MENU OF THE DAY
description
Transcript of MENU OF THE DAY
![Page 1: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MENU OF THE DAY
![Page 2: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
TEMPER SIZE
SPEED HEIGHT
![Page 3: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Enzymes’
![Page 4: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Enzyme Characteristic 1
Enzymes _________ __________ chemical reactions.
speed up
![Page 5: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Enzyme Characteristic 2
Tube A Tube B Tube C
Tube A Tube B Tube C
Contains H2O2 & sand H2O2 & liver H2O2 & liver
Observation
![Page 6: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Tube A Tube B Tube C
Minute amounts of enzymes is needed to speed up the rate of reaction, without being chemically changed at
the end of the reaction.
Enzymes are required in minute amounts.
![Page 7: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Maltase
Enzymes are required in minute amounts.
At the end of a chemical reaction, enzymes remain chemically unchanged and capable of catalysing more reactions.
Maltose
GluGlu
![Page 8: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Maltase
At the end of a chemical reaction, enzymes remain chemically unchanged and capable of catalysing more reactions.
Maltose
GluGlu
Enzymes are required in minute amounts.
![Page 9: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Maltase
At the end of a chemical reaction, enzymes remain chemically unchanged and capable of catalysing more reactions.
Maltose
GluGlu
Enzymes are required in minute amounts.
![Page 10: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Maltase
At the end of a chemical reaction, enzymes remain chemically unchanged and capable of catalysing more reactions.
Maltose
GluGlu
Enzymes are required in minute amounts.
![Page 11: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Maltase
Maltose
GluGlu
Hence, a minute amount of enzymes is enough to catalyse a chemical reaction.
Enzymes are required in minute amounts.Since enzymes remain chemically unchanged in the reactions they catalyse, the same enzyme can be used over and over again.
![Page 12: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Recall
How do we name enzymes?
Based on the substrate they act on!
![Page 13: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Enzymes are substrate specific.
Amylase Starch
Protease Proteins
Enzyme Characteristic 3
ACT ON
Lipids/ FatsLipase
Substrates
ACT ON
ACT ON
![Page 14: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Enzyme Characteristic 3
An Enzyme
![Page 15: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Active site
A depression on the surface of an enzyme molecule into which the substrate molecule(s) can fit
Enzyme Characteristic 3The specificity of an enzyme is due to its surface configuration or active site.
![Page 16: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Demonstration
![Page 17: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
According to the “lock and key” hypothesis, the enzyme action depends on the active site.
![Page 18: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Unsuitable substrate molecules will NOT FIT into the active site.Hence, the enzyme will not catalyse the reaction.
A
B
![Page 19: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
CD
CD
ONLY suitable substrate molecules will fit into the active site.The enzyme will then be able to catalyse the reaction.
![Page 20: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Only Only certain substratecertain substrate can fit the can fit the active siteactive site of of an enzyme.an enzyme.
![Page 21: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
locklock keykey
![Page 22: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
locklock
keykey
The formation of enzyme-substrate complex will lower the activation energy and brings about the necessary reactions converting the substrate molecules into product molecules.
![Page 23: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur.
Energy
Time
Activation energy for a reaction without a catalyst (enzyme)
What is Activation Energy?
reactants
products
![Page 24: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The energy that must be overcome in order for a chemical reaction to occur.
Energy
Time
Activation energy for a reaction with a catalyst (enzyme)
What is Activation Energy?
reactants
products
![Page 25: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Each enzyme is a molecule with a specific shape.
• On part of its surface is the active site (the lock)—a section where its substrate molecule (the key) fits exactly.
![Page 26: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
• When the substrate molecule is in position in the active site, the enzyme alters the substrate, splitting it into its product molecules.
![Page 27: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• The product molecules drift away from the enzyme molecule leaving its active site free to operate again.
![Page 28: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Hmm… enzymes seemed to be so powerful… Is there
anything that can affect it?
![Page 30: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What happens to the movement of the enzymes and substrates as temperature increases?
Why do you think the rate of enzymatic reaction increases as temperature increases?
Ans: The movement of the enzymes and substrates increases, resulting in higher collision rates.
Ans: The increase in collision rates results in an increase in the formation of enzyme-substrate complex, thereby resulting in an increase in the rate of enzymatic reaction.
![Page 36: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Which temperature do you think is the optimum temperature? What happens to the enzyme when the temperature exceeds that particular temperature? What do you think is the meaning of optimum temperature?
What does ‘denatured’ mean?
Ans: 40 °C. The enzymes are denatured. The optimum temperature is the temperature at which the enzyme is most active, catalysing the largest number of reactions per second.
Ans: Its structure had been irreversibly changed.
![Page 37: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Temperature0
1 Enzyme is less active at very low temperatures
2
As the temperature rises, rate of reaction increases due to increase in enzyme activity. The enzyme is twice as active for every 10°C rise in temperature until the optimum temperature is reached
3Enzyme is most active at its optimum temperature
4
Beyond optimum temperature, enzyme activity decreases
5
Zero enzyme activity lost its ability to catalyse the reaction
![Page 38: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
What happens to the enzymes as the pH increases above 7?
Which pH do you think is the optimum pH?
Ans: pH 7.
Ans: The enzymes began to denature.
What happens to the enzymes as the pH decreases above 7?
Ans: The enzymes began to denature.
At what pH levels are the enzymes completely denatured?
Ans: pH 4 and pH 9.
![Page 40: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Optimum pH usually at pH 7 but different enzymes have varying optimum pH
Some work best in slightly acidic solutions:- rennin and pepsin (stomach)
Some work best in slightly alkaline solutions – intestinal enzymes
![Page 41: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Denaturation
Denatured protein!Active site is lost!
Active site
It is the change in the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme or any other soluble protein, caused by heat or chemicals such as acids or alkalis.
![Page 42: MENU OF THE DAY](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062314/56813974550346895da10856/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
What we learn today.• Characteristics of Enzymes (Think: What are they?)
• What is Activation Energy?
• “Lock and Key” Hypothesis (Describe)
• Temperature and Enzymes (How does temperature influence the enzymes?)
• pH and Enzymes (How does pH influence the enzymes?)