Metals - World Resources Forum

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c.. Markus A. Reuter I Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology© I www.hzdr.de/hif

Metals Key enablers of a Circular Economy

Prof Dr Dr h.c. Markus Reuter : Director - HIF (Past career: Outotec, Ausmelt, TU Delft, Mintek, Anglo American Corporation)

Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Markus A. Reuter Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology©

Circular Economy

Product Centric

Recycling Material Centric Recycling

Infrastructure

Criticality? Metal Criticality

Which of these lamps is better for a circular economy?

Recycling Index


Circular Economy: Simplicity vis-à-vis Complexity From base metals: Optimal link between energy infrastructure and metals

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

43W Saving (Relative to 60W

Incandescent)

15W CFL (60W Traditional)

15W CFL (43W Halogen)

12W LED (60W Traditional)

12W LED (43W Halogen)

Energy sa

ving

s relative to incand

escent an

d ha

logen lamp

http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/how-‐energy-‐efficient-‐light-‐bulbs-‐compare-‐traditional-‐incandescents


Pyro- and hydrometallurgical refining infrastructure Secondary Feeds

(Low & high-‐grade Cu, circuit boards, metal containing residues, ASR etc.)

Raw / Anode Copper

FuelAir (Oxygen)

Discard Slag (Construction Material)

Dust/Fume

ReductantFlux

Cathode Copper

Pb/Sn/Bi Products

Zn

PGMsPMs

Gypsum

Te, Seetc.

Intermediate Pb-‐rich PhasesFumes

Slimes

SlimesPrecipitates

(Pb/Sn-‐rich)

(Zn-‐rich)

Slimes

1-3 Stage TSL

Electrowinning & Refining

Recycle Slag

WEEE, Cu Recycling, Slag cleaning: GRM (S. Korea)

WEEE, eWaste, Cu scrap, Residues: Dowa (Japan) Lead Battery Recycling:

Recylex (Germany)

Zn-‐Residue processing: Young PoongCorporation (S. Korea)

3 Stage lead smelting, Slag cleaning: YTCL (China)

Slag cleaning: Mitsui, Hachinohe (Japan)

Cu, slimes, eWaste etc.: Boliden (Sweden)

Cu-‐scrap, internal residues: Guixi (China)


Design for Recycling and Sustainability Simulation based Recyclability index

Product Design

EnvironmentalAssessment

0

20

40

60

80

100

Ag AlAl2O

3Au

BaO Ba Bi C

(C5O

2H8)n

C6H12Cl3O

4PC15H

12Br4O

2(C25H30O4N

)nC12H

12O4n

CaO Co Cr Cu Fe M

gMgO Mn Ni

Pb Pd RuREEs

Silicon

e SiSiO2

Sn SrO

TiO2 Ti V Zn

TOTA

L RECOVE

RY %

Total Recovery (%

) after P

hysic

al Recyclingand

Process M

etallurgy

LED Design A LED Design B LED Design C LED Design D LED Design E

38%

48%

41%

46%

15%

Recycling process simulation models

Recovery rate calculations of all elementsRecycling Index


M.A. Reuter, A. van Schaik and J. Gediga (2015): Simulation-based design for resource efficiency of metal production and recycling systems, Cases: Copper production and recycling, eWaste (LED Lamps), Nickel pig iron, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Vol. 20(5), pp. 671-693.

Outotec: HSC Sim PE-International: GaBi

BAT, Flow Sheets & Recycling System Maximizing Resource Efficiency – Benchmarks

$US / t Product (CAPEX & OPEX)Recyclability Index (based on system simulation of whole cycle)

Energy: GJ & MWh / t Product (source specific)Exergy: GJ & MWh / t

kg CO2 / t Product kg SOx / t Productg NOx / t Product

m3 Water / t Product (including ions in solution)kg Residue / t Product (including composition)

kg Fugitive Emissions / t Productkg Particulate Emissions / t Product

Etc.

Environmental Indicators based on BATDriving Benchmarks of IndustryReCiPe (and similar) – Endpoint estimation

Global Warming Potential (GWP)Acidification Potential (AP)Eutrification Potential (EP)

Human Toxicity Potential (HTP)Ozone Layer Depletion Potential (ODP)

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)Aquatic Ecotoxicity Potential (AETP)

Abiotic Depletion (ADP)Water footprint (Green, Blue, Grey)

Etc...

x Rigorous quantification of resource efficiency


Recyclability Index → Enabling resource efficiency Inform consumer in a simple manner of our industry to show its importance

[Source: M.A. Reuter, A. van Schaik and J. Gediga (2015): Simulation-based design for resource efficiency of metal production and recycling systems, Cases: Copper production and recycling, eWaste (LED Lamps), Nickel pig iron, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Vol. 20(5), pp. 671-693.]

So, which is better considering both energy and materials? Fundamental quantification is significantly important to understand the opportunities and limits of a circular economy!


Digitalizing Linking web of

Energy & Materials

Internet of Things Process metallurgical systems key

to circular economy De-silo thinking and education

System Innovation Simulation & Optimization (linked

to big data analysis) Inform Policy & Consumer


Additional information: Recent publications

United Nations Environmental Programme - M.A. Reuter: Lead Author http://www.unep.org/resourcepanel/Portals/50244/publications/Metal_Recycling-Full_Report_150dpi_130919.pdf

Metals - World Resources Forum

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