Metabolic Metabolic SyndromeSyndromeBy Rebecka ReiterBy Rebecka Reiter

What is metabolic What is metabolic syndrome?syndrome?

A Cluster of ailments that occur in unisonA Cluster of ailments that occur in unison

Due to poor eating habits and a lack of Due to poor eating habits and a lack of physical activity.physical activity.

Can be hereditary Can be hereditary

HistoryHistory Early 1900s-insulin was discovered.Early 1900s-insulin was discovered.

Noted relation of hypertension and diabetesNoted relation of hypertension and diabetes More doctors noted clusters of ailments calling it More doctors noted clusters of ailments calling it

syndrome Xsyndrome X Hypercholesterolemia, waist circumference, Hypercholesterolemia, waist circumference,

hypertension and insulin resistance.hypertension and insulin resistance. 1981 “Metabolic Syndrome” coined1981 “Metabolic Syndrome” coined

Hanefeld and Leonhardt Hanefeld and Leonhardt Definition problemsDefinition problems

The WHO (World Health Organization) attempted to The WHO (World Health Organization) attempted to define it, but wasn’t accepted universally.define it, but wasn’t accepted universally.

IDF final definitionIDF final definition

DiagnosisDiagnosis

Large waist Large waist circumferencecircumference

Men: greater than or Men: greater than or equal to 40 inchesequal to 40 inches

Women: greater than or Women: greater than or equal to 35 inchesequal to 35 inches

HypertensionHypertension Increased Increased

triglyceridestriglycerides Greater than or equal Greater than or equal

to 150mg/dLto 150mg/dL

Reduced HDL (high-Reduced HDL (high-density lipoprotein)density lipoprotein)

Men: less than Men: less than 40mg/dL40mg/dL

Women: less than Women: less than 50mg/dL 50mg/dL

Elevated fasting Elevated fasting glucoseglucose

Greater than or equal Greater than or equal to 100mg/dLto 100mg/dL

Defined as having three of the Defined as having three of the following:following:

PrevalencePrevalence

32.2% of adult males and 35.5% of 32.2% of adult males and 35.5% of adult females living in the United adult females living in the United States are obese States are obese

8.3% of the US population has some 8.3% of the US population has some form of diabetes. form of diabetes.

The American Diabetes Association The American Diabetes Association fears approximately 7 million people fears approximately 7 million people may be undiagnosed. may be undiagnosed.

Prevalence

50 million Americans

Almost one in four American adults have metabolic syndrome.

Approximately seven percent of adults in their 20s and about 40 percent of adults over 40 meet the criteria for the syndrome.

PathophysiologyPathophysiology

Due to obesity, hypertension, insulin Due to obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance and elevated blood lipids. resistance and elevated blood lipids.

How do people obtain metabolic How do people obtain metabolic syndrome?syndrome?

TreatmentTreatment

•Increased Increased exerciseexercise

•Heart Heart healthy diethealthy diet

•Lifestyle Lifestyle changechange

Diet TherapyDiet Therapy

DASH DietDASH Diet

Dietary Approaches to Stop Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Hypertension

- limits unhealthy fats along with - limits unhealthy fats along with reducing sodium and urges the reducing sodium and urges the patient to consume whole grains, patient to consume whole grains, fish and plenty of fruits and fish and plenty of fruits and vegetables vegetables

Sample Menu 2000 Sample Menu 2000 kcal/daykcal/day

Breakfast (4 servings of Breakfast (4 servings of carbohydrates)carbohydrates)½ cup old-fashioned oat meal (1)½ cup old-fashioned oat meal (1)1 cup of skim milk (1)1 cup of skim milk (1)½ cup cut-up strawberries (1)½ cup cut-up strawberries (1)1 slice of wheat toast with 1 slice of wheat toast with margarine (1)margarine (1)

Lunch (4 servings of carbohydrates)Lunch (4 servings of carbohydrates)2 slices low-sodium turkey cold 2 slices low-sodium turkey cold cuts (for sandwich)cuts (for sandwich)2 leaves of lettuce and 2 slices of 2 leaves of lettuce and 2 slices of tomatotomato2 slices of whole-wheat bread (2) 2 slices of whole-wheat bread (2) Small orange (1)Small orange (1)1 cup of skim milk (1)1 cup of skim milk (1)Vegetable sticks, such as celeryVegetable sticks, such as celery

Dinner (4 servings of Dinner (4 servings of carbohydrates)carbohydrates)

3 oz grilled chicken breast3 oz grilled chicken breast2/3 cup mashed potatoes 2/3 cup mashed potatoes

(2)(2)½ cup steamed broccoli½ cup steamed broccoli1 small whole-wheat 1 small whole-wheat

dinner roll (1)dinner roll (1)1 tsp margarine1 tsp margarine½ cup cut-up fruit (1) ½ cup cut-up fruit (1) 1 cup spinach salad with 1 cup spinach salad with

lemon lemon Snack (4 servings of Snack (4 servings of carbohydrates)carbohydrates)

1 cup low-fat yogurt (1) 1 cup low-fat yogurt (1) 2 tablespoons unsalted 2 tablespoons unsalted

nuts nuts 1 apple (1)1 apple (1)3 graham cracker squares 3 graham cracker squares

(1)(1)3 cups light popcorn (no 3 cups light popcorn (no

salt, no salt, no butter) (1)butter) (1)

MedicationsMedications

diuretics or angiotensin-converting diuretics or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to relieve enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to relieve hypertensionhypertension

Statins, fibrates or nicotinic acid to Statins, fibrates or nicotinic acid to reduce LDL cholesterol. reduce LDL cholesterol.

Niacin, gemfibrozil or fenofibrate are Niacin, gemfibrozil or fenofibrate are used to increase HDL levels while used to increase HDL levels while decreasing triglycerides.decreasing triglycerides.

Metformin or glucophage is generally Metformin or glucophage is generally used to treat type-2 diabetes. used to treat type-2 diabetes.

Prevention???Prevention???

DietDiet

ExerciseExercise

Maintaining a healthy weightMaintaining a healthy weight

Consuming a variety of fruits and Consuming a variety of fruits and vegetablesvegetables

ConclusionConclusion

Metabolic syndrome is hereditary in some Metabolic syndrome is hereditary in some cases but the majority of cases seen today cases but the majority of cases seen today

are due to a sedentary lifestyle paired are due to a sedentary lifestyle paired with poor eating habits.with poor eating habits.

It is a cluster of ailments that reduces the It is a cluster of ailments that reduces the quality of life for those who have it. quality of life for those who have it.

Prevention is feasible.Prevention is feasible.

Through diet and exercise we can all Through diet and exercise we can all protect ourselves against Metabolic protect ourselves against Metabolic

Syndrome.Syndrome.