Merrill: CDT. Knowledge Components (Content) Fact: e.g., five horses, a new building Fact: e.g.,...
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Transcript of Merrill: CDT. Knowledge Components (Content) Fact: e.g., five horses, a new building Fact: e.g.,...
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Merrill: CDT Merrill: CDT
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Knowledge Components Knowledge Components (Content)(Content)
• Fact: e.g., five horses, a new buildingFact: e.g., five horses, a new building
• Concept: e.g., animal, vehicle Concept: e.g., animal, vehicle
• Procedure: e.g., move the lever to Procedure: e.g., move the lever to the middle pointthe middle point
• Principle: e.g., the rate of force is Principle: e.g., the rate of force is independent of the object’s massindependent of the object’s mass
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PerformancePerformance
• RememberRemember
• Use Use
• Find Find
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Fact Concept Procedure
Principle
Remember
Use
Find
Knowledge Components (Content)
Perf
orm
an
ce
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Gagne (1965) Conditions of Learning: different outcomes require different conditions of learning.
Rememberfact:
Behavior
recall
Conditions
DrawingsPictures Diagrams
Criterion
95% correct
UseProcedure demonstrate
Word Materials EquipmentDevice
3 trials
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How to Operationally How to Operationally Represent the Knowledge Represent the Knowledge Components?Components?The theoretical framework for The theoretical framework for
knowledge representation:knowledge representation:
1) Subject-matter taxonomy1) Subject-matter taxonomy
2) Performance taxonomy2) Performance taxonomy
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Subject-Matter TaxonomySubject-Matter Taxonomy
• Theory consists of constructs which Theory consists of constructs which are collectively operationalized to are collectively operationalized to define/explain a phenomenon. define/explain a phenomenon.
• What is a construct?What is a construct?Construct
Domain Operation Range
Polar bearGrizzly bearBlack bearBrown bear
Bear Include (facts) (concept)
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Subject-Matter TaxonomySubject-Matter Taxonomy
• Fact:Fact: IdentityIdentity is represented byis represented by
• Subset:Subset: IncludeInclude are kinds ofare kinds of
• Concept: Concept: IntersectionIntersection if both are presentif both are present
• Step: Step: OrderOrder do 1 before 2do 1 before 2
• Principle:Principle: CausalCausal causes causes
Operation Example
Descriptive operation
Identity operation
Productive operation
CONSTRUCTCONSTRUCT
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Performance TaxonomyPerformance Taxonomy
Various kinds of memorizationVarious kinds of memorization
• associative associative
• episodicepisodic
• imageimage
• algorithmic algorithmic
associativeassociative
algorithmicalgorithmic
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Performance TaxonomyPerformance Taxonomy
• Associative Memory (static by Associative Memory (static by nature)nature)
•Remember-verbatimRemember-verbatim
•Remember-paraphraseRemember-paraphrase
Literal retrieval of information (e.g., is represented by)
Integrative retrieval of information (e.g., is similar to)
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Performance TaxonomyPerformance Taxonomy
• Algorithmic Memory (dynamic by Algorithmic Memory (dynamic by nature)nature)
•Adaptive/integratingAdaptive/integrating– Occur at the Use level. The schema is called to Occur at the Use level. The schema is called to
accommodate the new informationaccommodate the new information
•ReorganizationReorganization– Occur at Find level. Use inductive skills to create Occur at Find level. Use inductive skills to create
a new schema to account for differences, a new schema to account for differences, similarities or changes between the existing similarities or changes between the existing schema and new materials schema and new materials