MetalsChapter 19 Section 1

Interesting to know

• First metal used was gold about 6,000 years ago• Followed a few thousand years later by tin

and iron

Properties of metal

• Metals are found to the left of the stair-step line

• Metals usually have common properties such as:• Good conductors of heat and electricity• All but Hg is solid at room temperature• Reflect light (luster)• Malleable –can be hammered or rolled into

sheets• Ductile – drawn into wires

Properties of metal

• Types of bonds formed• Bonds are when elements form with other

elements to become new molecules• Often Ionic bonds are formed between metals

and nonmetals• Metallic bonding – outer electrons are not held

tightly – (this form of bonding explains some properties of metals)

Alkali Metals

• Group 1 of periodic table

• Most reactive of all metals – react rapidly and sometimes violently

• Don’t occur in nature in their elemental form• Stored in substances that are unreactive

• Has one electrons in its outer electron cloud

Radioactive Elements

• Definition – element in which the nucleus breaks down and gives off particles and energy • Example would be the last element in group 1

Francium

The Alkaline Earth Metals

• Group 2 of periodic table

• Combine readily with other elements

• Two electrons in outer energy level

• Some used in fireworks – ex. Magnesium

Transition Elements

• Transition elements are those elements in group 3 through 12 in the periodic table.

• These are considered to be elements in transition between groups 1 and 2 and Groups 13 through 18.

• Transition elements are the most common types of typical metals

• Often occur in nature as uncombined elements.

Iron Triad

• Consists of Groups 8,9, and 10 that start with Iron, Cobalt, and nickel

• All used in the process to create steel and other metal mixes

• Iron – main component of steel – most widely used of all metals

• Nickel – added to steel to give strength

Coinage Metals

• Copper, silver, gold – Group 11

• Stable and malleable

• Found as elements in nature

• Copper used in wiring because of its superior ability to conduct electricity and its relatively low cost.

• Gold and silver are very resistant to corrosion and are attractive in color and thus used in jewelry.

Mercury - Hg

• Mercury is a silvery, liquid metal – the only metal that is liquid at room temperature.

• Used in thermometers, some temperature sensitive switches and some batteries

• Poisonous

• “Mad as a hatter” -- used mercury in hats

Inner Transition Metals

• Lanthanides – used very extensively in the motion picture industry and to help produce colors on your tv screen

• Actinides – all radioactive and unstable• Uranium is best known for its use in nuclear

reactors and in weapons applications

Metals in the Crust

• Most metals in earth’s crust are found as ores

• Ores are metal compounds that have formed a mixture with the rock or clay in the earth.

NonmetalsChapter 19 Section 2

Properties of Nonmetals

• Usually gases at room temperature or very brittle solids

• Not malleable or ductile

• Bad conductors

• Not shiny

• Right side of Staircase line (other than hydrogen)

Properties of nonmetals

• Type of bonding• Can form ionic or covalent bonds

Hydrogen

• 90 percent of all atoms in the universe are hydrogen (most found as water)

• Formed from Greek word meaning “water forming”

• Hydrogen at its elemental form is a gas at room temperature

• Hydrogen is found usually as a diatomic molecule (which means it consists of two atoms of the same element in a covalent bond)

• H is highly reactive because it only has a single electron that it shares when it combines with other nonmetals.

• H can gain an electron when it combines with alkali and alkaline earth metals.

The Halogens

• Very reactive

• Seven electrons in outer energy level and only need one electron to complete this energy level.

• If a halogen gains an electron from a metal it will form an ionic compound called a salt.

• Some uses:• Chlorine – disinfecting water• Iodine – important in our diet – also used to

disinfect skin before surgery

Noble gases

• Exist as isolated atoms

• Stable because their outermost energy levels are full.

• Never occur as compounds in nature.