Metabolic Syndrome[1]

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Metabolic SyndromePennington Biomedical Research Center

Division of Education

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Metabolic S ndrome: Overview

Metabolic Syndrome is not a disease, but rather a cluster of disorders of your bodysmetabolism, including:

o

o High insulin levels

o Excess body weight

o Abnormal cholesterol levels

Each of these disorders is by itself a risk factor for other diseases.

, ,of developing potentially life-threatening illnesses, such as diabetes,heart disease or stroke.

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Signs and Symptoms

The more components of the syndrome that you have,

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Metabolic S ndrome

The syndrome is closely related to a generalized metabolic disordercalled insulin resistance, in which the body cant use insulin efficiently.

e a o c syn rome as een ca e many names, nc u ng:

o Syndrome X

o The deadly quartet

o Insulin Resistance Syndrome

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Prevalence

Affects as man as one in four American adults (25%)

For adults over the age of 40, more than 40% are affected.

Metabolic syndrome prevalence has increased by 61% over the past decade.

Rates differ among races and genders.

PBRC 2009 National Health and NutritionExamination Survey III, 1988-1994.


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Risk FactorsThe following factors increase your risk of developingMetabolic Syndrome:

Apple Pear

Age The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases with age, affecting less than 10% of people intheir 20s and 40% of people in their 60s.

ace ea o c syn rome s genera y more common among ac s an excan- mercans anamong Caucasians.

Obesity A body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 increases your risk of metabolic syndrome andabdominal obesit increase the risk of MS. Abdominal obesit refers to havin an a le

shape rather than a pear.

History ofdiabetes

Having a family history of type 2 diabetes or diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes)

increases the risk for developing metabolic syndrome.

Otherdiseases

A diagnosis of hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD) or polycystic ovary syndrome

(a hormonal disorder in which a womans body produces an excess of male hormones) also

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When is it time to seek medical advice?

The presence of one feature of metabolic syndrome,such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol or anapple-shaped body, increases the risk. An individualma alread have the condition and not know it.

It is important to talk with your doctor about testing for

other components of the syndrome and developing a plan.

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PreventionHealthy lifestyle changes can prevent the onset of the

syndrome.

Commit to a healthy diet

o A healthy diet includes plenty of fruits and vegetables, choosing lean

cuts of white meat and fish over red meat, avoiding processed or

dee -fried dinners and eliminatin table salt b ex erimentin with

other herbs and spices.

Get movingo s mpor an o say ac ve. e a eas mnues o mo eraey

strenuous activity on most days of the week is recommended.

Schedule re ular check-u s

o This includes assessing blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar

levels annually. Early detection of problems can help with formulating

lifestyle modifications.

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Dia nosin Metabolic S ndromeAccording to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), the presence

of three or more of the following traits indicates metabolic syndrome:

Waist Circumferenceo Greater than 35 inches in women and 40 inches in men (abdominal obesity)

Triglyceride

o Levels of 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl) or higher

oo ressure

o 130/85 millimeters of mercury or higher

o Level of 110 mg/dl or higher

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)

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o Lower than 50 mg/dl in women and 40 mg/dl for men


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Treatment

The underlying insulin resistant state is the primary target of therapy.

e r mary goa o rea men s o reven :

o Type 2 diabetes

o

Heart attacko Strok

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Treatment

To reduce insu in resistance in overweig t and o ese individua s, t e pre erred

method is an aggressive regimen of self-care strategies focusing on diet andexercise.

lifestyle modifications are working:

o Weight

o Blood glucoseo Cholesterol

o Blood pressure

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Self-careAlthough metabolic syndrome creates a real risk for developing diabetes, stroke or heart

disease, these conditions can be prevented. Insulin resistance can be controlled by the

Lose weighto Losing as little as 5 to 10% of your body weight can reduce insulin levels and high

, .

Exercise

o Walking just 30 minutes a day or engaging in other aerobic activities can help

prevent the serious diseases associated with MS.

Stop smoking

o Smoking cigarettes increases insulin resistance and worsens health

consequences associated with MS.

-

o Whole grains, beans, fruits and vegetables are high in dietary fiber.

These are important foods to eat since dietary fiber is known to

lower insulin levels.

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TreatmentMedications to control the syndromes individual risk factors

include:

Weight Along with diet and exercise, it may be necessary to prescribe weight loss drugs.oss rugs Two commonly prescribed weight-loss drugs include sibutramine (Meridia) and

orlistat (Xenical).

sensitizers

,

(Glucophage, Glucophage XR) to decrease insulin resistance. These medications may

also be useful in improving insulin metabolism in individuals with MS.

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TreatmentMedications to control the syndromes individual risk factors

include:

Aspirin Aspirin is often prescribed to help reduce the risk for a heart attack.

Medicationsto lower

bloodpressure

Major types of medications used to control high blood pressure include diuretics,

angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors, calcium channel blockers and

beta blockers.

Medicationsto regulatecholesterol

Medications such as niacin, statins and fibrates can help improve cholesterol in the

following ways:

By reducing the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (bad cholesterol)

y ncreasng e eve o g - ens y c oes ero goo c oes eroBy decreasing the level of triglycerides (Another bad component of cholesterol)

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DivisionofEducationPhillipBrantley,PhD,Director

PenningtonBiomedicalResearchCenter , ,HeliJ.Roy,PhD,RDShannaLundy,BS

BethKalicki

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About Our Com an The Pennington Biomedical Research Center is a world-renowned nutrition research center.

Mission:

To promote healthier lives through research and education in nutrition and preventive medicine.

The Pennington Center has several research areas, including:

Clinical Obesity Research

Experimental Obesity

Functional Foods

Health and Performance Enhancement Nutrition and Chronic Diseases

Nutrition and the Brain

Dementia, Alzheimers and healthy aging

Diet, exercise, weight loss and weight loss maintenance

The research fostered in these areas can have a profound impact on healthy living and on the prevention of common chronic

, , , , .

The Division of Education provides education and information to the scientific community and the public about research findings,

training programs and research areas, and coordinates educational events for the public on various health issues.

We invite people of all ages and backgrounds to participate in the exciting research studies being conducted at the

enn ngton enter n aton ouge, ou s ana. you wou e to ta e part, v s t t e c n ca tr a s we page at www.p rc.e u or ca

(225) 763-3000.

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Sites

Smith S. Metabolic syndrome targets. Current Drug Targets. 2004;3: 431-439.

Mayo Clinic: Metabolic syndrome. Available at: http://www.mayoclinic.com .

Accessed September 20, 2005. The American Heart Association: Metabolic Syndrome. Available at:

htt ://www.americanheart.or . Accessed Se tember 20, 2005.

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Metabolic Syndrome[1]

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