Metabolism
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Metabolism
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Metabolisme
Transcript of Metabolism
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Metabolism
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Chapter 5Why Study Metabolism?Classification of bacteriaOxygen ToleranceBiochemical reactionsAcids, Ammonia, GasesFermentation ProductsFood ProductsYogurt, Sour Cream, Bread, AlcoholCommercial ProductsCitric Acid, PlasticsEnvironmental Cleanup
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Ying & Yang of MetabolismMetabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism
Photosynthesis requires Respiration
Respiration requires Photosynthesis
Energy Production = Energy Consumption
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5BreakdownProteins to Amino Acids, Starch to Glucose SynthesisAmino Acids to Proteins, Glucose to Starch
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Overview of MetabolismSource of Energy (Photo- vs. Chemotroph)Source of ElectronsCarrier of ElectronsFinal Electron AcceptorSource of Carbon (Auto- vs. Heterotroph)Auto- : Carbon DioxideHetero- : Organic Compounds
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Classification based on MetabolismWhere microbes get their energy?Sunlight vs. ChemicalPhoto- vs. Chemo- trophsHow do they obtain carbon?Carbon Dioxide (or inorganic cmpds.) vs. Organic Compounds (sugars, amino acids)Auto- vs. Hetero- trophsExamplesPhotoautotrophs vs. PhotoheterotrophsChemoautotrophs vs. Chemoheterotrophs
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Types of -trophs
Chapter 5
Type
Energy
C source
Example
Photoauto-
Sun
CO2
Purple & Green sulfur bacteria
Photohetero-
Sun
Organic Compounds
Purple & Green Non-sulfur bacteria
Chemoauto-
Chemical bonds
CO2
H, S, Fe, N bacteria
Chemohetero-
Chemical bonds
Organic Compounds
Most bacteria, fungi, protozoa, animals
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Chapter 5Source of ElectronsAutotrophsPhotosynthesisH2O, H2SChemotrophsOrganic CompoundsCarbohydrates (C H2O)Glucose, Lactose, Sucrose, Mannitol, CitrateAmino Acids
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Electron CarriersPhotosynthesisNADP + H to NADPHRespirationNAD + H to NADHFAD + H to FADHContain Niacin and RiboflavinVitamins, not stableCant store these molecules
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Final Electron AcceptorPhotosynthesisCO2 + Hs to CH2OStores energyRespirationAerobic1/2 O2 + H 2 to H2OAnaerobicFermentation
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Movement of ElectronsChemical reactions
Oxidation Reactions
Reduction Reactions
Reactions CoupledRedox reactions
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Example of Redox Equations
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Example of Redox Equations
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Example of Redox Equations
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5ExamplesATP ADP + P Oxidation, release energyADP + P ATPReduction, stores energyNAD + H NADHFADH FAD + HNH4 + 11/2O2 NO2- +H2O + 2H + ATP2H2 + O2 2H2 O
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5ExamplesCellular RespirationC6H12 O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38 ATPPhotosynthesis6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12 O6 + 6O2NitrificationNH4 NO2 to NO3Ammonia to Nitrite to NitrateAmmonificationN2 NH4
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5RespirationOverview; Glucose to Carbon dioxide + Water +EnergyC6H12O6 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATPGlucose is highly reduced; contains energyOxygen receives the electrons to form energy4 separate reactionsGlycolysis, Transition Reaction, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport, ChemiosomosisRequires Oxygen
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Steps in RespirationElectron DonorsOrganic Compounds (Glucose preferred)Electron CarriersNAD to NADHFAD to FADHElectron Acceptors-TerminalO2 to H2OPhosphorylation ReactionsADP to ATPChemiosmosis Reactions
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Glycolysis- 10 stepsGlucose is Phosphorylated to form Fructose 1,6-diphosphateSplit to form 2 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphateFinal Products are:2 Pyruvic Acid (C3H4O3)Compare to original glucose - C6H12O62 NADH2 ATP
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Transition ReactionPyruvic Acid Acetyl - Co A + CO2 + NADHC2H4O2
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Krebs CycleFigure E.3, A29Acetyl CoA Carbon DioxideC2H4O2 to CO2 Energy produced/Acetyl CoA (x2 for /Glucose)3 NADH1 FADH1 ATP Metabolic WheelFats, amino acids, etc. enter or leaveCitrate is product of first reactionSimmons Citrate Media
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Electron Transport ChainNADH oxidized to NADFAD reduced to FADHCytochromes shuffle electrons finally to O2Cytochrome Oxidase important in G - IDH2O formed and ATP3 ATP / 1 NADH2 ATP / 1 FADH
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Fermentation Products from PyruvateHomolactic = Lactic AcidYogurt, LactobacillusAlcohol + CO2Propionic AcidButyric AcidAcetic AcidSuccinic AcidButylene to Acetoinbasis for VP Test (Vogues-Proskauer)
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Fermentation ProductsAlcohol and Carbon DioxideYeast mostlyLactic AcidHumans, muscles without oxygenBacteria (Lactobacillus-yogurt)Butyric AcidRancid butter, Clostridium-gangreneAcetoin Butanediol fermentation in KlebsiellaPropionic Acid Swiss Cheese
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Fermentation in Yeast
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Fermentation in Muscle
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5PhotosynthesisPlantsCO2 + H2O + Light C6H12O6 + O2Water is split to release electronsBacteriaH2S is used not waterSulfur or Sulfuric Acid formedOxygen not releasedChlorophyll is differentStrict AnaerobePurple & Green Sulfur Bacteria
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5ChemiosmosisProduction of ATP in Electron TransportElectrochemical Gradient Formed between membranesH+ (Protons) generated from NADHElectrical Force (+) & pH Force (Acid)Gradient formedATPase enzyme that channels H+ from High to Low concentration3 ATP/NADH2 ATP/NADH
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5
Chapter 5
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Chapter 5Summary of RespirationAerobic RespirationGlycolysisTransition Rx.Krebs CycleElectron Transport ChainAnaerobic RespirationPyruvate Lactic AcidMixed AcidsAlcohol + CO2Recycle NADH2 ATP / Glucose
Chapter 5
