AP Human Geography

Chapter Two - Population Seth Adler

I. Basic Concepts

- Demography The scientific study of population characteristics

- MDC/LDC More/Less Developed Country

- Study is important:

1. More people are alive today

2. The worlds population is increasing at a fast rate

3. Almost all pop. Growth is in LDCs

- Overpopulation More people that resources (not land)

II. Where Is The Worlds Population Distributed?

A. Population Concentrations

- 2/3 of the population in in E. Asia, S. Asia, SE. Asia, and Europe

- Cartogram Map that shows the size of the countries based on

population, not land mass

- Many people live near oceans

- Low-lying areas with fertile soil and temperate climates

1. East Asia

- of pop

- Peoples Republic of China, Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul

2. South Asia

- of pop

- India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka

- Many farmers

3. Southeast Asia

- Islands: Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Papua New Guinea, Philippines

- Java is most populated

4. Europe

- Live in cities

- England, Germany, Belgium

5. Other Population Clusters

- NE. US, SE. Canada

- W. Africa

B. Sparsely Populated Regions

- People dont live in areas that are too dry, too wet, too cold, or too

mountainous

- Ecumene The Portion of Earths surface occupied by humans

1. Dry Lands

- Too dry for farming

- Deserts

2. Wet Lands

- Too much precipitation

- Near equator

- Deplete nutrients from soil

3. Cold Lands

- N and S Poles

4. High Lands

C. Population Density

- Number of people occupying a land

1. Arithmetic Density

- # of people / Land area

- US: 310 million people / 3.7 million2 miles = 84 per square mile

- Bangladesh: 2919 per square mile

- Canada: 7 per square mile

2. Physiological Density

- # of people supported by farm land

- US: 453 per square mile (453 people can live off of 1 square mile

of farm land)

- Egypt: 5947 (Crops in Egypt must feed more)

- Higher the density, the more pressure people place on the land for

food

- Major difference in densities in Egypt show how much land is

unsuitable for farming

3. Agricultural Density

- # of farmers per farming land

- US: low (1.6 per kilo)

- MDCs have lower because of technology

-

III. Where Has The Worlds Population Increased?

- More people are born than die

A. Natural Increase

1. Crude Birth Rate (CBR): number of births in a year per 1000

people (A CBR of 20 means that 20 babies are born for every

1000 people that live there)

2. Crude Death Rate (CDR): number of deaths in a year per 1000

people (A CDR of 20 means that 20 people die a year for every

1000 people that live there)

3. Natural Increase Rate (NIR): % that a population grows in a

year (CBR-CDR (first convert them per 100)) (No migration)

- World NIR: 1.2

- Doubling Time number of years needed to double a population

(World: 54 years)

B. Fertility

- Total Fertility Rate (TFR): average # of children a woman will have

(predicts future) (world: 2.6)

C. Mortality

- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): annual number of deaths of infants

under 1 years old per 1000

- Highest rates are in LCDs

- Life Expectancy: average # of years a child will live

IV. Why is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different

Countries?

- Demographic transition The process of a societys population

through four stages (from high birth and death to low natural

increase)

A. The Demographic Transition

1. Stage One: Low Growth

- First stage

- Varied CBRs and CDRs (high levels)

- NIR was 0

- Hunting and gathering (when people found food, pop. increased,

when no food was found, pop. decreased)

- Agricultural Revolution: When humans domesticated plants and

animals

2. Stage Two: High Growth

- 1750-1800

- CDRs plummeted while CBRs stayed the same

- Population grows rapidly

- Industrial Revolution: major improvements in industrial technology

- $ was used to make places better to live so less people died but

there was still as many births

- North America and Europe were the first

- Medical Revolution: Improved medical practices

3. Stage Three: Moderate Growth

- When CBR begins to drop sharply (because of changes in social

customs) (Economic reasons)

- CDR falls slower

- 1900-1950

4. Stage Four: Low Growth

- CBR declines to equal CDR (NIR approaches 0)

- Zero population growth (ZPG) ^^^

- A TFR of ~2.1 results in ZPG

- Europe and US

- Women enter labor force

- Birth control methods

- Completed a cycle

B. Population Pyramids

- Displays a countrys population by age and gender

- % of people in 5-year age groups (0-4 at the base)

- Length of the bar represents the % of the population

- Males left, females right

- Shape is determined by CBR

- Stage 2 More children (wider base)

- Stage 4 Large # of old people (rectangle shape)

1. Age Distribution

- Dependency ratio: # of people who are too young or too old to work

(0-14; 65+)

- Stage 2, ratio is 1:1 (for every worker, there is a non-worker)

- % of elderly increase as a country passes each stage

2. Sex Ratio

- # of males per 100 females

- North America- 97:100 (97 males for every 100 females)

- LDCs- 103:100 (People dont live long and males will outnumber

females at an early age)

- Women start to outnumber men at age 40 because they live longer

C. Countries in Different Stages of Demographic Transition

- No country is in Stage One

1. Cape Verde: Stage Two (High Growth)

- Moved from Stage 1 to 2 in 1950

- Remained in Stage 1 because of severe famines

- Moved when an antimalarial campaign was launched

2. Chile: Stage Three (Moderate Growth)

- Changed from agricultural based to urban society

- Still have large families

- Grew from European immigration

- CDR was lowered because of medicine spreading from MDCs

- CBR dropped hen government placed a family-planning policy

- Reduced income, high unemployment, wedding postponement

- Unlikely to head into Stage Four because government want more

people for security and most people belong to the Roman Catholic

Church which opposes artificial birth-control methods

3. Denmark: Stage Four (Low Growth)

- CBR and CDR are roughly equal

- Population pyramid is a column because more elderly are living

longer

D. Demographic Transition and World Population Growth

- European and American countries invented products then trained

others to use them in LCDs

- Diffusion of medical technology

- CBR will only drop when people themselves decide to have fewer

children

- Took 100 years for America to move to Stage Three

V. Why Might the World Face and Overpopulation Problem?

A. Malthus on Overpopulation

- Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) first stated that the worlds

population was outnumbering its food supplies (because population

increased geometrically and food supply increased arithmetically)

- Today: 1 person per 1 unit of food

- 50 years from now: 4 persons per 3 units of food

- 100 years from now: 16 persons per 5 units of food

1. Contemporary Neo-Malthusians

- In his time, only a few countries had entered Stage 2. He did not

anticipate the other poor countries CBRs.

- The world is outstripping many other resources than just food.

- Robert Kaplan and Thomas Fraser Homer-Dixon

2. Malthuss Critics

- Unrealistic because they are based on a fixed resource supply

instead of expanding (Possibilism) (new technology)

- More population does not mean more problems (could stimulate

economic growth and produce more food) (more customers)

- The world has enough resources as long as they are share equally

- More people is more power

- Esther Boserup, Simon Kuznets, Julian Simon, and Friedrich Engels

3. Malthuss Theory and Reality

- So far, not supported his theory

- Better growing techniques

- Not as rapid growth

B. Declining Birth Rates

- Two ways: Economic development and contraceptives

1. Reasons for Declining Birth Rates

- A wealthier country has more money to spend on eduction and

health care (if more women can stay in school longer, they could

get more economic control of their lives) (Better understand

reproductive rights)

- If more infants survive, people wont have as many

- Takes longer

2. Reducing Birth Rates Through Contraception

- Rapidly diffusing modern contraceptive methods

- Best method

- Many oppose for religious reasons

- Pills, condoms, abortions

C. World Health Threats

- Epidemiologic transition: causes of death in each stage

- Epidemiology: branch of medical science related to diseases

1. Epidemiologic Transition Stages One and Two

- Formulated by Abdel Omran in 1971

- Stage One is called the stage of pestilence and famine

- The Black Plague (bubonic plague): transmitted by fleas and rats,

started in Kyrgyzstan, wiped out entire towns

- Stage Two is called the stage of receding pandemics

- Pandemic: disease that occurs over a wide area and affects a high

proportion of the population

- Improved sanitation, medicine, and nutrients reduced the spread

(Industrial Revolution)

- Construction of water sewage and pumps eradicated cholera

2. Epidemiologic Transition Stages Three and Four

- Stage Three is known as the stage of degenerative and human-

created diseases

- Heart attacks and cancer

- Extended to Stage Four by S. Jay Olshansky and Brian Ault

- Stage Four is known as the stage of delayed degenerative diseases

- Life expectancy is extended because of medical advances

- Medicine and bypasses operations, better diet, no smoking

3. Epidemiologic Transition Possible Stage Five

- The possibility of Stage Five is known as the stage of reemergence

of infectious diseases

- Reintroducing controlled diseases

- Evolution Infectious diseases have evolved to resist drugs

(malaria)

- Poverty Not able to get the medicine needed to finish treating

the disease (tuberculosis)

- Improved travel motor vehicles allow people to carry a disease to

another place or country (H1N1)

- AIDS

AP Human Geography

Chapter Four - Folk and Pop Culture Seth Adler

Seth Adler

I. Folk and Popular Culture

Material culture deriving from the survival activities of everyones

daily lifefood, clothing, and shelter

Culture involving leisure activitiesthe arts and recreation

a. Habit A repetitive act performed by an individual

b. Custom - The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes

characteristic of the group of people performing the act

c. A custom is a habit that is widely adopted

d. Folk Culture - Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural

group living in relative isolation from other groups

e. Popular Culture - Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares

certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

f. Popular culture is more wide spread

g. Rapid diffusion frequently changes popular culture

h. Popular culture caries on time based on location

II. Where Do Folk and Popular Culture Originate and Diffuse?

A. Origin of Folk and Popular Cultures

a. Folk customs often have anonymous or multiple hearths

1. Origin of Folk Music

a. Tells a story about daily activities (farming), life-cycle events

(birth, death, marriage), or mysterious events (storms)

b. According to a Chinese legend, music was invented in 2697 BC when

the Emperor Huang Ti sent Ling Lun to cut bamboo poles that would

produce a sound matching the call of the phoenix bird

Seth Adler

2. Origin of Popular Music

a. Written to be sold

b. Originated around 1900

c. Music Hall in UK and Vaudeville in US

d. Tin Pan Alley made the music and tried to sell printed song sheets

e. The diffusion of American music stared during WWII

f. Hip-Hop is a local form of music

B. Diffusion of Folk and Popular Cultures

a. The spread of popular culture typically follows the process of

hierarchical diffusion from hearths or nodes of innovation (i.e.

Hollywood, California)

b. Folk culture is transferred slowly by migration instead of electronic

communication (relocation diffusion)

1. The Amish: Relocation Diffusion of Folk Culture

a. The Amish have distinctive clothing, farming, religious practices

and other customs

b. In the 1600s, a Swiss Mennonite bishop named Jakob Ammann

gathered a group of followers

c. The Amish originated in Bern, Switzerland; Alsace in northeastern

France; and the Palatinate region of southwestern Germany

d. Settled in Pennsylvania in the early 1700s

e. Sell farm land in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and buy in

Kentucky

2. Sports: Hierarchical Diffusion of Popular Culture

- Folk Culture Origin of Soccer

a. Worlds most popular sport

b. First documented in England in the eleventh century. After the

Danish invasion, workers excavating a building found a Danish

Seth Adler

soldiers head and they began to kick it. It was then imitated

by boys who used an inflated cow bladder

c. Early football games involved two villages kicking the ball into

the center of the rival village. Because this disturbed village

life, King Henry II banned it from England and was later

legalized in 1603 by King James I.

- Globalization of Soccer

a. Transformation to popular culture in the 1800s

b. Because of the increase in leisure time, people came to see

sports so clubs started hiring professional players.

c. When British football clubs organized an association in 1863 to

make rules, it marked the change from folk to popular culture.

d. The game was diffused to other countries through contact with

English players

- Sports in Popular Culture

a. Cricket is popular in Britain

b. Ice Hockey is popular in Canada, Northern Europe, and Russia

c. Martial Arts is popular in China

d. Baseball is popular in Japan

e. Lacrosse came from the Iroquois Confederation of Six Nations

(Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Senecas, and

Tuscaroras)

f. The common element in professional sports is the willingness of

people throughout the world to pay for the privilege of viewing,

in person or on TV, events played by professional athletes.

III. Why is Folk Culture Clustered?

Seth Adler

A. Influence of the Physical Environment

1. Food Preservatives and the Environment

a. Bostans are small gardens in Istanbul, Turkey that supply the city

with food.

b. Rice and soybeans are grown in Asia because of the dry climate

c. Quick-frying food in preferred in Italy because of fuel shortages

d. People refuse to eat particular plants or animals that are thought

to embody negative forces in the environment

e. Taboo - A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom

f. Hebrews were prohibited for eating animals

g. that do not chew their cud or that have cloven feet and fish

lacking fins or scales

h. Muslims do not eat pork because pigs would then compete with

humans for land and resources

i. Hindus have taboos against cows because they are used as plows on

farms

j. Terroir - The contribution of a locations distinctive physical

features to the way food tastes

2. Folk Housing and the Environment

a. French geographer Jean Brunhes views the house as being an

essential fact of human geography.

b. American geographer Fred Kniffen says a house is a reflection of

cultural heritage, current fashion, functional needs, and the impact

of environment

c. The materials used in folk homes are based on the available

resources

d. Wood and brick are the most common

e. R. W. McColl compared house types in four villages situated in the

dry lands of northern and western China

f. Pitched roofs facilitate rain runoff, windows face South for heat,

can be smaller for not a much heat

Seth Adler

B. Isolation Promotes Cultural Diversity

1. Himalayan Art

a. geographers P. Karan and Cotton Mather demonstrated that

distinctive views of the physical environment emerge among

neighboring cultural groups that are isolated

b. Through their choices of subjects of paintings, each group reveals

how their folk culture mirrors their religions and individual views

of their environment

Buddhists

a. Northern

b. Paintings reflect bizarre and terrifying

c. Inhospitable environment

Hindus

a. Southern

b. Everyday life

c. Regions extreme climatic conditions

Muslims

a. Islamic

b. Beautiful plants and flowers

c. Not harsh conditions

Animists

a. Burma

b. Symbols and designs

c. From religion instead of environment

2. Beliefs and Folk House Forms

Seth Adler

a. The distinctive form of folk houses may derive primarily from

religious values and other customary beliefs rather than from

environmental factors.

b. Some compass directions may be more important than other

directions.

- Sacred Spaces

a. In Java, the front door faces South (direction of the Sea

goddess)

b. In Fiji and China, the East wall is sacred

c. In Madagascar, the front door is facing West, the most

important direction. The NE corner is most important. The

North wall in for honoring ancestors, important guests enter

from the North and are seated against the North wall. The bed

is placed against the East wall facing North.

d. The Laos arrange their beds perpendicular to the center

ridgepole. People sleep with their heads and feet opposite of

one another. However, a child sleeps with his head towards the

parents feet.

e. The Yuan and Shan (Thailand) sleep with heads towards the

East, which is the most auspicious direction. Staircases do not

face West, the least auspicious direction and the direction of

the devil.

- U.S. Folk Housing

a. Geographer Fred Kniffen identified three major hearths or

nodes of folk house forms in the United States: New England,

Middle Atlantic, and Lower Chesapeake

The Lower Chesapeake (Tidewater)

a. One story, steep roof, two chimneys, one room deep

b. Tidewater, Virginia, and Southeast coast

The Middle Atlantic (I-House)

Seth Adler

a. Two stories high, gables to the sides, two rooms wide, one

room deep

b. Ohio Valley and Appalachian trails, Eastern half of US

New England

a. Upper New England and Southern Great Lakes region, far

west as Wisconsin

b. Various forms over time

IV. Why Is Popular Culture Widely Distributed?

a. Popular culture varies more in time than in place

A. Diffusion of Popular Housing, Clothing, and Food

1. Popular Food Customs

a. People in MDCs are likely to have the income, time, and inclination

to facilitate greater adoption of popular culture.

- Regional Variations

a. Bourbon consumption is higher in the Upper South, where it is

produced

b. Tequila consumption is high on the border with Mexico

c. Canadian Whiskey is preferred in states contiguous to Canada

d. Southerners may prefer pork rinds because more hogs are

raised there, and northerners may prefer popcorn and potato

chips because more corn and potatoes are grown there.

e. The Southeast has a low rate of alcohol consumption because of

Baptists. Nevada has a high rate because of gambling

f. Texans prefer tortilla chips while Westerners prefer grain

chips

- Wine

Seth Adler

a. The distinctive character of a wine derives from a unique

combination of soil, climate, and other physical characteristics

at the place where the grapes are grown.

b. Vineyards are best cultivated in temperate climates of

moderately cold, rainy winters and long, hot summers. On a

hillside near a lake.

c. The distinctive character of each regions wine is especially

influenced by the unique combination of trace elements, such as

boron, manganese, and zinc, in the rock or soil.

d. Wines are identified by their place of growth, region, year, and

type of grapes

e. Wine consumption declined after the fall of Rome, and many

vineyards were destroyed.

2. Rapid Diffusion of Clothing Styles

a. In MDCs, clothing reflects occupation and wealth

- Jeans

a. Jeans became popular in the 1960s to show youthful

independence

b. Communist governments could not make them because the

factories make tanks, not clothing

3. Popular Housing Styles

a. Changed in the 1940s

b. In the years immediately after World War II, which ended in

1945, most U.S. houses were built in a modern style. Since the

1960s, styles that architects call neo-eclectic have predominated.

- Modern Housing Styles (1945-1960)

Seth Adler

Minimal Traditional

a. Late 1940s-1950s

b. Similar to the Tudor-style house

c. One story, small and modest

d. For returning veterans from WWII

Ranch House

a. 1950s-1960s

b. Similar to minimal traditional houses

c. One story, long side parallel to street

d. Took more room

Split-Level

a. 1950s-1970s

b. Similar to the ranch house

c. Two stories

d. New family room on first floor, bedrooms on second floor

Contemporary

a. 1950s-1970s

b. Architect-designed, flat or low roofs

Shed

a. Late 1960s

b. High-pitched roofs

c. Geometric forms

- Neo-Eclectic (Since 1960)

a. In the late 1960s, neo-eclectic styles became popular, and by

the 1970s had surpassed modern styles in vogue:

Mansard

a. First popular in 1960s to early 1970s

b. Two stories

Neo-Tudor

Seth Adler

a. 1970s

b. Steep-pitched front-facing gables

Neo-French

a. Popular in early 1980s

b. Most fashionable

c. Dormer windows, round tops, high-hipped roofs

Neo-Colonial

a. Popular since 1950s

b. Similar to English colonial houses

c. Large central great room

B. Electronic Diffusion of Popular Culture

a. Television is important because it provides leisure time and spreads

the knowledge of popular culture, such as sports

1. Diffusion of Television

a. In the early years of broadcasting, the US was a monopoly

b. In 1954, the US had 86% of televisions

c. In 1970, the US had more televisions per capita except for Canada

d. By 2005, international differences in television ownership

diminished

2. Diffusion of the Internet

a. Diffused like the television but more rapid

b. In 1995, the US has 25 million users

c. In 2000, internet usage in the US increased from 9% to 44%. The

US % share of the worlds internet declined from 62% to 31%

d. In 2008, 74% or the US population had internet. But, the US % of

worlds internet declined to 14%

3. Diffusion of Facebook

Seth Adler

a. Founded in 2004 by Harvard University students

b. In 2009, it had over 200 million users

V. Why Does Globalization of Popular Culture Cause Problems?

a. Threatens survival of folk culture and may generate environmental

impacts

A. Threat to Folk Culture

1. Loss of Traditional Values

a. Leaders of African and Asian countries traveled to MDCs and

experienced the social status attached to cloths. Back home,

they may wear Western business suits.

b. Wearing cloths typical of MDCs is controversial in some Middle

Eastern countries. Muslims oppose them.

c. Threatens the subservience of women to men that is embedded in

some folk customs

d. Prostitution has increased in some LDCs to serve men from MDCs

traveling on sex tours. (Japan, Northern Europe)

2. Threat of Foreign Media Imperialism

- Western Control of Media

a. Three MDCsthe United States, the United Kingdom, and

Japandominate the television industry in LDCs. Japanese

operate in South and East Asia. US corporations provide for

Latin America. British companies invest in African countries.

b. Leaders of LCDs view the spread of television as MDCs

controlling the world. They are teaching the wrong message.

Seth Adler

c. In many regions of the world, the

only reliable and unbiased news

accounts come from the BBC World

Service shortwave and satellite

radio newscasts.

d. The Associated Press (AP) and

Reuters dominate the diffusion of

information to newspapers around

the world.

- Satellites

a. George Orwells novel 1984,

published in 1949 said that TVs

would play a major role in peoples

everyday lives.

b. Satellite dishes enable people to choose

from a wide variety of programs produced in other countries,

not just the local government-controlled station.

c. Some countries banned the use of

satellite dishes (Chinese, Singapore, Saudi Arabia)

B. Environmental Impacts of Popular Culture

1. Modifying Nature

- Distribution of Golf

a. Golf courses, because of their size, provide a prominent

example of imposing popular culture on the environment.

b. Geographer John Rooney attributes the increase of golf

courses to increased income and leisure time.

c. The number of golf courses are higher in northern states

d. More limited in the south because of lack of land

Seth Adler

2. Uniform Landscapes

a. The diffusion of fast-food restaurants is a good example of such

uniformity (McDonalds). People who travel or moves to another

city immediately recognize a familiar place.

3. Negative Environmental Impact

- Increased Demand For Natural Resources

a. Popular culture may demand a large supply of certain animals,

resulting in depletion or even extinction of some species.

b. Animal consumption is an inefficient way for people to acquire

calories90 percent less efficient than if people simply ate

grain directly. To produce 1 kilogram of beef sold in the

supermarket, nearly 10 kilograms of grain are consumed by the

animal. For every kilogram of chicken, nearly 3 kilograms of

grain are consumed by the fowl. This grain could be fed to

people directly, bypassing the inefficient meat step

- Pollution

a. Cans, bottles, old cars, paper, and plastics

Seth Adler

b. Very high rates of soil erosion have been documented in Central

America from the practice of folk culture.

AP Human Geography

Chapter Five - Language Seth Adler

Seth Adler

I. Language

a. Language - A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood

by a group of people to have the same meaning.

b. Literary Tradition - A language that is written as well as spoken.

c. Official Language - The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and

publication of documents.

d. The interplay between interaction and isolation helps to explain regions of individual languages and

entire language families.

II. Where Are English Language Speakers Distributed?

a. A language originates at a particular place and diffuses to other locations through the migration of

its speakers.

A. Origin and Diffusion of English

a. English is an official language in 57 countries, more than any other language.

1. English Colonies

a. English is an official language in most of the former British colonies.

b. English first diffused west from England to North America in the seventeenth century

c. English became the official language when the British took control (Ireland, South

Asia, South Pacific, Southern Africa)

d. More recently, the United States has been responsible for diffusing English to several

places (Philippines)

2. Origin of English in England

a. Tribes called the Celts arrived around 2000 B.C., speaking languages we call Celtic.

b. Then, around A.D. 450, tribes from mainland Europe invaded, pushing the Celts into the

remote northern and western parts of Britain.

- German Invasion

a. The invading tribes were the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons.

b. All three were Germanic tribesthe Jutes from northern Denmark, the Angles from

southern Denmark, and the Saxons from northwestern Germany.

c. English people and others who trace their cultural heritage back to England are often

called Anglo-Saxons, after the two larger tribes.

d. Modern English has evolved primarily from the language spoken by the Angles, Jutes,

and Saxons.

e. The name England comes from Angles land. In Old English, Angles was spelled Engles,

and the Angles language was known as englisc. The Angles came from a corner, or angle,

of Germany known as Schleswig-Holstein.

f. Other peoples subsequently invaded England and added their languages to the basic

English. (Vikings)

Seth Adler

- Norman Invasion

a. English is different from German today because England was conquered by the

Normans in 1066.

b. The Normans, who came from present-day Normandy in France, spoke French, which

they established as Englands official language for the next 300 years

c. The majority of the people who had little education did not know French, so they

continued to speak English to each other.

d. The Germanic language of the common people and the French used by the leaders

mingled to form a new language.

e. Modern English has simpler words (sky, horse, man, woman) that come from its

Germanic roots.

f. Fancy, more elegant words like celestial, equestrian, masculine, and feminine come from

French invaders.

g. England lost control of Normandy in 1204, during the reign of King John and had a long

period of conflict. As a result, people did not want to speak French.

h. Because nearly everyone in England was speaking English, Parliament enacted the

Statute of Pleading in 1362 to change the official language from French to English even

though they continued to conduct business in French until 1489.

B. Dialects of English

a. Dialect - A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and

pronunciation.

b. Isogloss - A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.

c. Isoglosses are determined by collecting data directly from people, particularly natives of

rural areas. People are shown pictures to identify or are given sentences to complete with a

particular word.

d. Because of its large number of speakers and widespread distribution, English has an especially

large number of dialects.

e. Standard Language - The form of a language used for official government business, education,

and mass communications.

f. British Received Pronunciation (BRP) - The dialect of English associated with upper-class

Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.

1. Dialects in England

a. As already discussed, English originated with three invading groups from Northern

Europe who settled in different parts of Britainthe Angles in the north, the Jutes in

the southeast, and the Saxons in the south and west.

b. The language each spoke was the basis of distinct regional dialects of Old English

Kentish in the southeast, West Saxon in the southwest, Mercian in the center of the

island, and Northumbrian in the north

Seth Adler

c. Under the control of a French-speaking government, five major regional dialects had

emergedNorthern, East Midland, West Midland, Southwestern, and Southeastern or

Kentish.

d. The diffusion of the upper-class London and university dialects was encouraged by the

introduction of the printing press to England in 1476.

e. Three main English Dialects in the UK - Northern, Midland, and Southern.

Southerners pronounce words like grass and path with an /ah/ sound; Northerners

and Midlanders use a short /a/, like in the US

Northerners and Midlanders pronounce butter and Sunday with /oo/, like boot.

Southwesterners pronounce thatch and thing with the /th/ sound of then, not thin.

Fresh and eggs have an /ai/ sound.

Southeasterners pronounce the /a/ in apple and cat like the short /e/ in bet.

2. Differences Between British and American English

a. the earliest colonists were most responsible for the dominant language patterns that

exist today in the English-speaking part of the Western Hemisphere.

b. The English language here is different because of isolation.

Vocabulary

a. The vocabulary is different because there are many new things and experiences

in America, new physical features that needed new names. (moose, raccoon,

chipmunk) (canoe, moccasin, squash)

b. As new inventions appeared, they acquired different names on either side of the

Atlantic. (Lift/elevator, torch/flash light)

Spelling

a. Spelling is different because America wants a strong sense of independence

b. Webster was determined to develop a uniquely American dialect of English.

Webster argued that spelling and grammar reforms would help establish a

national language, reduce cultural dependence on England, and inspire national

pride.

c. Elimination of U and replace S for C because of Webster

Pronunciation

a. Words as fast, path, and half are pronounced in England like the /ah/ in father

rather than the /a/ in man. The British also eliminate the r sound from

pronunciation except before vowels. Thus lord in British pronunciation sounds

like laud.

b. Americans pronounce unaccented syllables with more clarity. (secretary and

necessary)

c. Pronunciation has changed more in England than in the United States.

Seth Adler

3. Dialects in the United States

a. Major differences in U.S. dialects originated because of differences in dialects among

the original settlers

- Settlement In The East

New England

a. Settlers from England

b. Puritans from East Anglia

Southeastern

a. Southeast England

b. Variety of social class backgrounds ( prisoners, servants, refugees)

Middle Atlantic

a. Diverse

b. Quakers

c. Scots and Irish, Germans, Dutch, and Swedish

- Current Dialect Differences In The East

a. Two important isoglosses separate the eastern United States into three major dialect

regions, known as Northern, Midlands, and Southern. Some words are commonly used

within one of the three major dialect areas but rarely in the other two.

b. For example, the word for soft drink varies. Most people in the Northeast and

Southwest use soda to describe a soft drink. Most people in the Midwest, Great Plains,

and Northwest prefer pop. Southerners refer to all soft drinks as coke.

- Pronunciation Differences

Southern dialect makes words like half into 2 syllables

New England dialect drop the /r/ sound. Similar to England because of the amount

of contact

a. Standard pronunciation comes from the Middle Atlantic because most Westerners

came from there.

b. The pattern by which dialects diffused westward resembles the diffusion of East

Coast house types.

c. The mobility of Americans has been a major reason for the relatively uniform

language that exists throughout much of the West.

III. Why Is English Related to Other Languages?

a. Language Family - A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long

before recorded history.

b. Indo-European is the worlds most extensively spoken language family by a wide margin.

Seth Adler

A. Indo-European Branches

a. Language Branch - A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed

several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or as old as with language

families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same

family.

b. Indo-European is divided into eight branches. Four of the branchesIndo-Iranian, Romance,

Germanic, and Balto-Slavicare spoken by large numbers of people. Indo-Iranian languages

are clustered in South Asia, Romance languages in southwestern Europe and Latin America,

Germanic languages in northwestern Europe and North America, and Balto-Slavic languages in

Eastern Europe. The four less extensively used Indo-European language branches are

Albanian, Armenian, Greek, and Celtic.

1. Germanic Branch of Indo-European

a. Language Group - A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin

in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and

vocabulary.

b. West Germanic is the group within the Germanic branch of Indo-European to which

English belongs.

c. English and German are both languages in the West Germanic group because they are

structurally similar and have many words in common.

d. West Germanic is divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups because

they are found in high and low elevations in Germany. High German is spoken in the

mountains of Germany and started the German language. English is from the Low

Germanic subgroup of West Germanic group.

e. Other Low Germanic languages include Dutch, which is spoken in the Netherlands, as

well as Flemish, which is generally considered a dialect of Dutch spoken in northern

Belgium. Afrikaans, a language of South Africa, is similar to Dutch, because Dutch

settlers migrated to South Africa 300 years ago. Frisian is spoken by a few residents

in northeastern Netherlands. A dialect of German spoken in the northern lowlands of

Germany is also classified as Low Germanic.

f. The four Scandinavian languagesSwedish, Danish, Norwegian, and Icelandic all

derive from Old Norse, which was the principal language of Scandinavia before A.D.

1000. Four distinct languages emerged after that time because of migration and the

political organization of the region into four independent and isolated countries.

a. Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European The branch of the Indo-European language

family with the most speakers is Indo-Iranian.

b. The branch is divided into an eastern group (Indic) and a western group (Iranian).

- Indic (Eastern) Group Of Indo-Iranian Language Branch

a. Most widely used languages in India

b. Official language in India is Hindi because British encouraged its use

Seth Adler

c. When India because independent, Hindi was proposed as the national language but

other languages disagreed so English, the language of British colonial rulers, became

the official language

d. India also recognizes 22 so-called scheduled languages, including 15 Indo-European

(Assamese, Bengali, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Marathi, Nepali,

Oriya, Panjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, and Urdu), four Dravidian (Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil,

and Telugu), two Sino-Tibetan (Bodo and Manipuri), and one Austro-Asiatic (Santali).

The government of India is obligated to encourage the use of these languages.

e. Urdu is spoken very much like Hindi, but it is recognized as a distinct language (it uses

the Arabic alphabet)

- Iranian (Western) Group Of Indo-Iranian Language Branch

a. The major Iranian group languages include Persian (sometimes called Farsi) in Iran,

Pashto in eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan, and Kurdish, used by the Kurds of

western Iran, northern Iraq, and eastern Turkey.

b. Use Arabic alphabet

2. Balto-Slavic Branch of Indo-European

a. Another Indo-European branch

b. Slavic was once a single language, but differences developed in the seventh century

when Slaves migrated from Asia and lived in isolation.

c. As a result, this branch can be further divided into East, West and South Slavic groups

as well as a Baltic group

- East Slavic And Baltic Groups Of The Balto-Slavic Language Branch

a. Most widely used (Russian)

b. Importance of Russian increased when Soviet Union rose to power at the end of WWII

in 1945. They forced others to speak Russian to form cultural unity.

c. After Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusan are the 2 most important East Slavic languages.

d. Ukraine means Border and Bela- means white.

- West And South Slavic Groups Of The Balto-Slavic Language Branch

a. Most spoken is Polish, followed by Czech and Slovak

b. Czechoslovakia tried to balance the 2 languages even though there were twice as many

Czechs. They would use one language in the first half of spots and then switch to the

other. They were effective during the communist era.

c. With the fall of communism, Slovakia split and had the dominant language

d. The most important South Slavic language is the one spoken in Bosnia and Herzegovina,

Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia. Bosnians and Croats write the language in the Roman

alphabet (what you are reading now), whereas Montenegrans and Serbs use the Cyrillic

alphabet (for example, Yugoslavia is written JyOCaB Na.

e. Serbo-Croation offends Bosnians and Croatians because it referres to when they were

a country ruled by serbs.

Seth Adler

f. The Serbo-Croatian word for martyr or hero junakhas been changed to heroj by

Croats and shahid by Bosnian Muslims.

g. In general, differences among all of the Slavic languages are relatively small.

3. Romance Branch of Indo-European

a. The Romance language branch evolved from the Latin language spoken by the Romans

2,000 years ago.

b. Most widely used: Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian. Romanian (Moldova) is also

important. Two other ones are Romansh (Switzerland) and Catalan (Andorra). Others:

Sardinian, Ladin, Friulian, Ladino.

c. Physical boundaries such as mountains are strong intervening obstacles, creating

barriers to communication between people living on opposite sides.

d. The distribution of Romance languages shows the difficulty in trying to establish the

number of distinct languages in the world.

- Origin And Diffusion Of Romance Languages

a. All came from Latin, during the rise of Rome

b. during the period of the Roman Empire, Latin varied to some extent from one province

to another. (Based on the army that controlled their region)

c. Vulgar Latin - A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed

to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.

d. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, communication among

the former provinces declined, creating greater regional variation in spoken Latin.

e. When migrants were unable to communicate with speakers of the same language back

home, major differences emerged between the languages spoken in the old and new

locations, leading to the emergence of new languages.

- Romance Language Dialects

a. The creation of standard national languages, such as French and Spanish, was relatively

recent.

b. The French dialect was Francien because that region included Paris.

c. The most important dialect difference is of the North and South. This is because of

the different ways yes was said. Kept shortening hoc illud est.

d. At the time Spain grew into its present boundaries, Castilian was the official language.

e. Spanish and Portuguese have achieved worldwide importance because of the colonial

activities of their European speakers.

f. These two Romance languages were diffused to the Americas by Spanish and

Portuguese explorers.

g. The Treaty of Tordesillas split the New Worlds languages

h. The standardized way of Portuges was mande in 1994. Portugal was upset because it

got rid of mose accent marks such as tildes (So Paulo), cedillas (Alcobaa),

circumflexes (Estncia), and hyphens.

Seth Adler

i. The standardization of Portuguese is a reflection of the level of interaction that is

possible in the modern world between groups of people who live tens of thousands of

kilometers apart.

- Distinguishing Between Dialects And Languages

a. Moldovan is the official language of Moldova yet is a dialect of Romanian.

b. Flemish, the official language of Belgium, is considered a dialect of Dutch.

c. Several languages of Italy are viewed as different enough to merit consideration as

languages distinct from Italian according to Ethnologue.

d. Distinguishing individual languages from dialects is difficult, because many speakers

choose to regard their languages as distinct.

e. Romance languages spoken in some former colonies can also be classified as separate

languages because they differ substantially from the original introduced by European

colonizers.

f. Creole or Creolized Language A language that results from the mixing of a colonizers

language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.

B. Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European

a. Proto-Indo-European is the language that Indo-European languages came from. This cannot be

proven.

b. The words for animals and trees have a common root (beech, oak, bear, deer, pheasant, bee)

c. Probably liven in a cold climate because there were many words for winter and snow, but not

ocean.

Nomadic Warrior Thesis

a. Marija Gimbutas

b. The first Proto-Indo-European speakers were the Kurgan people in the borders

of Russia and Kazakhstan. Earliest evidence dates back to 4300 BC.

c. Kurgan warriors, using their horses, conquered much of Europe.

Sedentary Farmer Thesis

a. Colin Renfrew

b. 2,000 years before Kurgans, in Eastern Antolia (Modern day Turkey)

c. Diffused towards Greece

d. Migration

e. Renfrew argues that Indo-European diffused into Europe and South Asia along

with agricultural practices

IV. Where Are Other Language Families Distributed

A. Classification of Languages

a. Indo-European (English) 46%

b. Sino-Tibetan (Mandarin) 21% (China)

c. Afro-Asiatic (Arabic) 6% (Middle East)

Seth Adler

d. Austronesian 6% (Southeast Asia)

e. Niger-Congo 6% (Africa)

f. Dravidan 4% (India)

g. Altaic 2% (Asia)

h. Austro-Asiatic 2% (Southeast Asia)

i. Japanese 2%

j. Other 5%

B. Distribution of Language Families

1. Sino-Tibetan Family

a. Peoples Republic of China, S.E. Asia

b. No Chinese language, mostly Mandarin (pu tong hua) (most used language in the world)

c. The relatively small number of languages in China is a source of national strength and unity

d. Based on 420 one-syllable words. This number far exceeds the possible one-syllable sounds

that humans can make, so Chinese languages use each sound to denote more than one thing.

e. Kan jiana combination of the words for look and see, which would be redundant in

Englishclarifies that to see is the intended meaning for the multiple meanings of jian.

f. The Chinese languages are written with a collection of thousands of characters.

g. Ideograms - The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each

symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with

letters in English.

h. The Chinese government reports that 16 percent of the population over age 16 is unable to

read or write more than a few characters.

2. Other East and Southeast Asian Language Families

a. Clustered on islands and peninsulas

Austronesian

a. 6%

b. Indonesia

c. Because there are many islands, there are many languages

d. Most widely used is Javanese

e. Madagascar speaks Malagasy, an Austonesian family, even though is is far from

others. This show migration.

Austro-Asiatic

a. 2%

b. Southeast Asia

c. Vietnamese is most spoken (Roman alphabet)

d. The Vietnamese alphabet was devised in the seventh century by Roman Catholic

missionaries.

Seth Adler

Tai Kadai

a. Once classified as a branch of Sino-Tibetan

b. Thailand and parts of China

c. Similar to the Austronesian family

d. May have migrated from the Philippines

Japanese

a. Uses ideograms and phonetic symbols

Korean

a. Related to the Altaic languages of Central Asia or to Japanese

b. Not ideograms, but a system known as hankul

c. Hankul each letter represents a sound

d. Chinese and Japanese words are the principal sources for creating new words to

describe new technology and concepts.

3. Languages of the Middle East and Central Asia

Afro-Asiatic

a. Arabic

b. Muslims (Quran)

c. Hebrew (Judeo-Christian Bible)

Altaic

a. Between Tibet and China

b. Turkish

c. Turkish was once written with Arabic letters. But in 1928 the Turkish

government, led by Kemal Ataturk, ordered that the language be written with

the Roman alphabet instead. (Wanted to modernize the country and be like the

rest of Europe)

d. One element of Soviet policy was to force everyone to write with the Russian

Cyrillic alphabet

Uralic

a. Estonia, Finland, and Hungary are not dominated by Indo-European speakers.

b. Migrants carried the Uralic languages to Europe.

4. African Language Families

a. No one knows the precise number of languages spoken in Africa, and scholars disagree on

classifying those known into families.

b. Most lack a written tradition.

c. This great number of languages results from at least 5,000 years of minimal interaction

among the thousands of cultural groups inhabiting the African continent. Each group

developed its own language, religion, and other cultural traditions in isolation from other

groups.

Seth Adler

Niger-Congo

a. 95% of sub-Saharan Africa

b. Swahili (Tanzania)

c. In rural areas, local languages is used to communicate with people from the same

village and Swahili is used for outsiders.

d. Swahili originally developed through interaction among African groups and Arab

traders.

e. Swahili is one of the few African languages with an extensive literature.

Nilo-Saharan

a. North-central Africa

b. 6 branches with numerous groups and subgroups with very small speaking each

language

Khoisan

a. Clicking sounds

b. Southern Africa

c. Hottentot language

V. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages?

a. The distribution of a language is a measure of the fate of an ethnic group.

A. Preserving Language Diversity

a. Extinct Languages - A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer

used.

b. 473 languages are nearly extinct (46 of these nearly extinct languages are in Africa, 182 in

the Americas, 84 in Asia, 9 in Europe, and 152 in the Pacific)

c. Of Perus 92 surviving indigenous languages, only Cusco, a Quechuan language, is currently used

by more than 1 million people.

d. Gothic was widely spoken by people in Eastern and Northern Europe in the third century. (Now

it, and its group, the East Germanic group are extinct)

e. Many Gothic people switched to speaking the Latin language after their conversion to

Christianity.

f. The European Union has established the European Bureau for Lesser Used Languages (EBLUL).

g. Only 300 languages are safe

1. Hebrew: Reviving Extinct Languages

a. Hebrew is a rare case of an extinct language that has been revived

b. Hebrew diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only

for Jewish religious services.

c. When Israel was established as an independent country in 1948, Hebrew became one of

the new countrys two official languages, along with Arabic.

d. The revival effort was initiated by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda (created 4,000 new words and

the first modern Hebrew dictionary)

Seth Adler

2. Celtic: Preserving Endangered Languages

a. Major language in the British Isles before it was invaded

b. Today, Celtic languages survive only in remoter parts of Scotland, Wales, and Ireland

and on the Brittany peninsula of France.

c. The Celtic language branch is divided into Goidelic (Gaelic) and Brythonic groups. Two

Goidelic languages surviveIrish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic. Speakers of Brythonic

(also called Cymric or Britannic) fled westward during the Germanic invasions to Wales

Irish Gaelic

a. Official language of the Republic of Ireland

Scottish Gaelic

a. 1% of Scotland

b. Auld Lang Syne (old long since) poem by Robert Burns

c. Came from Ireland

Brythonic (Welsh)

a. 22% of Wales

Cornish

a. Extinct in 1777, Dolly Pentreath who lived in Mousehole

Breton

a. Brittany is a peninsula in the Atlantic Ocean

b. More French words

c. a

d. The survival of any language depends on the political and military strength of its

speakers.

e. In the 1300s, the Irish were forbidden to speak their own language in the

presence of their English masters

f. Britains 1988 Education Act made Welsh language training a compulsory subject

in all schools in Wales.

g. Irish revival

h. Irish bands have begun singing in Gaelic

i. Cornish revived in 1920s

j. Impossible to know how to pronounce Cornish words

3. Multilingual States

a. Difficulties rise at the border between two languages

b. Southern Belgians (known as Walloons) speak French, whereas northern Belgians (known

as Flemings) speak a dialect of the Germanic language, Dutch, called Flemish

c. Motorists in Belgium clearly see the language boundary on expressways. When heading

north, signs change from French to Flemish. Brussels is an exception. It is bilingual.

d. Belgium is divided into 2 regions, Flanders and Wallonia. Flanders wants to split the

country. It would then be one of Europes richest countries.

Seth Adler

e. Switzerland peacefully exists as multilingual languages. 4 languages: German (65%),

French (18%), Italian (10%), and Romansh(1% and voting language).

4. Isolated Languages

a. Isolated Language - A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not

attached to any language family.

b. The diffusion of Indo-European languages demonstrates that a common ancestor

dominated much of Europe before recorded history.

c. Isolated languages arise through lack of interaction with speakers of other languages.

- A Pre-Indo-European Survivor: Basque

a. Isolated language in Europe before the arrival of Indo-European speakers

b. Pyrenees Mountains in Spain and southwestern France

c. This isolation has helped them preserve their language in the face of the wide

diffusion of Indo-European languages.

- An Unchanging Language: Icendic

a. Related to other languages in the North Germanic group of the Germanic branch of the

Indo-European family.

b. Changed less than any other Germanic language

c. The Norwegian immigrants had little contact with speakers of other languages when

they arrived in Iceland, and they did not have contact with speakers of their language

back in Norway. They did not learn new words.

B. Global Dominance of English

a. One of the most fundamental needs in a global society is a common language for

communication.

1. English: An Example of a Lingua Franca

a. Lingua Franca - A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who

have different native languages. (English)

b. To facilitate trade

c. Pidgin Language - A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary

of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages.

d. Each learn a few grammar and vocabulary rules

e. No native speaker

f. English, Swahili (East Africa), Hindi (South Asia), Indonesian (Southeast Asia), and Russian

(former Soviet Union)

g. The rapid growth in importance of English is reflected in the percentage of students learning

English as a second language in school.

h. Students around the world want to learn in English because they believe it is the most

effective way to work in a global economy and participate in a global culture.

Seth Adler

2. Expansion Diffusion of English

a. The spread of a trait through the snowballing effect of an idea rather than through the

relocation of people.

b. English is changing through diffusion of new vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

c. English words are fusing with other languages

d. Recent changes in English have percolated up from common usage and ethnic dialects rather

than being directed down to the masses by elite people.

e. Ebonics - Dialect spoken by some African Americans.

f. Double negatives

g. Some see it as a lack of education while others see it as language

h. Bidialetic - they speak standard English outside Appalachia and slip back into their regional

dialect at home.

3. Diffusion to Other Languages

- Franglais

a. Official language in 29 countries

b. Upset with English being the dominant language

c. Franglais - A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French

language; a combination of franais and anglais, the French words for French and

English, respectively.

d. In 1635, the French Academy controls the French language

e. Cannot ban franglais

- Spanglish

a. Spanglish - Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic Americans.

b. Cubonics

c. Richer integration of English instead of using English words

d. Song lyrics

e. Not promoted in schools

f. Enriching both languages

- Denglish

a. Denglish - Combination of German and English.

b. The Institute for the German Language did not want telephone company to change to 2

words

c. English has diffused into other languages as well.

AP Human Geography

Chapter Six - Religion Seth Adler

Seth Adler

1

I. Where Are Religions Distributed?

a. Universalizing religion A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, all over

the world.

b. Ethnic religion A religion that appeals only to one type of people.

A. Universalizing Religions

a. 58% of the world practiced a universalizing religion, 26% practice an ethnic

religion, 16% no religion.

b. The three main universalizing religions are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism.

c. A religion is divided in three ways.

1. Branch A large division within a religion.

2. Denomination A division of a branch.

3. Sect A small group broken away from a denomination.

1. Christianity

a. More than 2 billion adherent, more than any other.

b. Most widespread distribution.

c. Predominant in North America, South America, Europe, and Australia.

- Branches Of Christianity

a. Three major Branches: Roman Catholic (51%), Protestant (24%), and Orthodox

(11%).

b. Europe: Roman Catholicism is prominent in the Southwest and East.

Protestantism is prominent in the Northwest. Orthodox is prominent in the East

and Southeast.

c. The Orthodox branch is made up of a collection of 14 churches in the East.

More than 40% Belong to the Russian Orthodox Church (est. Sixteenth Century).

- Christianity In The Western Hemisphere

a. 90% of people in the Western Hemisphere are Christian.

- Smaller Branches Of Christianity

a. Most of these branches are isolated because of differences in doctrine and

because of Islamic control in Southwest Asia and North Africa.

b. The 2 small churches in Africa are the Coptic Church of Egypt and the Ethiopian

Church.

c. The Ethiopian Church started by 2 shipwrecked Christians who converted the

king in the fourth century.

Seth Adler

2

2. Islam

a. 1.3 billion people.

b. Predominant in the Middle East.

c. Half of the worlds Muslims live in Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India.

d. Islam means Submission to the will of God

e. Five pillars of faith.

1. There is no god worthy of worship except the one God, and Muhammad is the

messenger of God.

2. Five times a day, a Muslim prays, facing the city of Mecca.

3. A Muslim gives generously to charity.

4. A Muslim fasts during the month of Ramadan.

5. A Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah.

- Branches Of Islam

a. 2 Branches: Sunni and Shiite.

Sunnis comprise 83% of Muslims and are the largest branch. Sunni means

People who follow the example of Muhammad.

Shiites comprise 16% of Muslims. Nearly 30% of all Shiites live in Iran.

Shiite means Sectarian.

- Islam In North America And Europe

a. The Muslim population has increased.

b. France has the largest Muslim population

c. In the United States, the Nation of Islam, known as Black Muslims, are found in

Detroit in the 1930. Tensions between Elijah Muhammad and Malcolm X divided

the sect in 1960s.

3. Buddhism

a. Third most universalizing religion.

b. 400 million adherents, living in China and Southeast Asia.

c. Four Noble Truths.

1. All living must endure suffering.

2. Suffering, which is caused by the desire to live, leads to reincarnation.

3. The goal of life is to escape from suffering and the endless cycle of

reincarnation into Nirvana, which is achieved through mental and moral self-

purification.

Seth Adler

3

4. Nirvana is attained through an Eightfold Path, which includes rightness of

belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation.

d. Buddhism splits into more than one branch because people disagree on the

statements by its founder, Siddhartha Gautama. The three main branches are

Mahayana (56%; China, Japan, and Korea), Theravada (38%; Cambodia, Laos,

Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand), and Tentrayana (6%; Tibet and Mongolia).

e. Difficult to count because most Buddhists also believe in another religion.

4. Other Universalizing Religions

a. Sikhism and Bahai. Sikhs are clustered in the Punjab region of India; Bahais are

dispersed in Africa and Asia.

B. Ethnic Religions

a. Largest is Hinduism. It is the third-largest religion.

1. Hinduism

a. Mostly in India, but some in Nepal.

b. Hindus believe it is up to the individual to decide the best way to worship God.

c. Various paths include the path of knowledge, the path of reunification, the path of

devotion, and the path of action.

d. Hinduism does not have a single holy book.

e. Some manifestations of God are Vaishnavism, Sivaism and Shaktism.

2. Other Ethnic Religions

a. In East Asia, people practice both a universalizing and an ethnic religion.

- Confucianism

a. Confucius (551-497 B.C.)

b. A philosopher in the Chinese province of Lu. His sayings emphasized the importance

of li (propriety or correct behavior).

c. Confucianism is an ethnic religion because it has strong rooting in traditional values

of special importance to Chinese people.

d. These rules applied to Chinas ruler as well as its citizens.

- Daoism (Taoism)

a. Lao-Zi (604-531? B.C.) organized Daoism.

b. His writings emphasized the mystical and magical aspects of life, rather than the

importance of service, which Confucius had emphasized.

Seth Adler

4

c. Daoists seek dao (or tao), which means the way or path.

d. Daoisms split into many sects, some acting like secret societies.

e. The religion was banned in China by the Communists in 1949.

- Shintoism

a. Distinctive ethnic religion of Japan.

b. Forces of nature are divine, especially the sun and the moon.

c. Under the reign of the Emperor Meiji (1868-1912), it became the official religion of

Japan. After the defeat in WWII, the emperor had to denounce his divinity.

- Judaism

a. 1/3 live in US, 1/3 live in Israel, 1/3 live in the rest of the world.

b. Within the United States, Jews are clustered into large cities, especially in the

New York metropolitan area.

c. First religion to be a monotheism.

d. Monotheism Belief in one god.

e. Polytheism Belief in multiple gods.

- Ethnic African Religions

a. Animism Believe that inanimate objects have spirits.

b. Little is known because there are few holy books.

c. Monotheistic.

d. Majority in Botswana.

II. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions?

A. Origin Of Religions

a. Universalizing religions have a precise origin. Ethnic religions have unclear

origins.

1. Origin Of Universalizing Religions

a. The Beginnings of Buddhism go back 2,500 years, Christianity 2,000 years, and

Islam 1,500 years.

- Origin of Christianity

a. Founded by the teachings of Jesus, who lived in Bethlehem between 8 and 4 B.C.

and Died around A.D. 30.

b. The Four Gospels of the Christian Bible Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

documented the deeds that Jesus did.

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c. In his third year of his mission, he was betrayed by his companion, Judas Iscariot,

and turned over to the authorities. On the third day after his death, his tomb was

empty.

- Origin of Islam

a. Abraham married Sarah, who did not have children. Then, he married Hagar, who

had Ishmael. Then, Sarah had Isaac. She banished Hagar and Ismael. Hagar and

Ismael wondered the Arabian desert to Makkah. Centuries later, one of Ishmaels

descendants, Muhammad, became the prophet of Islam. Jews and Christians trace

their story though Sara, while Muslims trace their story through Hagar.

b. Muhammad was born in Makkah around 570. He had his first revelation of God

through Angel Gabriel. The Quran is a record of Gods words. It is written in

Arabic.

c. After suffering persecution, he was told by god to emigrate to Yathrib in 622, an

event known as the Hija which marks the start of the Muslim calendar.

d. The 2 main branches, Shiites and Sunnis, are split because of the disagreement in

the line of succession. Because Muhammad had no son, his father-in-law was the

next successor (Abu Bakr).

e. The next 2 caliphs were Umar and Uthman.

f. Uthman had initially opposed Muhammad so Muslims criticized him and found a

leader in Ali, a cousin of Muhammad.

g. After they were assassinated, the chain had been broken.

- Origin of Buddhism

a. The founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, was born about 563 B.C. in present-

day Nepal. A son of a lord, he was sheltered from lifes hardships.

b. His life changed on his fourth trip. On the first trip, he encountered an old man.

On the second trip, he encountered a diseased old man. On the third trip, he

encountered a corps. Finally, he did not want to live, so on his fourth trip, he

encountered a monk, who taught him how to withdraw from the world.

c. At age 29, he left his palace and meditated for the next 6 years in the forest. He

emerged as the Buddha and trained monks and preached.

d. Theravada is the older of the two largest branches. They believe they are closer to

Buddhas original approach. They believe that this is a full-time occupation, so they

are monks.

e. Mahayana believe they can help more people because they are less demanding.

- Origin of Other Universalizing Religions

a. Sikhism and Bahai are the two most recent.

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b. The founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak, traveled through South Asia 500 years ago,

spreading his new faith. Nine other gurus followed him, the fifth, Arjan, wrote the

Guru Granth Sahib, the holy book.

c. Bahai was established in Iran in the nineteenth century.

2. Origin Of Hinduism, an Ethnic Religion

a. It existed before recorded history

B. Diffusion of Religions

a. Ethnic religions typically remain clustered in one location.

1. Diffusion of Universalizing Religions

a. The hearths of the three main universalizing religions are based off of three main

individuals and later transmitted by followers. All originated in Asia (Christianity

and Islam in Southwest, Buddhism in the South).

- Diffusion of Christianity

a. Diffused through all means of diffusion.

b. First diffused from its hearth in Palestine through relocation diffusion.

c. Missionaries Individuals who help to transmit a universalizing religion through

relocation diffusion

d. Paul of Tarsus traveled through the Roman Empire as a missionary.

e. Christianity spread widely through the Roman Empire through contagious diffusion

by daily contact and conversations.

f. Pagan A follower of a polytheistic religion. Comes from the countryside.

g. Christianity then spread through hierarchical diffusion by kings and emperors.

h. Emperor Constantine encouraged the spread of Christianity by embracing it in 313,

and Emperor Theodosius proclaimed it the empires official religion in 380.

i. Latin America is primarily Roman Catholic because their territory was colonized by

Portugal.

j. The US is primarily Protestant because the early colonists came from England.

k. New England has concentrations of Roman Catholics because of immigration from

Ireland, Italy, and Eastern Europe.

l. Mormons settled in Fayette, New York and eventually moved to Salt Lake Valley in

Utah.

- Diffusion of Islam

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a. Muhammads successors organized followers into armies that extended into Africa,

Asia, and Europe.

b. Often through intermarriage, Muslims converted non-Arabs to Islam.

c. To the West, Muslims captured much of North Africa, crossed the Strait of

Gibraltar, and retained part of the Western Europe, mostly Spain.

d. Indonesia is predominantly Muslim because Arab traders brought the religion there

in the thirteenth century.

e. Spread by relocation diffusion of missionaries.

- Diffusion of Buddhism

a. Did not diffuse rapidly.

b. Asoka, emperor of the Magadhan Empire from 273 to 232 B.C., was mostly

responsible for the spread.

c. The Magadhan Empire formed the nucleus of several powerful kingdoms in South

Asia.

d. When Asoka became a Buddhist, he wanted to spread it and formed a counsel at

Pataliputra to send missionaries.

e. In the first century, merchants along trading routs from India introduced

Buddhism to China.

f. From China, it spread to Korea, then to Japan. It also lost its original support in

India.

- Diffusion of Other Universalizing Religions

a. The Bah religion diffused in the nineteenth twentieth centuries, under the

leadership of Abdul-Bah, son of the prophet Bahullh. Bah also spread rapidly

during the late twentieth century, when a temple was constructed on every

continent.

b. Sikhism remained relatively clustered in the Punjab, where the religion originated.

After it became an independent state, the British took control but let them fight in

the British army.

c. Preferring to live in Hindu-dominated India rather than Muslim dominated Pakistan,

2.5 million Sikhs moved from Pakistans West Punjab region to East Punjab in India.

2. Lack of Diffusion of Ethnic Religions

a. These religions lacked missionaries

- Mingling of Ethnic and Universalizing Religions

a. Traditional African religious ideas and practices have been merged with

Christianity.

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b. Buddhism is the universalizing religion most mingled with ethnic religions.

c. Although Japan is a wealthy country with excellent record-keeping, the number of

Shintoists in the country is currently estimated at either 4 million or 100 million.

When responding to questionnaires, 4 million respond yes. However, when counting

those who attended festivals and holidays, they counted 100 million.

d. Ethnic religions can diffuse if adherents migrate to new locations for economic

reasons.

e. Mauritius, an island by Madagascar, has Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity.

- Judaism, An Exception

a. The diffusion of Jews is different because Judaism is practiced across many

countries, not just its hearth.

b. When Romans forced the Jews to disperse, it was known as diaspora. After

dispersing, they continued to practice in Europe, North Africa, and Asia.

c. Ghettos A city neighborhood set up by law to farce the inhabitance only to be

Jews.

C. Holy Places

An ethnic religion has a less widespread distribution because its holy place

relate to the mountains or rives.

A universalizing religion has holy cities relating to the founders life instead

of physical features.

a. Pilgrimage Journey for religious purposes.

1. Holy Places in Universalizing Religions

a. Buddhism and Islam place the most emphasis on identifying shrines. Places are

holy because they are a location of importance.

- Buddhist Shrines

a. 8 places are holy to Buddhists. 4 places are most important because they relate to

the Buddha in a small cluster in Northeast India.

1. Lumbini in Southern Nepal, where Buddha was born in 563 BC.

2. Bodh Gaya, where Buddha reached enlightenment.

3. Deer Park in Sarnath, where Buddha gave his first sermon.

4. Kusinagara, where Buddha died at age 80.

b. The four other location are important because they are where Buddhas principle

occurred.

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Sravasti is where Buddha performed his greatest miracle. He created

multiple images of himself and visited heaven.

Samkasya is where Buddha ascended to heaven, preached to his mother, then

returned to Earth,

Rajagrha is where Buddha tamed a wild elephant and after he died, is where

the first Buddhist Council met.

Vaisali is where Buddha said he would die and is where the second Buddhist

Council met.

- Holy Places in Islam

a. The cities associated with the life of Muhammad.

b. The holiest city is Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad.

c. In Makkah, the al-Kaba, a cube like structure stands in the center of the Great

Mosque, was built by Abraham and Ishmael containing a black stone given to

Abraham by God.

d. The second most holy location in Islam is Medina. This is where Muhammad first

received his support and is where his tomb is, in the second largest mosque.

e. The pilgrimage to Makkah is called a Hajj.

- Holy Places in Sikhism

a. Sikhims most holy structure, the Darbar Sahib, or Golden Temple, was built at

Amritsar, in Punjab, by Arjan, the fifth Guru, during the sixteenth century. The

Guru Granth Sahib is kept there.

b. In 1984, the Indian army attacked the Golden Temple at Amritsar and killed

approximately a thousand Sikhs defending the temple. In retaliation later that

year, Indias Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her guards,

who were Sikhs.

2. Holy Places in Ethnic Religions

a. One of the reasons why ethnic religions are highly clustered is that they are closely

tied to the physical geography.

- Holy Places in Hinduism

a. Ethnic religion of India.

b. Most holy shrines are on riverbanks or coastlines.

c. Their pilgrimage is known as a tirtha.

d. Hindu holy places are arranged into a hierarchy.

e. Relative importance of shrines is established by tradition, not by doctrine.

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f. Many Hindus make a tirtha to Mt. Kailas, which is holy because Siva lives there.

g. Hindus believe they achieve purification by bathing in holy rivers such as the

Ganges river in India. Hardwar is the most popular bathing spot.

h. Recent improvements in transportation have increased accessibility of shrines.

- Cosmogony in Ethnic Religions

a. Cosmogony A set of beliefs concerning the origin of the universe.

b. Chinese ethnic religions, such as Confucianism and Daoism, believe that the universe

is made up of yin and yang. The yin force is associated with earth, darkness,

female, cold, depth, passivity, and death. The yang force is associated with heaven,

light, male, heat, height, activity, and life. Yin and yang forces interact with each

other to achieve balance and harmony.

c. The universalizing religions believe that god created the universe, including man and

the environment. To serve god, humans must make use of the land by draining

rivers and cutting down forests.

d. Christians believe Earth was given by God to finish the task of creation.

e. Muslims believe humans are representatives of god in their deeds.

D. The Calendar

a. An ethnic religion is more clustered because the holidays are based on the

environment.

b. Universalizing religions are more dispersed because the holidays relate to the

founders not the seasons.

1. The Calendar in Ethnic Religions

a. Knowledge of the seasons is important in agriculture.

- The Jewish Calendar

a. Judaism is considered an ethnic religion because its holidays are based on events in

the agricultural calendar of Israel.

Pesach The liberation of the Jews from slavery. When farmers offered God

the first fruits of the Spring. Also known as Pssover.

Sukkot Hebrew word for booths, or temporary shelters. Final gathering of

the fruit for the year. Prayers for rain next year.

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Shavuot When Moses received the 10 commandments. End of the grain

harvest.

b. Lunar calendar. Add an extra month 7 out of every 19 years.

- The Solstice

a. Winter Solstice on December 21 and June 21.

b. Shortest day and longest night.

2. The Calendar in Universalizing Religions

- Islamic and Bahai Calendars

a. Islam uses a lunar calendar. In a 30 year cycle, the Islamic calendar has 19 years

with 354 days and 11 years with 355 days.

b. The Bahais uses a calendar established by the Bab that has 19 months of 19 days,

with 4 intercalary days (5 in leap years). The year begins on the first day of

Spring, March 21. Bahais are supposed to attend the Nineteen Day Feast, held on

the first day of each month to pray.

- Christian, Buddhist, and Sikh Holidays

a. Christians celebrate the resurrection of Jesus on Easter, observed on the first

Sunday after the full moon following the Spring equinox in late March. Protestant

and Roman Catholics use the Gregorian calendar, but Orthodox use the Julian

calendar.

b. Most Northern Europeans and North Americans associate Christmas with cold,

winters, but people in the Southern Hemisphere associate it with warm, hot

summers.

c. All Buddhists celebrate Buddhas birth, Enlightenment, and death. Japanese

Buddhists celebrate his birth on April 8, Enlightenment on December 8, and death

on February 15. Theravadist Buddhists celebrate them all on the same day, usually

in April.

d. The major holidays in Sikhism are the births and deaths of the 10 gurus. The tenth

guru, Gobind Singh, declared that after his death, instead of an eleventh guru, the

highest spiritual authority would be the Guru Granth Sahib. That is a major holiday,

when the Holy Granth was installed as the religions spiritual guide.

III. Why Do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns?

A. Places of Worship

a. Church, basilica, mosque, temple, pagoda, and synagogue

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1. Christian Churches

a. The word church derives from the Greek term meaning lord, master, and power.

It also refers to the gathering of believers.

b. The church is more prominent in Christianity because it is an expression of

religious beliefs and attendance is important.

c. The church was originally the tallest and largest building.

d. Orthodox churches were developed in the Byzantine Era and have highly ornate,

topped by domes. The Protestant churches are more simple and is decorated in

the assembly hall.

e. Early churches in the U.S. were built from wood (Northeast), brick (Southeast),

and adobe (Southwest). Stucco and stone were prominent in Latin America.

2. Places of Worship in Other Religions

a. Other religions do not consider their important buildings to be a place of

worship.

- Muslim Mosques

a. Muslims consider mosques to be places of assembly and are primarily found in

larger cities of the Muslim world.

b. A mosque is organized around a central courtyard. Surrounding it is a coister

used for school and non-religious activities. The minaret is a tower where the

muzzan summon people for worship.

- Hindu Temples

a. Important religious activities are more likely to take place at home. Temples are

built to house shrines, not to pray in.

b. The typical temple contains a small, dimly lit room with an artifact.

c. Size and frequency of temples is determined by the local population.

- Buddhist and Shintoist Pagodas

a. Visually attractive. Tall, many sided towers with balconies and slanted roofs. They

contain relics that are believed to be part of Buddhas body or clothing. These are

not built to worship.

- Bahai Houses of Worship

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a. The locations are not because of proximity, but have been dispersed across

different continents to dramatize the religion. They are open to all religions.

b. Built in Wilmette, Illinois, in 1953; Sydney, Australia, and Kampala, Uganda, both in

1961; Lagenhain, near Frankfurt, Germany, in 1964; Panama City, Panama, in 1972;

Tiapapata, near Apia, Samoa, in 1984; and New Delhi, India, in 1986. Also in Russia.

B. Sacred Space

1. Disposing of the Dead

- Burial

a. Christians, Muslims, and Jews bury the dead in a cemetery. Catacombs were used

to bury the early Christians. Some Christians bury the dead with their feet facing

Jerusalem.

b. Cremation is encouraged in China because cemeteries consume 10% of farmland.

- Other Methods of Disposing of Bodies

a. Hindus practice cremation. They wash the body in the Ganges river. Burial is only

for children and people with diseases. Cremation is an act of purification.

b. Zoroastrians expose the dead to wild birds and animals. Tibetan Buddhists reserve

cremation for the priests.

c. Water burial is used in some parts of Micronesia.

2. Religious Settlements

a. Early utopian settlements in the United States were Bethlehem, Pennsylvania;

Oneida, New York; Ephrata, Pennsylvania; Nauvoo, Illinois; and New Harmony,

Indiana.

b. The utopian movement started with the building of Salt Lake City by the Mormons.

c. Most utopian societies declined in importance and residents moved away.

3. Religious Place Names

a. In Qubec, a province with a predominantly Roman Catholic population, a large

number of settlements are named for saints, whereas relatively few religious

toponyms are found in predominantly Protestant Ontario, New York, and Vermont.

C. Administration of Space

a. Universalizing religions must be connected to ensure communication and

consistency.