Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Characteristics, Function, and...
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Editorial Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Characteristics, Function, and Application Zhongjun Li , 1 Xingbin Hu, 2 and Jiang F. Zhong 3,4 1 Department of Blood Transfusion, Lab of Radiation Biology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China 2 Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China 3 Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA 4 Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Zhongjun Li; [email protected] Received 13 January 2019; Accepted 14 January 2019; Published 6 March 2019 Copyright © 2019 Zhongjun Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely regarded as a plastic-adherent cell population, which has self-renewal capacity and can be differentiated into osteogenic, chondro- genic, adipogenic, and other lineages [1, 2]. In addition, MSCs showed low immunogenicity and strong immunomo- dulation potential [3]. MSCs can be isolated and identified from many tissues, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, der- mal tissue, intervertebral disc, amniotic fluid, various dental tissues, human placenta, and cord blood [4]. MSCs have functions in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and have potential applications in regenerative medicine. These cells have been successfully employed in clinical applications, such as cartilage and bone repair, skin wound healing, neuro- nal regeneration, heart regeneration, and immune disorder treatment including treatment of graft versus host disease (GvHD) due to their abilities of “homing,” multilineage dif- ferentiation, and immunomodulation [5]. However, the nat- ural characteristics and function of MSCs from different tissues are heterogeneous [6]; therefore, deeper understand- ing of the differences of MSCs derived from various sources would help us to make better choices for disease treatment. Furthermore, the culture expansion in vitro has been reported to attenuate the homing ability of MSCs [7], which suggests that MSCs may lose some of their natural character- istics after expansion in vitro. Hence, novel strategies for maintaining, and even promoting, the biological activities and therapeutic capabilities of MSCs are really needed. In this special issue, we have invited state-of-the-art research contributions on MSC characteristics, functions, and applications. After a rigorous review process, we selected seven papers to appear here. Y. Ma et al. isolated and identi- fied MSC-like cells expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) from adult human sweat glands (ahSGs) for the first time. These cells are located in the basal myoepithelial areas of the secretory portion of the solenoid bulb. This report demonstrated that there are tissue-specific MSCs in ahSGs that may contribute to wound repair and sweat gland regeneration. C.A.F. Mançanares et al. found that yolk sac-derived MSCs could form tubular structures in vitro, which suggested the possible formation of blood capillaries in vitro by MSCs. T. Khatlani et al. have assessed the biolog- ical activities of MSCs from the decidua basalis (DBMSCs) after exposing DBMSCs to hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ). The results in their study indicated that DBMSCs could resist an oxidative stress environment and gain beneficial effects from this toxic environment on their ability to repair injured tis- sues. J. Zhan et al. reported that fasudil, a potent rho kinase inhibitor, significantly enhanced the migration ability of bone marrow MSCs via activation of the MAPK signaling pathway, promoting MSC homing to the spinal cord injury site. This study showed that combination of MSC trans- plantation and fasudil administration might have beneficial effects in therapy after central nervous system trauma. Y. Nakashima et al. performed a protein expression analysis Hindawi Stem Cells International Volume 2019, Article ID 8106818, 2 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8106818
Transcript of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Characteristics, Function, and...
EditorialMesenchymal Stem Cells: Characteristics, Function,and Application
Zhongjun Li ,1 Xingbin Hu,2 and Jiang F. Zhong3,4
1Department of Blood Transfusion, Lab of Radiation Biology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University,Chongqing, China2Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China3Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA4Division of Periodontology, Diagnostic Sciences & Dental Hygiene, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California,Los Angeles, CA, USA
Correspondence should be addressed to Zhongjun Li; [email protected]
Received 13 January 2019; Accepted 14 January 2019; Published 6 March 2019
Copyright © 2019 Zhongjun Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely regarded asa plastic-adherent cell population, which has self-renewalcapacity and can be differentiated into osteogenic, chondro-genic, adipogenic, and other lineages [1, 2]. In addition,MSCs showed low immunogenicity and strong immunomo-dulation potential [3]. MSCs can be isolated and identifiedfrom many tissues, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, der-mal tissue, intervertebral disc, amniotic fluid, various dentaltissues, human placenta, and cord blood [4]. MSCs havefunctions in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and havepotential applications in regenerative medicine. These cellshave been successfully employed in clinical applications,such as cartilage and bone repair, skin wound healing, neuro-nal regeneration, heart regeneration, and immune disordertreatment including treatment of graft versus host disease(GvHD) due to their abilities of “homing,” multilineage dif-ferentiation, and immunomodulation [5]. However, the nat-ural characteristics and function of MSCs from differenttissues are heterogeneous [6]; therefore, deeper understand-ing of the differences of MSCs derived from various sourceswould help us to make better choices for disease treatment.Furthermore, the culture expansion in vitro has beenreported to attenuate the homing ability of MSCs [7], whichsuggests that MSCs may lose some of their natural character-istics after expansion in vitro. Hence, novel strategies formaintaining, and even promoting, the biological activitiesand therapeutic capabilities of MSCs are really needed.
In this special issue, we have invited state-of-the-artresearch contributions on MSC characteristics, functions,and applications. After a rigorous review process, we selectedseven papers to appear here. Y. Ma et al. isolated and identi-fied MSC-like cells expressing alpha-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA) from adult human sweat glands (ahSGs) for thefirst time. These cells are located in the basal myoepithelialareas of the secretory portion of the solenoid bulb. Thisreport demonstrated that there are tissue-specific MSCs inahSGs that may contribute to wound repair and sweat glandregeneration. C.A.F. Mançanares et al. found that yolksac-derived MSCs could form tubular structures in vitro,which suggested the possible formation of blood capillariesin vitro by MSCs. T. Khatlani et al. have assessed the biolog-ical activities of MSCs from the decidua basalis (DBMSCs)after exposing DBMSCs to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Theresults in their study indicated that DBMSCs could resist anoxidative stress environment and gain beneficial effects fromthis toxic environment on their ability to repair injured tis-sues. J. Zhan et al. reported that fasudil, a potent rho kinaseinhibitor, significantly enhanced the migration ability ofbone marrow MSCs via activation of the MAPK signalingpathway, promoting MSC homing to the spinal cord injurysite. This study showed that combination of MSC trans-plantation and fasudil administration might have beneficialeffects in therapy after central nervous system trauma. Y.Nakashima et al. performed a protein expression analysis
HindawiStem Cells InternationalVolume 2019, Article ID 8106818, 2 pageshttps://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8106818
by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) to investigate the influences of cell stress result-ing from passage on protein expression in adipose-derivedMSCs (AT-MSCs). They found that AT-MSCs retained theircell properties after three passages but showed a decreasedprotein expression. In addition, there are two reviews in thisspecial issue. A. Tomokiyo et al. reviewed the current under-standing of the features and functions of MSCs in periodon-tal ligament (PDL) tissue and discussed their potentialapplications for PDL regeneration. The review by X. Ambrizet al. focused on the mechanobiology of the actin cytoskele-ton in stem cells, which is important in stem cell differentia-tion and interaction with biomaterials.
These studies in this special issue span a wide range, dis-cussing the new organizational sources, biological activities,mechanobiology and proteomic profiling of MSCs. Webelieve that these studies have the potential to make greatcontributions to the research and clinical applications ofMSCs.
Finally, we would like to express our deep gratitude to thereviewers for their valuable contributions to this special issue.
Conflicts of Interest
The editors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Zhongjun LiXingbin Hu
Jiang F. Zhong
References
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[2] Y. Jiang, B. N. Jahagirdar, R. L. Reinhardt et al., “Pluripotency ofmesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow,” Nature,vol. 418, no. 6893, pp. 41–49, 2002.
[3] S. Aggarwal and M. F. Pittenger, “Human mesenchymal stemcells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses,” Blood,vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 1815–1822, 2005.
[4] Z. Gazit, G. Pelled, D. Sheyn, D. C. Yakubovich, and D. Gazit,“Chapter 14 - mesenchymal stem cells,” in Principles of Regen-erative Medicine, A. Atala, R. Lanza, A. G.Mikos, and R. Nerem,Eds., pp. 205–218, Academic Press, Boston, MA, USA, 3rd Edi-tion edition, 2019.
[5] A. I. Caplan, “Chapter 15 - mesenchymal stem cells in regener-ative medicine,” in Principles of Regenerative Medicine, A. Atala,R. Lanza, A. G. Mikos, and R. Nerem, Eds., pp. 219–227, Aca-demic Press, Boston, MA, USA, 3rd Edition edition, 2019.
[6] A. G. Via, A. Frizziero, and F. Oliva, “Biological properties ofmesenchymal stem cells from different sources,” Muscles, Liga-ments and Tendons Journal, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 154–162, 2012.
[7] W. J. C. Rombouts and R. E. Ploemacher, “Primary murineMSC show highly efficient homing to the bone marrow but losehoming ability following culture,” Leukemia, vol. 17, no. 1,pp. 160–170, 2003.
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