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A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
2
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Hans-Joerg Althaus
2nd International ecoinvent MeetingLausanne, March 14, 2008
ecoinvent data v2.0Metals (for ICT): Introduction
Hans-Joerg Althaus, Empa
3
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Hans-Joerg Althaus
Session overview
• Introduction
Hans-Joerg Althaus, Empa
• Modelling Principles and Results
Mischa Classen, Empa
• Gold and Silver
Sybille Büsser, ESU-services ( see separate file !)
• Discussion
4
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Hans-Joerg Althaus
Metals in ecoinvent data v2.0
• 204 Datasets, 110 new ones
• 92 “end-user” Datasets, 32 new ones
• Existing Datasets partly updated and refined
some relevant changes in LCIA results
5
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Hans-Joerg Althaus
Metals in ecoinvent data v2.0
• New data mainly for metals used for ICT
• Most metals produced from coupled resources
complex modelling necessary
• Many metals produced from very low concentrated
ores
relevant influence of allocation procedure
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
7
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
2nd International ecoinvent MeetingLausanne, March 14, 2008
metals:
Modelling Principles and Results
Mischa Classen, Empa Dübendorf
8
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Overview
• Objectives and approach for v2.0
• Implementation of LCI-extension
– Accounting for resource use
– Co-product allocation
– Correction for mass balance
• Conclusions
• Overview of valuation results
• Changes of selected indicators with v2.0
9
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Metals in ICT
• Metals play a vital role in consumer products
• Ever more complex materials in increasing pace developed
• Small amounts of expensive materials used
• Challenge of covering the most relevant metals with LCI
10
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Metals in ICT - Uses
• Metals are used in EEE as
– Bonds and Contacts SilverGold
CopperPlatinum Group Metals
– Semiconductors SiliciumCadmium Telluride (CdTe)
Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)
– Conductive Layers Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)
– Capacitors Tantalum Powder
11
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Metals in ICT - Sources
• Sources of the identified new metals
Cd
In
Te
Ag
Au
Ta
Ga
Lead / Zinc
Gold
Aluminium
Copper
Tantalum
12
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Metals in ICT - Web of Metals
• Orebodies contain character-
sitic mix of metals
• Apart from mainprocucts:
– Co-products
– By-products
– Inpurities
• Guidance for LCI
modelling:
– Which coproducts?
– Nature of allocation
Wheel of metals (Reuter, JOM 2004)
~100%
>50%
13
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Modelling Approach I
Gallium: Co-Product of Aluminium extraction
Low economic interest for Alu industry, price determined by purification
• Allocation of upstream burden based on economic criteria “zero-allocation”
• Allocation of resource based on physical criteria
Treat Resource like Technosphere process
Aluminium Inventory not affected
Purification Process
Gallium in Bayer liquor
SG Gallium
Resource Ga in bauxite
~100 mg Ga / litre
No further upstream processes
14
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Modelling Approach II
Tellurium: Co-Product of Copper-extraction,jointly with Silver
Some economic interest for Copper industry (namely Silver)
• Allocation of upstream burden based on economic criteria
Proceeds of the final commodities Tellurium and Silver
• Allocation of resource based on mass
Approximate upstream processes with existing LCI
15
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Modelling Approach II
• Aproximate upstream processes with existing LCI
Refining of Cu
“Clone”Copper
Cathode Copper
Anode Slime
Coupled resourcesCu, Mo
TelluriumSilver
, Ag, Te
1.002 kg 1 kg
1.63 g
Copper Inventory not affected
Creation of a “Clone” copper dataset.
16
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Modelling Approach III
Silver, Indium and Cadmium
Pb/Zn = important Source
• Full extension of existing LCIs
– Adapt elementary flow
– Co-product ratio
– Allocation
– Mass balancecorrection
Mining of Pb / Zn
Lead
Winning of Pb
Winning of Zn
Zinc
Coupled resources, Pb, Zn
Cadmium
IndiumSilver
, Ag, In, Cd
17
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Designation of Resource flow
Silver, 0.007% in sulfide, Pb 3.0%, Zn 5.3%, Ag 0.004%, Cd 0.18 %, In 0.003 %,
in crude ore, in ground
• Based on ore concentrations,
– But: no distinguishable ore type for co-product metals
• Harmonised with LCI model
– Production ratio of carrier metal and co-product
– Extraction yield
– Processing yields
• Concentrations have to rely on back-calculations
– global production of carrier metal (e.g. Lead) and
– co-product metal (e.g. Silver)
18
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Production Ratio of Co-product
• Scaled to world wide production, eg. Silver from Lead cycle
• 21% Ag from secondary• 31 % Ag from lead
24% of 20’000 tpa Ag0.142% of Pb production
Per kg Lead… 1.42 g refined Silver, or… 8.1 g Parkes Crust @ 18% Ag… 1.86 kg ore concentrate @ 0.08% Ag … 21.5 kg minerals in ore @ 0.007% Ag… 36.2 kg crude ore @ 0.0043% Ag0
500'000
1'000'000
1'500'000
2'000'000
2'500'000
3'000'000
3'500'000
4'000'000
4'500'000
5'000'000
198
6
198
7
1988
1989
1990
1991
199
2
199
3
199
4
199
5
1996
1997
1998
1999
200
0
200
1
200
2
200
3
2004
2005
2006
0
5'000
10'000
15'000
20'000
25'000
30'000
35'000
40'000
45'000
50'000
<< right: Pb / tpa' Ag / tpa Refinery: left >>'
19
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Production Ratio of Co-product
• Top down vs. bottom up, eg. Indium from Zinc cycle
• Discrepancy:• Avg. grade: 50 ppm• Back-calculated: 19 ppm
• 50ppm would mean overthe double global outputthan actually reported
• Assumption: not all of theIn in the extracted ore isrefined.
• 40% of the In-values are dumpedwith the gangue.
Schwarz-Schampera & Herzig (2002)
20
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Allocation procedure
• By revenue
– Cd considered inpurity: zero-allocation
– Split refined commodity vs. Intermediate
• e.g. Silver from Lead refiningRefining of Lead
Lead
Parkes Crust
Silver
intermediate containing 18% Silver
270 $ / kg 1.2 $ / kg avg 2004 - 2006
1.42 g 1 kg
8.1 g
At what price?
allocate
21
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Allocation procedure
• Reasoning
– Intermediate (Parkes Crust) „for free“– Targeted profit at company level: 10%
• What would be themax. price for externalpurchase?= opportunity cost
Same as margin,10 % of proceeds byrefined commodities,disregarding subsequent possible process losses
pro
ceed
s
270 $ / kg
Ref
inin
g c
ost
s
margin
pro
ceed
s
270 $ / kg
Ref
inin
g c
ost
s
Maximal price for external purchase
22
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Allocation procedure
• Calculation scheme
– All metal values in intermediate accounted for
– Total process yield considered
23
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Correct Mass Balance of Resource
• Hybrid allocation scheme:
– Economic for process-emissions and upstream
– Physical where mass balance required (resource)
24
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Correct Mass Balance of Resource
• Representation in ecoinvent
25
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Conclusion & Outlook
• Coupled metal resources: integrated LCI model needed
– Interconnection of primary, by-product and secondaryproduction!
– Many choices for allocation and system-modeltogether with stakeholder?
– Aim: Harmonisation within whole metal sector
26
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Results - Overview
• Indicator results range over five orders of magnitude
per kg metal
alloysbase metals Ferro & steel
alloying met.
light metals
precious metals
specialitymetals
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Allo
ys
Lea
d s
up
ply
Le
ad
prim
ary
Lea
d s
econ
dar
y
Cad
miu
m
Co
pp
er s
upp
ly
Co
ppe
r co
pro
duct
Cop
pe
r p
rima
ry
Co
pp
er s
econ
da
ry
Nic
kel s
up
ply
Nic
kel c
op
rod
uct
Nic
kel
se
con
da
ry
Me
rcur
y
Tin
Zin
k co
pro
duc
t
Zin
k co
pro
duct
Ch
rom
ium
Co
bal
t
Iro
n
Ma
ng
ane
se
Alu
min
ium
su
ppl
y
Alu
min
ium
pri
ma
ry
Alu
min
ium
se
con
dar
y
Lith
ium
Mag
ne
sium
Sili
ca
Silv
er
Silv
er
seco
nda
ry
Gol
d s
upp
ly
Go
ld p
rim
ary
go
ld s
eco
nda
ry
Pal
lad
ium
Pa
lladi
um
pri
ma
ry
Pa
llad
ium
se
con
dary
Pla
tinu
m s
upp
ly
Pla
tinu
m p
rim
ary
Pla
tinu
m s
eco
nda
ry
Rh
odi
um
sup
ply
Rho
diu
m p
rimar
y
Rh
od
ium
se
cond
ary
Se
mic
on
duc
tor
Indi
um
Mis
chm
eta
ll
Mo
lyb
den
um
Tan
talu
m
eco-indicator 99, (H,A)
27
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Results - Light and ferrous Metals
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Chr
omiu
m
Cob
alt
Iron
Man
gane
se
Alu
min
ium
supp
ly
Alu
min
ium
prim
ary
Alu
min
ium
seco
ndar
y
Lith
ium
Mag
nesi
um
Sili
ca
eco-indicator 99, (H,A)
28
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Results - Precious and speciality M.
29
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Results - Base Metals
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Lead
sup
ply
Lead
prim
ary
Lead
sec
onda
ry
Cad
miu
m
Cop
per
supp
ly
Cop
per
copr
oduc
t
Cop
per
prim
ary
Cop
per
seco
ndar
y
Nic
kel s
uppl
y
Nic
kel c
opro
duct
Nic
kel s
econ
dary
Mer
cury
Tin
Zin
k co
prod
uct
Zin
k co
prod
uct
Chr
omiu
m
Cob
alt
Iron
Man
gane
se
eco-indicator 99, (H,A)
25 209 10
30
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Changes with v2.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
-15% -10% -5% -1% 0% 1% 5% 10% 15% more
eco-indicator (HA)
UBP
IPPCCED
Indicator Changes from v1.3 to v2.0, 64 metal datasets
cases
higher >< lower
31
Swiss Centre For Life CycleInventories
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Presentation: Mischa Classen
Changes with v2.0
• Due to
– Changes in background data– Correction of errors
• Generally IPCC higher (5-10 %)
• Specifically
– SXEW Copper plus 10-30%: changed background data?– Lead minus 30-80%: introduction of secondary metal– EAF steel: minus 15-25%– BOF steel:
• minus 25% Tox (UBP, eco-indicator),• plus 20% energy related (IPCC, CED)
A joint initiative of the ETH domain and Swiss Federal Offices
Thank you!