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Mental pictures combined with information work to create graphic representations. Nonlinguistic...
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Transcript of Mental pictures combined with information work to create graphic representations. Nonlinguistic...
Mental pictures combined with
information work to create graphic representations.
Nonlinguistic Representations
1. Knowledge is Stored in Two Forms:
a.Linguistic- wordsb.Through Imagery- mental
pictures and physical sensations
2. Activities Which Produce Nonlinguistic
Representations
a.Making physical modelsb.Generating mental pictures
c. Drawing pictures and pictographs
d.Engaging in kinesthetic activity
3. Graphic Organizers
a. Descriptive Patterns: represent facts, (person, place, things,
events) b. Time Sequence Patterns
c. Cause/Effect Patternsd. Episode patterns
e. Concept Patterns: words or phrases that represent categories of facts.
f. Generalization/Principle Patterns
Graphic Organizers (GOs)
A graphic organizer is a tool or process to build word knowledge by relating similarities of meaning to the definition of a word. This can relate to any subject—math, history, literature, etc.
Why are Graphic Organizers Important?
• GOs connect content in a meaningful way to help students gain a clearer understanding of the material (Fountas & Pinnell, 2001, as cited in Baxendrall, 2003).
• GOs help students maintain the information over time (Fountas & Pinnell, 2001, as cited in Baxendrall, 2003).
How to Use Graphic Organizers in the Classroom
• Teacher-Directed Approach
• Student-Directed Approach
Teacher-Directed Approach
1. Provide a partially complete GO for students
2. Have students read instructions or information
3. Fill out the GO with students4. Review the completed GO5. Assess students using an incomplete
copy of the GO
Student-Directed Approach• Teacher uses a GO cover sheet with
prompts– Example: Teacher provides a cover sheet
that includes page numbers and paragraph numbers to locate information needed to fill out GO
• Teacher acts as a facilitator• Students check their answers with a
teacher copy supplied on the overhead
Strategies to Teach Graphic Organizers
• Framing the lesson• Previewing• Modeling with a think aloud• Guided practice• Independent practice• Check for understanding• Peer mediated instruction• Simplifying the content or structure of the GO
Types of Graphic Organizers
• Hierarchical diagramming
• Sequence charts
• Compare and contrast charts
A Simple Hierarchical Graphic Organizer
A Simple Hierarchical Graphic Organizer - example
Algebra
Calculus Trigonometry
Geometry
MATH
Another Hierarchical Graphic Organizer
Category
Subcategory Subcategory Subcategory
List examples of each type
Hierarchical Graphic Organizer – example
Algebra
Equations Inequalities
2x +
3 =
15
10y
= 10
04x
= 1
0x -
6
14 < 3x + 7
2x > y
6y ≠ 15
Category
What is it?Illustration/Example
What are some examples?
Properties/Attributes
What is it like?
Subcategory
Irregular set
Compare and Contrast
Positive Integers
Numbers
What is it?Illustration/Example
What are some examples?
Properties/Attributes
What is it like?
Fractions
Compare and Contrast - example
Whole Numbers Negative Integers
Zero
-3, -8, -4000
6, 17, 25, 100
0
Series of Definitions
Word = Category + Attribute
= +
Definitions: ______________________
________________________________
________________________________
Series of Definitions – example
Word = Category + Attribute
= +
Definition: A four-sided figure with four equal sides and four right angles.
Square Quadrilateral 4 equal sides & 4 equal angles (90°)
Graphic Organizer Summary
• GOs are a valuable tool for assisting students with LD in basic mathematical procedures and problem solving.
• Teachers should:– Consistently, coherently, and creatively
use GOs.– Employ teacher-directed and student-
directed approaches.– Address individual needs via curricular
adaptations.