Phys. Usp 10, 509 (1968)
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Background
--Negative Index of Refraction can be achieved when both µr and εr are
negative.
--Negative Refractive media may show some astonishing
electromagnetic properties like inverted Snell’s Law and others.
---Therefore, Backward wave propagation can be produced.
What happens when both permittivity (ϵ) and
permeability(μ) are negative?
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𝑛 = −𝜀 × −𝜇 = 𝑗2𝜀 × 𝑗2𝜇 = 𝑗 𝜀 × 𝑗 𝜇 = 𝑗2 𝜀𝜇 = − 𝜀𝜇
So,
Negative µ and ε may occur in nature, but not simultaneously
-Silver, Gold, and Aluminum display negative εr at optical
frequencies
-Resonant ferromagnetic systems display negative µr at
resonance
Therefore, to achieve simultaneous negative µ and ε, a artificial
composite material can be built.
Background
+ve n -ve n
[Phys.org]
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Background
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• J.B. Pendry et al.(1999) mentioned Sub wavelength structures built from
non-magnetic constituents exhibit an effective magnetic permeability (μ).
J.B. Pendry et al., IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47, 2075 (1999).
• Also showed array of metal rods may generate negative permittivity (ϵ).
• The combination of these two phenomena could be used to produce
such Negative Index Material (NIM).
Background: How to Achieve Negative Index of Refraction (NIR)?
• Therefore, the concept of Metamaterials was first introduced.
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• In 2000, Smith et al. successfully demonstrated a new artificial
material with this exotic property (i.e., both μ and ε were
negative), which is defined as a left-handed metamaterial.
• This metamaterial was constructed as a periodic
array of copper split ring and wire conducting elements
deposited onto a circuit-board substrate.
Background: D.R. Smith Demonstration of NIM
D.R. Smith et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184 (2000).
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Introduction to Metamaterial
What are Metamaterials? • Metamaterials are engineered electromagnetic structure which may have
some unconventional electromagnetic properties like, negative permittivity,
negative permeability or negative refractive-index, inverted Snell’s law etc.
• These properties depends on the design of its individual atoms.
• Properties are derived from their physical structure, not from their chemistry.
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• The design of the metamaterial follows proper effective medium
ratio (EMR).
• EMR (λ/a) is the ratio of the wavelength (λ) of applied field and
physical size (a) of the metamaterial which should not be bellow
4 (Sarkhel et al. 2015).
• When the cell size is comparable to or larger than an operating
wavelength, the effective material parameters might lose their
significance.
• By increasing the inductance, the EMR can be improved and this
can be achieved as well by lowering the gap between the stripes.
• In addition, the size of the metamaterial unit cell should be kept
small to ensure improved EMR ratio.
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Introduction to Metamaterial: continues
Sarkhel et al., Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 57(5):1152-1156 (2015).
• Metamaterial with either negative permittivity or negative
permeability is called single negative (SNG) metamaterials .
• Metamaterial with negative permittivity and positive
permeability is called epsilon-negative (ENG) metamaterial.
• Metamaterial with negative permeability and positive
permittivity is called mu-negative (MNG) metamaterial.
• Metamaterial with simultaneous negative permeability and
permittivity at a certain frequency is called Double negative
(DNG) metamaterial. DNG medium sometimes are called as
“Left handed” materials or backward wave or ‟Negative Index”
medium (NIM).
• Metamaterial that has both permittivity and permeability zero or
near zero at certain frequency is called zero-index material
(ZIM).
Metamaterial : Types
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Metamaterial : Types
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• ENG as a class of SNG medium is regarded as
plasmonic media .
• ENG material based plasmonic cover can suppress the
scattering cross section of an object sharply, which is
the key to perform cloaking operation.
• It can be utilized for increasing the resolution of
microscopes by controlling the characteristics of light.
• Negative permittivity medium can be formed using
metallic array of wires as well .
ENG Metamaterials
J.B. Pendry et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4773 (1996).
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• The MNG medium is formed using split ring
resonator (SRR) type inclusion over a dielectric body
(Pendry et al. 1999)
• Construction of invisibility cloak based on
transformation optics method can be performed
using MNG metamaterial as well (Gaillot et al.
2008).
• MNG metamaterial can be applied in antenna
application for increasing antenna operation
bandwidth with multiple frequencies (Ntaikos et al.
2011)
MNG Metamaterials
J.B. Pendry et al., IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. 47, 2075 (1999).
Ntaikos et al. ,IEEE Antenn.and Wireless Propagation Letters, 10: 963-966(2011)
Gaillot et al. ,New Journal of Physics, 10:115039 (2008)
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• Double negative (DNG) metamaterial sometimes are called as „Left
handed materials‟ ,„Backward wave‟ or „Negative Index‟ medium
(NIM).
• In such media, the phase moves opposite to the energy flow of
waves that cause the waves to flow in the backward direction.
• Such material can be utilized for fabricating super lenses having three
times better resolution than ordinary lenses (Grbic & Eleftheriades.
2004).
• Negative index material can be applied for suppressing scattering
reduction of an object (Pei-Ning et al. 2011).
• NIM or DNG metamaterial can be adopted for SAR (Specific
Absorption Rate) reduction in human head (Faruque & Islam. 2014).
• In antenna application DNG metamaterials can be utilized for
bandwidth and gain enhancement (Islam et al. 2015).
DNG Metamaterials
Grbic et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 117403 (2004).
Pei-Ning et al., Chinese Physics Letters, 28:064206 (2011).
Faruque et al., PLoS ONE, 9(10): e109947 (2014).
Islam et al., Sensors , 15:11601-11627 (2015).
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The Concept Behind DNG/Left-handed Metamaterial
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Metamaterial to DNG/Negative Refractive Index (NRI)
• Normally, waves propagate and interact with different media according to Snell‟s Law
• Metamaterials “Grab” waves and smoothly redirects them due to negative index of refraction
• Material units must be small relative to the wavelength being manipulated
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• Due to zero value of permittivity and permeability; „zero
refractive index‟ exists (Silveirinha & Engheta. 2007).
• Metamaterial having real part of permittivity close to zero are
called epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) metamaterial.
• Metamaterial exhibiting real part of permeability near zero
are called mu-near-zero (MNZ) metamaterial.
• The medium having zero or near zero refractive index
(NZRI) provides uniform phase distribution of electromagnetic
waves because all the dipole inside this metamaterial
oscillates in unison.
• Such medium exhibits high directional waves and causes
almost no phase shift (Schilling, J. 2011)
ZIM Metamaterials
Silveirinha et al., Physical Review B, 75:075119 (2007)
J.Schilling et al., Nature Photonics, 5: 449–451. (2011)
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• Zero index materials can be used to make the far-field pattern
narrower of an antenna (Ziolkowski, R.W. 2004).
• Planer wave front can be obtained from curved wavefront using
such material as well (Ziolkowski, R.W. 2004).
ZIM Metamaterials: continues.
R.W. Ziolkowski et al., Physical Review E, 70: 046608 (2004)
Alu et al., Optics Express, 15(12): 7578-7590 (2007)
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• ENZ materials can be applied to enhance the efficiency of waveguides
reducing reflection coefficient at a bending junction (Silveirinha &
Engheta. 2006).
• Material with such near zero property shows slow phase variation for a
long distance, which ensures directional emission (Engheta et al. 2006).
• ENZ materials can be utilized for designing wideband Invisibility
cloak (S.S.Islam et al. 2016).
• NZRI property can be applied for designing electromagnetic
cloak(S.S.Islam et al. 2015).
• NZRI property can be applied to improve the antenna performance in
terms of gain, directivity and bandwidth (Ullah et al. 2016)
• This type of material can be adopted for special filtering or for
squeezing energy as well (Jin et al. 2008 ).
ZIM Metamaterials: continues.
Silveirinha & Engheta, Physical Review Letters. 97: 157403 (2006)
S.S.Islam et al. ; Scientific Reports 6, 33624:1-10 (2016) S.S.Islam et al. ; Materials, Vol. 8, 4790-4804 (2015)
Ullah et al., Materials, 6: 5058–5068. (2013)
Jin et al., Jour. of Nonlin. Opt. Phys. & Mat., 17:349–355 . (2008)
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• Antenna Design
• Filter Design
• Absorber Design
• Invisibility Cloak Design
• Energy harvesting
• Sensing as Sensor
• Waveguide Design
• Wireless Power Transfer
• Solar Cell Design
• SAR Reduction
• Others
Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields
The Research and Applications of Metamaterial are not limited to:
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Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields
Antenna Design
Bandwidth and
Gain Enhancement
of Antenna Using
Metamaterial
(Li-Wei Li et al, 2010).
Li-Wei Li et al. ; Applied Physics Letters, 98:164101 (2010)
Gain and Directivity
Enhancement
of Antenna Using
Metamaterial
(M.H. Ullah et al, 2013).
M.H. Ullah et al. ; Materials, 6:5058-5068 (2013)
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Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields
Filter Design
A Metamaterial based
Miniature Wideband
Band-pass Filter was
Designed
(Chaimool &
Akkaraekthalin 2012). Chaimool & Akkaraekthalin ; Radioengineering, 21( 2):
611-616 (2012)
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Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields
Waveguide Design
Metamaterial Loaded
Circular Waveguide
(Duan et al. 2011).
Duan et al.; Progress In Electromagnetics Research, 121:
215-224 (2011)
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Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields
Absorber Design
Metamaterial based
Absorber
(Cheng & Yang . 2010).
Cheng & Yang .; Journal Of Applied Physics, 108, 034906 (2010)
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Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields
Invisibility Cloak Design
Schurig et al.; Science, 314:977–980 (2006)
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First multi-layer metamaterial-
based cloak built in 2006
[Schurig et al. 2006] .
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Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields
Invisibility Cloak Design
S.S.Islam et al.; Sci.
Reports (Nature), 6:33624
(2016)
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Free Space Wave Uncloaked Object
Cloaked Object
Prototype
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Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields
Sensors
Melik et al. Opt. Express, 18, 5000–5007 (2010)
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Strain Sensing
[Melik et al. 2010] .
Bio-sensor;
[Sensors et al. 2012] .
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Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields
Solar Cell Design
Galib Hashmi et al.; Global Journal of Researches in Engineering
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 13:10 (2013)
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[Galib Hashmi et al. 2013] .
Metamaterial of
Sawtooth structure
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Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields
SAR Reduction
M. R. I. Faruque, et al.; Progress In Electromagnetics Research,,
124:119-135 (2012) 30
[M. R. I. Faruque, et al ,2012] .
Arrays of TSRRs.
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Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields
Wireless Power Transmission
Zhang et al.; AIP Advances 5, 017142 (2015)
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[Zhang et al ;2015] .
The periodic structure of magnetic
metamaterial slab
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Metamaterial : Applications & Research Fields
Energy Harvesting
Hawkes et al.; Applied Physics Letters, 103, 163901 (2013)
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[Hawkes et al ;2013] .
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Thank You
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Questions??
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