Mental health Vs Mental illness
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Transcript of Mental health Vs Mental illness
MENTAL HEALTH VS MENTAL ILLNESS
NORMALITY AND ABNORMALITYSOCIO-CULTURAL Behaviour that is accepted in a particular society or culture, but
not in others
HISTORICAL Behaviour that is accepted, however it depends on the period
of time
SITUATIONAL Behaviour that is accepted in a particular situation
MEDICAL Abnormal behaviour has a biological cause and can be
diagnosed and treated
FUNCTIONAL Normal behaviour is if the individual can function effectively in
society
ABNORMAL? BY WHICH MEASURE?
ABNORMAL? BY WHICH MEASURE?
ABNORMAL? BY WHICH MEASURE?
NORMALITY AND ABNORMALITY - STATISTICAL Normal Distribution = behaviour in a large
group of individuals that is distributed in a particular way
Statistical Average = the majority that demonstrate this behaviour = normal
Statistical Extremity = the minority that demonstrate this behaviour = abnormal
NORMALITY AND ABNORMALITY - STATISTICAL
Normal behaviour = a characteristic that is common in a large group
Disadvantage: Not everyone is normal or average in all ways. It suggests there are distinct dividing lines between normal and abnormal behaviour.
Central Tendency (average) = most results being in the middle Mean = average of all the individual scores Average = add up all the scores / how many scores there are Median = the middle score of the group Mode = the most common score Range = spread of scores between the highest and lowest. Highest number-lowest number
Standard deviation = the average distance each score falls from the mean
THE BELL OR ‘NORMAL’ CURVE
NORMAL? STATISTICALLY?
NORMAL? STATISTICALLY?
ABNORMALITY – A WORKING DEFINITION Abnormality – pattern of thoughts feelings
and behaviours that are deviant, distressing and dysfunctional
Serial killer Ted Bundy who brutally murdered between 30 and 35 women during the 1970’s fits our definition of abnormality
MENTAL HEALTH VS MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental health – capacity to interact with others, cope effectively with problems and stress
Mental health problem - when the difficulties experienced by a person are mild, temporary and able to be treated within a relatively short period of time
Mental illness – psychological dysfunction that usually
involves impairment in coping ability with feeling and behaviours that are atypical and inappropriate within their culture
Mental illness can sometimes be referred to as a psychological dysfunction experienced by an individual and usually involving:
- Emotional distress- Impairment in the ability to cope with everyday life- Thoughts, feelings and/or behaviour that are not typical of the person or
appropriate within their society and/or culture
THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL FRAMEWORKMental health and wellbeing depends on a combination of biological, social and psychological factors
SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL DISORDERS Classification – organising items into groups based on their shared
characteristics
Categorical approaches – organises mental disorders into categories, each with specific symptoms and characteristics.
Diagnosis involves a comparison of patients symptoms to the listed symptoms within each category
Check your patients list against the lists in the DSM-IV to find a fit – then make diagnosis
Dimensional approaches – classifies symptoms quantitatively. The number of symptoms.
Diagnosis involves asking how much of a characteristic is normal, numerical values are assigned to each characteristic score
Measure all characteristics and the combination of scales that are statistically extreme might point to the type of illness being suffered
WHICH IS BEST? Often both are used
Categorical approach used to classify the symptoms
Dimensional approach used to determine the severity of these symptoms
CATEGORICAL APPROACHES
CATEGORICAL APPROACHES - ASSUMPTIONS Assumes that mental disorders can be
diagnosed from specific symptoms reported by the patient or observed by the professional
Thoughts feelings and behaviours can be categorised – certain categorisation relates to specific disorders
There are distinct sub categories within each disorder
All or nothing – they either have it or they don’t. You cant kind of have schizophrenia
The system must be valid and reliable
THE DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS IV-R
The system most widely used by mental health professionals throughout the world to identify and classify mental illnesses for the purposes of diagnosis is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or the DSM as it is more commonly called
An important feature of the DSM-IV-TR is that it does not suggest causes of specific disorders unless a cause can be definitely established
It simply names the disorders and describes them in specific terms
DSM – IV - TR 365 disorders comprehensively described (one for every
day of the year!) Grouped into 16 categories
Diagnosis matches patient symptoms to the disorder symptoms
Symptoms are considered characteristics of disorders to looking at these enables diagnosis
Inclusion criteria – symptoms that must be present for diagnosis
Exclusion criteria – symptoms that must not be present
Polythetic criteria – only some symptoms not all need to be present for diagnosis – eg. 3 0f the following 8
Provides info on the typical course of the disorder
THE DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS IV-R
Axis I: clinical disorders Symptoms that cause distress or significantly impair social or occupational functioning (such as anxiety disorders, depression)
Axis II: personality disorders and mental retardation Chronic and
enduring problems that generally persist throughout life and impair interpersonal or occupational functioning (such as multiple personality disorder)
Axis III: general medical condition Physical disorders that may be relevant
to understanding or treating a psychological disorder Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental problems (such as
interpersonal stressors and negative life events) that may affect the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis (prediction of the course of a disease) of psychological disorders
Axis V: global assessment of functioning The individual's overall level of
functioning in social, occupational and leisure
ICD – 10INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE
Diagnosis and classification of mental disorders based on recognised symptoms
Includes detailed description of each disorder listed
Identifies symptoms that indicate the presence of a disorder
The original text covered all of medical practice Chapter V covered mental disorders
Chapter V now printed as a separate book Less detailed than the DSM -IV
STRENGTHS / WEAKNESSES Allow diagnosis Help communication
Historically low inter-reliability Much better now with DSM-IV-R 70%
agreement between mental health professionals
Lots of overlap between symptoms can make diagnosis difficult
Stigma and labelling – Rosenham study! P431
DIMENSIONAL APPROACHES
DIMENSIONAL APPROACHES A dimension viewed as a cluster of related
psychological/behavioural characteristics that occur together
Quantifies persons symptoms and other characteristics with numerical values
These values are compared with the statistically ‘normal’ expected values for each characteristic
Lower scores equate to lower impairment Higher scores equate to higher impairment
STRENGTHS / WEAKNESSES Take into account a wider range of factors
than categorical approaches More detailed information on each symptom
– quantifying Reduced stigma as labelling not used instead
a profile is created
There is no standard inventory to compare scores to, thus diagnosis is difficult
Time consuming