Menopause Missing More than Periods · nearly thirty five years of life after menopause! Millions...

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Menopause & Missing More than Periods: Restoring Quality of Life with the Successful Treatment of Five Top Concerns Lynn Chadd, MSN, ARNP

Transcript of Menopause Missing More than Periods · nearly thirty five years of life after menopause! Millions...

Page 1: Menopause Missing More than Periods · nearly thirty five years of life after menopause! Millions of women in the USA have decided it is time to get serious about hormone balancing

Menopause & Missing More than Periods: Restoring Quality of Life with the Successful Treatment of Five Top Concerns

Lynn Chadd, MSN, ARNP

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In the olden days...

Menopause = hot flashesand night sweats = HRTRX

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…NOT ANYMORE

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Five Top Concerns of Menopause

• Fatigue• Weight gain (belly fat)• Depression and mood disturbances• Sleep disturbances• Cognition

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Educational Objectives

• Review the elements of menopause and the demographics for women entering this transition

• Understand the neuroendocrine imbalances that result in top 5 complaints in menopausal women

• Learn up‐to‐date diagnostic assessments and interpretation of these results

• Gain tried and true treatment applications for successful outcomes 

• Become versed in proper approach to monitoring bio identical hormones, assessing therapeutic progress for bone health, and assessing other integrative  interventions for top five complaints

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We’re not gettingany younger…

Women’s life expectancy has increased from age 47 in 1900 to age 81 by 2015. This translates into nearly thirty five years of life after menopause! Millions of women in the USA have decided it is time to get serious about hormone balancing and health optimization for the long‐term.(As the Baby Boomer population ages, an unprecedented 6000+ women are estimated to reach menopause every day)! 

Toro R. Global life expectancy (infographic), life expectancy around the world. Available from http://www.livescience.com/22005‐highest‐and‐lowest‐life‐expectancy‐at‐birth‐infographic.html. Accessed October 30, 2014.Mead JH, Lommen ET. Slim, Sane & Sexy: Pocket Guide to Natural, Bioidentical Hormone Balancing. Rancho Mirage, CA: Fountain of Youth Press: 2009.

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Menopause

• Impacts 25 million women worldwide each year• An estimated 1.2 billion women to be postmenopausal by 2030!

• Hormone response is different for each woman• Age 45‐60 years old• A woman may live half of her life without a menstrual period

• Cycling after the age of 55 increases a woman’s risk of breast cancer

Mead JH, Lommen ET. Slim, Sane & Sexy: Pocket Guide to Natural, Bioidentical Hormone Balancing. Rancho Mirage, CA: Fountain of Youth Press: 2009.American Cancer Society. What are the risk factors for breast cancer. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/BreastCancer/DetailedGuide/breast‐cancer‐risk‐factors . Accessibility verified October 16, 2012. Stephenson K , NeuenschwanderP, KurdowskaA.  The effects of compounded bioidentical transdermal hormone therapy on hemostatic, inflammatory, immune factors;  cardiovascular biomarkers; quality of Life Measures; and Health Outcomes in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women. International J of Pharmaceutical Compounding. Vol 17 NO 1. Jau/Feb 2013

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Major hormones that affect women during this transition and after

• Estrogens• Progesterone• Testosterone• DHEA• Cortisol

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Hormonal Decline with Menopause

Progesterone declines at a MUCH greater rate than estrogen during perimenopause

Lee J. What Your Doctor Didn’t Tell You About Menopause: Balance Your Hormones and Your Life from Thirty to Fifty. New York, NY: Warner Books; 2004.

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Ideal Progesterone to Estrogen Ratio

200‐600 for women

Lee J. What Your Doctor Didn’t Tell You About Menopause: Balance Your Hormones and Your Life from Thirty to Fifty. New York, NY: Warner Books; 2004.

Resolution of symptoms associated with estrogen dominance.  Associated with decreased risk of estrogen dependent cancers, Alzheimer’s, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease.

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Fournier A, et al. Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N‐EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer. 2005; 114: 448‐54

Inaccurate Generalization made byMany Practitioners (because they both bind the progesterone receptors) 

Progestins are not Progesterone• They have a different molecular structure• Progestins do not have the same effects as bio‐identical progesterone

• Progestins have many negative side effects• Progesterone has positive disease‐preventative effects

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Progesterone v Progestin

Progesterone Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

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Testing for Women Needing BHRT

Salivary hormone testing• Establish baseline levels:

• Comprehensive Panel (8 hormone panel)– E2, Pg, T, DHEA, four timed cortisols

• Comprehensive Plus Panel (10 hormone panel)– addition of E1 and E3 and EQ to the 8 hormone panel

• DHT (hirsutism, hair loss, acne)

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Five most common complaints...Where to begin?

• Treat root causes: neuroendocrine imbalances

• Hormonal• Adrenal• Neurotransmitter

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Testing Recommended for:  Fatigue Weight Gain Depression IBS Low Libido

Adrenal Function Panel(Four timed cortisol & DHEA, saliva)

Hormones(Estrone, Estradiol, Estriol, Progesterone,Testosterone, DHEA, saliva)

Neurotransmitters(Dopamine, Serotonin, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine,urine)

‐ ‐

DNA Testing(saliva)

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Serum Testing(CMP, CBC, Thyroid, Vit D, Lipids, Ferritin)

Laboratory Testing for Top Five Complaints

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Laboratory Testing: Saliva

• Salivary hormones• Timing of collection:

• Pre‐menopausal:  mid‐luteal surge (days 19‐23 of a 28 day cycle)

• Peri‐menopausal:  may try to catch mid‐luteal surge• Post‐menopausal:  any day

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Laboratory Testing: Serum

• Thyroid panel• TSH, fT3, fT4, with antibody considerations (TPO, Tg Ab)

• CMP and CBC• Ferritin• 25‐OH‐VIT D• Lipids (VAP)

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Laboratory Testing: Urine

• Neurotransmitters: • Serotonin• GABA• Dopamine• Norepinephrine• Epinephrine• Glutamate

Consider when hormones are balanced but symptoms persist, when utilizing hormonal birth control without intent to discontinue, and when severe mood concerns are present

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Fatigue

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Fatigue: Testing & Evaluation

• Salivary hormones:  Estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, diurnal cortisols

• Urinary neurotransmitters:  Serotonin, GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, glutamate

• Initial Serum: CBC, CMP, TSH, fT3, fT4, ferritin, Vitamin D  • Additional considerations: Iron study, B12, folate, thyroid antibodies 

• Future considerations may include sleep study• Future consideration may include genetic (MTHFR) testing.

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Menopausal Fatigue

• Described as ‘crashing fatigue’• When feeling of weakness, exhaustion and reduced energy suddenly overwhelms a woman

• Can come at any time; not related to exertion and not related to being sleepy or drowsy

• Even after a good night’s sleep

Due to hormonal fluctuationsDue to low estrogensDue to disrupted sleep patterns

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Caused by Temporary Hormonal Imbalance

Physical Symptoms• Crashing fatigue after eating• Sudden crashing fatigue• Muscle fatigue• Drowsiness

Hutchinson, Susan MD The stages of a Woman's Life: Menstruation, Pregnancy, Nursing, Perimenopause, Menopause Nov 2007Love Susan MD, Menopause and Hormone Book New York Three rivers Press 2003BMJ Group Menopause; What is it? Patient education 2007

Mental Symptoms• Decreased wakefulness• Decreased attention• Apathy• Irritability• Memory lapses• Trouble concentrating

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Fatigue is also one of the primary complaints with adrenal dysfunction

• Very low circulating cortisol is associated with debilitating fatigue.

• People who report more nocturnal awakenings had flatter cortisol curves.

• Low morning cortisol means higher levels of fatigue and physical symptoms later that day. 

Cleare AJ. The neuroendocrinology of chronic fatigue syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2003 Apr;24(2): 236‐52.Kumari M, et al. Cortisol secretion and fatigue: associations in a community based cohort. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Nov;34(10):1476‐85.Hansen AM, et al. Salivary cortisol and sleep problems among civil servants.Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 Dec 29.

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Adrenal status prior to menopause predicts presence of and intensity of many menopausal symptoms.

The lower the adrenal function the worse the menopausal symptoms.

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Adrenal Treatment Guidelines

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Adrenal Fatigue with Dysregulation of Cortisol

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A Typical Treatment Plan

• Needs energy and activation:  Ashwaganda 500 mg daily or• Needs a calming affect:  Rhodiola 100 mg twice daily• Vitamin C 1000 mg twice daily• Methylated B vitamins• Vitamin D3 5000 IU daily—check levels• Probiotic• Rest• Eat regular meals throughout the day• Take a look at relationships, work, lifestyle, etc.• Can take up to 1‐2 years to resolve adrenal fatigue.

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Fatigue and Neurotransmitters

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome has been shown to have an integral central fatigue component. • “As brain function appears to be dependent upon the interaction of a number of systems, it is unlikely that a single neurotransmitter system is responsible for central fatigue.”

• Serotonin• Dopamine• Norepinephrine & Epinephrine• Acetylcholine

Meeusen R, Watson P, Hasegawa H, Roelands B, PiacentiniMF. Brain neurotransmitters in fatigue and overtraining.  Appl Physiol NutrMetab. 2007 Oct;32(5):857‐64Davis, J. M., & Bailey, S. P. (1997). Possible mechanisms of central nervous system fatigue during exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 29(1), 45‐57.

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Weight Gain

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Menopausal metabolism

• Hormones• Genetics

• Lifestyle

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Baby Boomers and Belly Fat

On average, women gain between 12 and 15 pounds between the ages of 45 and 55 …when menopause typically occurs. 

• 65‐80% are either obese or overweight (10 to 30 pounds over a healthy weight)

• 78% of Americans not meeting basic activity level recommendations

• 25% completely sedentary

NCHSwww.cdc.gov  overweight and obesityLove, Susan M.D. Dr. Susan Love’s Menopause and Hormone Book. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2003

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Body fat % change with age, gender and menopausal status

From puberty and beyond the body fat % is greater in women than in men and is greater in postmenopausal women (lined bar) compared with premenopausal.

Cooke PS, Naaz A. Role of estrogens in adipocyte development and function. Exp BiolMed. December 2004 229(11):1127‐1135.

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Postmenopausal women have higher central body fat when compared to premenopausal women

• Gambacciani M, Cipaoni M, Cappagli B, De Simone L, Genazzani AR. Climacteric modifications in body weight and fat tissue distribution. Climacteric, 1999, 2, 37‐44.

• Tchernof A, Poehlman ET, Despres JP. Body fat distribution, the menopause transition, and hormone replacement therapy. Diabetes Metab. 2000 Feb;26(1):12‐20.

• Panotopoulos G, Raison J, Ruiz JC, Guy‐Grand B, Basdevant A. Weight gain at the time of menopause. Hum. Reprod. 1997 12(Suppl 1): 126‐133.

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Estrogen Regulates Adipose Deposition

• During puberty, estrogen is responsible for increase in number of adipose cells deposited subcutaneously.

• Estrogen inhibits visceral abdominal fat in premenopausal women by decreasing lipogenesis in that specific area.

Cooke PS, Naaz A. Role of estrogens in adipocyte development and function. Exp BiolMed. December 2004 229(11):1127‐1135.

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Laboratory

• Insulin Resistance (Hyperinsulinemia) is suggested by:• Fasting Glucose >90• Fasting insulin >10• Reduced fasting glucose/insulin ratio <4.5• Insulin level at 2 hrs is 5x or greater the fasting insulin level

• High‐range or high salivary DHEA

Metter EJ, et al. Glucose and Insulin Measurements from the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and Mortality Prediction. Diabetes Care. 2008 May; 31(5):1026‐30. GranberryMC, Fonseca VA. Insulin resistance syndrome: Options for treatment. South Med J. 1999. 92:2‐14Mack R, et al. Fasting Insulin Levels as a Measure of Insulin Resistance  in American Blacks. J Med. 2003;34(1‐6):31‐8. 

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Hormones and Insulin Resistance

• Estrogen imbalances• High free androgens (high range DHEA and/or testosterone)

Lindheim SR, Presser SC, Ditkoff EC et al. A possible bimodal effect of estrogen on insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women and the attenuating effect of added progestin.  Fert and Steril. 1993. 60(4):664‐7.Livingstone C, Collison M. Sex steroids and insulin resistance.  Clinical Science. 2002. 102(151‐166).

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Estrogen and Adipose

• As estrogen levels decrease, abdominal adipose cells increase in number as well as size.

• Estrogen replacement (when deficient) can reverse abdominal adipose deposition.

Haarbo J, Marslew U, GotfredsenA, Christiansen C. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy prevents central distribution of body fat after menopause.  Metabolism1991 40:1323‐1326.Mattiasson I, Rendell M, Tornquist C, Jeppsson S, HulthenUL. Effects of estrogen replacement therapy on abdominal fat compartments as related to glucose and lipid metabolism in early postmenopausal women. HormMetab Res. 2002 Oct;34(10):583‐8

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Estrogen and Insulin Resistance

• Studies of effects of estrogen on insulin sensitivity indicate that too little or too much estrogen contributes to insulin resistance.

• Insulin resistance is a significant player in controlling all of these 5 symptoms. 

• High insulin levels cause increase in estrogen and testosterone—vicious cycle.

Lindheim SR, Presser SC, Ditkoff EC et al. A possible bimodal effect of estrogen on insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women and the attenuating effect of added progestin.  Fert and Steril. 1993. 60(4):664‐7.Livingstone C, Collison M. Sex steroids and insulin resistance.  Clinical Science. 2002. 102(151‐166).

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Adipose Increases Estrogen

• Adipose cells increase estrogen levels through aromatization.  The conversion of testosterone and DHEA to estrone (E1)/estradiol (E2).

• So while low E2 can contribute to weight gain, weight gain can, in turn, contribute to E2 and E1 production.

• Again…vicious cycle.

Nelson LR, Bulun SE. Estrogen production and action. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001 Sep;45(3):S116‐24.

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Progesterone & Weight Gain

• Progesterone is thermogenic, it increases core temperature and energy expenditure.  It helps to burn fat for energy.

• Progesterone acts as a diuretic and insufficiency leads to water retention and bloating.

• Progesterone promotes good sleep—also important for weight loss.

Lee JH. 2004PanotopoulosG, Raison J, Ruiz JC, Guy‐Grand B, Basdevant A. Weight gain at the time of menopause. Hum. Reprod. 1997 12(Suppl 1): 126‐133.

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Kraschnewski JL, Boan J, Esposito J. Int J Obes (Lond). Long‐term weight loss maintenance in the United States.  2010 Nov; 34(11):1644‐54.

Long Term Weight Loss Success

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Weight Gain

• Sex hormone, adrenal, and thyroid imbalances• Altered glucose/insulin metabolism • Sleep dysfunction• Poor gut health• Slowed metabolism• SAD lifestyle and habits• Feelings of hopelessness and depleted motivations

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DNA Testing for Obesity “Genes”

Gene & RoleFTO:  Human fat mass and obesity associated gene Regulation of metabolism and satiety   MC4R:   Melanocortin 4 receptor            Regulation of satiation and meal frequency

ADRB2:  Beta adrenergic receptors                             Sensitivity to carbohydrates and stress

FABP2: Fatty Acid Binding Protein 2     Fat absorption and insulin regulation of sugar

SH2B1                                                                                Regulation of insulin and leptin systems

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Generalized Treatment Approach (and/or Clinical Pearls)

• Patients need to be encouraged at every visit to improve their diets.

• Encourage good whole foods and the other (not so healthy foods) will decrease in the diet naturally.

• Refined carbohydrates and sugar are basically evil and should be avoided!

• Eat foods that increase energy and brain function.  • Avoid foods that cause sluggishness.• Eat regularly• Limit Alcohol

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Summary for Weight Gain

• Optimize adrenals• Balance sex hormones: Estrogen, progesterone and androgens (testosterone and DHEA)

• Improve sleep quality• Identify genetic tendencies• Treat the individual‐avoid deprivation response

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KD—First VisitSeptember 9th

• KD is an almost 49 year old woman who comes in to discuss severe menopausal symptoms.  She is having multiple hot flashes during the day and night sweats. Her sleep is horrible and she feels really fatigued. She has mood swings and irritability. She does not eat well and has a stressful job/home life. She manages several properties for she and her husband.  She is on anti‐depressants‐‐but continues to have significant anxiety.  She is on Plaquenil for a history of RA.  She smokes about 5 cigarettes a day. She is also on Ambien at bedtime.  She is currently having a period about every 2 months.

• KD brought all of her current lab results from her PCP 6 weeks prior to our appointment and all were WNL (CBC, Comprehensive Chemistry, Ferritin, TSH, T4, and T3).  Her blood sugar was elevated (120) and both her total cholesterol and triglycerides were mild to moderately elevated.  

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Assessment

• Symptomatic menopausal or female climacteric states [ 627.2 ]• Severe

• Dysmetabolic syndrome X [ 277.7 ]• Borderline elevated glucose

• Chronic fatigue syndrome [ 780.71 ]• Sleep disturbances [ 780.5 ]• Major depressive affective disorder, recurrent episode, severe, without mention of psychotic behavior [ 296.33 ]

• Generalized anxiety disorder [ 300.02 ]• Rheumatoid arthritis [ 714.0 ]

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Plan• Progesterone 20 mg/0.1 ml of lipoderm topical cream [Compounded: CSP]

• Apply topically twice daily.• Dispense : 6 milliliter refills : 2, compounded, cannot be substituted, Faxed to CSP: 9/9/2014

• The Big One without Iron 1 cap(s)  ‐ Metabolic Nutrients• 1.0  capsule(s), once a day, with meals, oral

• Vitamin D3 5000 IU  ‐ Thorne• 1.0  capsule(s), once a day, with meals, oral

• Estro‐Px  ‐ Restorative Formulations• 2.0  capsule(s), once a day, oral

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Diet/Exercise

• Anti‐inflammatory diet discussed at length, Advised to avoid the following foods:, gluten, dairy, corn, soy, sugar and sugar substitutes‐‐except natural Stevia. Exercise encouraged for 30 minutes 5‐6 times a week. Encouraged to drink 2 quarts of water daily

• Discussed her diet at length. Encouraged to start by eating breakfast daily, try to eat something every 3‐4 hours, and cutting out as many simple carbohydrates as she can. Recommended the Abascal Way‐‐eating to quiet inflammation.

• Discussed the concept of “cleaning up” her diet in terms of less food additives, dyes,  MSG, artificial sweeteners etc.

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KD—Follow up visit November 17th

Kellie comes in to review her results. She is feeling much better. The hot flashes have reduced considerably.  She has eliminated approximately 80% of the sugar, wheat, and dairy from her diet.  She has lost 14#.  She had a follow up with her PCP and her blood sugar dropped from 120 to 99. Her mood is improved and she is sleeping better.

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Saliva test results—she collected before starting the Progesterone cream

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Adjustments to the Plan• Progesterone 25 mg/0.2 ml lipoderm topical cream [Compounded: CSP]

• Apply 0.2 ml of cream, topically, twice daily.• Dispense : 12 milliliter refills : 4, compounded, cannot be substituted, Faxed to CSP: 11/17/2014

• The Big One without Iron 1 cap(s)  ‐ Metabolic Nutrients• 1.0  capsule(s), once a day, with Meals, oral

• Vitamin D3 5000 IU  ‐ Thorne• 1.0  capsule(s), once a day, with meals, oral

• Estro‐Px  ‐ Restorative Formulations• 2.0  capsule(s), once a day, oral

• Biotin 2500 mcg• 1.0  tablet(s), once a day

• Rhodiola 100mg  ‐ Thorne• 1.0  capsule(s), twice a day, oral

• Follow up in 6 months to repeat Comprehensive Plus panel or prn.

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Depression

Page 54: Menopause Missing More than Periods · nearly thirty five years of life after menopause! Millions of women in the USA have decided it is time to get serious about hormone balancing

Carroll BJ, Fielding JM, Blashki TG. Depression rating scales: a critical review. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973; 28:361‐366.ZungWWK. A self‐rating depression scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1965;12:63‐70.

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Depression and Mood Concerns

• The rate of antidepressant use in the United States has increased nearly 400% over the last two decades. 

• 20% of women aged 45‐64 take antidepressants (more than any other age‐sex group)

• Women in this generation are often working full time +, managing their home, taking care of teenage kids or having kids move back in, and dealing with ailing and/or difficult parents.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States, 2013. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus10.pdf. Accessibility verified October 30, 2014.

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Neurotransmitters, Hormones and Mood

• Estrogen:• Increases production and synaptic concentration of  serotonin• Increases serotonin receptor levels• Is a dopamine modulator, enhancing activity of dopamine

• Progesterone:• GABA agonist

Must have adequate levels of hormones and NTs for successful relationships

Shepherd, Janet. Effects of Estrogen on Cognition, Mood and Degenerative Brain Diseases. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2001;41(2). 

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Neurotransmitter testing provides successful assessment and treatment interventions for:

• Anxiety 

• Depression

• Fatigue

• Insomnia 

• Addictions

• Weight loss

• Cravings and poor impulse control  

• Cognitive impairment  (poor memory, lack of mental clarity, inability to focus) 

• Chronic pain

• Headaches

• IBS

• Libido

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Importance of Testingz

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Sleep Disturbances

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Menopause and sleep

• From peri to post‐menopause, women report the most sleeping problems including:

• Hot flashes/Night sweats• Mood disorders• Insomnia• Sleep‐disordered breathing

• Sleep problems contribute to weight concerns, fatigue, depression and anxiety

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Over 60% of postmenopausal women report insomnia symptoms!

National Sleep Foundation. http://Sleepfoundation.org/sleep‐topics/menopause‐and‐sleep.  Accessibility verified 12/8/2014

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Sleep Aids

• More women than men use sleep aids • The age group with the highest prevalence of sleep aids is 50‐59 second only to ages 80+

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Quality sleep?

• Prescription sleep aides are typically hypnotics and tend to inhibit deep natural sleep

• Prescription sleep aides may be effective at initiating sleep but may not effect sustained sleep

• Controlled release Ambien commonly prescribed for sleep unless taken in controlled release form (Ambien)—not recommended.  It is a hypnotic and has many side effects such as daytime sleepiness, sleep‐walking, sleep‐eating, memory lapses, and hallucinations

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An Alternative…

• Progesterone supplementation: PO or SL• When progesterone is delivered orally, the vast majority is metabolized to allopregnanolone at first pass.  Allopregnanaolone works at GABA receptors, allowing for an easier time falling asleep and staying asleep

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Progesterone prevents sleep disturbances and modulates GH, TSH, and melatonin secretion in postmenopausal women. 

CONCLUSIONS:• Progesterone had no effect on undisturbed sleep but restored normal sleep when sleep was disturbed (while currently available hypnotics tend to inhibit deep sleep), acting as a "physiologic" regulator rather than as a hypnotic drug. Use of progesterone might provide novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of sleep disturbances, in particular in aging where sleep is fragmented and of lower quality.

Caufriez A, et al. Clin EndocrinolMetab. 2011 Apr;96(4):E614‐23. 

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Sleep Hygiene• Avoid going to bed unless you are sleepy. If 

you’re not sleepy at bedtime, then do something else to relax your body and distract your mind.

• Begin rituals that help you relax each night before bed. This can include activities such as a warm bath, a light snack, or a few minutes of reading.

• Get a full night’s sleep on a regular basis. 

• Keep to a regular schedule.

• Avoid going to bed hungry, but also avoid eating a big meal near bedtime. A few grams of protein before bed can be helpful.

• Avoid any alcohol within 6 hours of your bedtime. 

• Avoid sleeping pills. If you are using sleeping aids regularly, even over the counter, consult your physician. 

• Avoid any strenuous exercise within 6 hours of your bedtime.

• If you are not asleep after 20 minutes then get out of bed and find something else to help you feel relaxed. Keep the bed for sleeping.

• Wake up at the same approximate time each morning; even on weekends and holidays.

• Avoid taking naps if you can especially after 3pm. 

• Avoid any caffeine after lunch.

• Avoid reading, writing, working, eating, watching TV, talking on the phone, or playing cards in bed. 

• Avoid cigarettes or any other source of nicotine before bedtime.

• Make your bedroom quiet, dark and a little bit cool. Turn your clock away from you, turn off computers, etc. 

• Clear your mind...keep a bedside journal to jot things down that may worry you. 

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Other considerations…

• Melatonin 3‐6 mg—taken about 6‐7 PM• 5‐HTP 100 mg• Chamomile tea before bed• Turn off the TV, computers, tablets, and turn down the lights when getting ready for bed

• Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)(root) 400 mg• Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata)(flower) 200 mg• Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)(leaves) 200 mg• German Chamomile (Matricaria recutita)(flower) 200 mg• Gamma‐Amino Butyric Acid 100 mg• L‐Theanine 100 mg

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Cognition

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Cognitive Decline

• Forgetfulness and cognitive decline is among the most common reported symptom during menopause.

• The SWAN study found that peri‐menopausal women were 1.4 times as likely to report forgetfulness than premenopausal women

• Another study of 230 women ages 33‐55 found that 60% noticed unfavorable memory changes.

• The latest statistic on dementia is that it will affect one out of every 6 women!

Gold EB, Sternfeld B, Kelsey JL, et al. Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multi‐racial / ethnic population of women 40‐55 years of age. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 152:463‐73.

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Estrogen and the Brain

• Estrogen reduces cognitive decline and improves symptoms in women who have undergone surgical menopause.

• Estrogen replacement has been shown to improve memory and cognition in women with Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

• Depending on timing of therapy, ERT may modulate the risk of developing AD.

Phillips, S.M., Sherwin, B.B., 1992. Effects of estrogen on memory function in surgically menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology17, 485–495.Wharton W, Baker LD, Gleason CE, Dowling M, Barnet JH, Johnson S, Carlsson C, Craft S, Asthana S.  Short‐term hormone therapy with transdermal estradiol improves cognition for postmenopausal women with Alzheimer's disease: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;26(3):495‐505.Craig MC, Murphy DG. Estrogen therapy and Alzheimer's dementia. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 Sep;1205:245‐53. 

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Estrogen and the Brain

• Estrogen affects brain function by:• Increasing synaptic and dendritic density in the hippocampus.

• Decreasing cellular aging by antagonizing effects of oxidants.

• Affecting neurochemical systems and neurotransmitter levels.

Phillips SM, Sherwin BB. Effects of estrogen on memory function in surgically menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1992. 17, 485–495.Norbury R, Cutter WJ, Compton J, Robertson DM, Craig M, Whitehead M, Murphy DG. The neuroprotective effects of estrogen on the aging brain. ExperimGeront. 2003. 38:109‐117.

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The hippocampus

The hippocampus is part of the limbic system in the brain and is primarily responsible for storing long term memories.

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The hippocampus

• Estrogen receptors are abundant in the hippocampus, therefore estrogen is central to learning and memory.

• Estrogens regulate synaptogenesis in the hippocampus.• Rats show marked decline in synaptic spine density after bilateral oophorectomy.

• Synaptic spine density is significantly improved with administration of estrogens.

McEwen BS. Invited review: Estrogens effects on the brain: Multiple sites and molecular mechanisms. J Appl Physiol 2001;91:2785‐801.Norbury R, Cutter WJ, Compton J, Robertson DM, Craig M, Whitehead M, Murphy DG. The neuroprotective effects of estrogen on the aging brain. Experim Geront. 2003. 38:109‐117.

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Neurotransmitters:  Acetylcholine is an important neurotransmitter related to learning and memory.

• Estrogen increases the enzyme choline–acetyl transferase and stimulates synthesis of acetylcholine.

• Women taking ERT were shown to have better cholinergic function than those who had never taken ERT.

• Acetylcholine production is greatly decreased in AD patients.

Bartus RT, Dean RL, 3rd, Beer B, Lippa AS 1982 The cholinergic hypothesis of geriatric memory dysfunction. Science 217:408‐414Gabor R, Nagle R, Johnson DA, Gibbs RB.  Estrogen enhances potassium‐stimulated acetylcholine release in the rat hippocampus. Brain Res. 2003 Feb 7;962(1‐2):244‐7.Van Amelsvoort T, Murphy DGM, Robertson D, Daly E, Whitehead  M, Abel K. Effects of long‐term estrogen replacement therapy on growth hormone response to pyridostigmine in healthy postmenopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003. 28,101‐112.

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Neurotransmitter support:  Serotonin

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter derived from tryptophan that is commonly thought to contribute to happiness and feelings of well being.• Estrogen upregulates the serotonin receptor with short term administration. 

• Serotonergic tone may be increased in young women and post menopausal women taking ERT compared with those who have not.

Greendale GA, Derby CA, Maki PM. Perimenopause and cognition. ObstetGynecol Clin N Am 2011. 38:519‐535.

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General Treatment GuidelinesPost assessment treatment guidelines

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Hormone BalancingEvaluate the patient’s symptoms in relationship to the results of the Comprehensive Hormone Panel

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Transdermal Dosage Guidelines

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Monitoring BHRT

• Retest salivary levels 2‐3 months after consistent use of BHRT (estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, DHEA) to ensure balanced levels

• Repeat salivary testing (adrenal panel) within 3‐6 months if utilizing hydrocortisone as a therapy 

• Once balanced (levels and symptoms) yearly monitoring thereafter 

• Recheck sooner with return/onset of new symptoms

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Stephenson K, NeuenschwanderP, KurdowskaA; The effects of coumpounded bioidentical transdermal hormone therapy on hemostatic, inflammatory, immune factors: cardiovascular biomarkers; quality‐of‐life measures; and health outcomes in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.  Int J Pharm Comp.  Jan/Feb 2013; 17:1

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Adrenal Treatment Guidelines

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Supporting NeurotransmittersEvaluate the patient’s symptoms in relationship to the results of the Neurotransmitter Panel

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Neurotransmitter Pathways

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Genetic Testing:  23andme.comMethylation is an essential element of the neurotransmitter pathways

• Several Functions of Methylation:• Turn on and off genes (gene regulation)• Process chemicals, endogenous and xenobiotic compounds (biotransformation)

• Build neurotransmitters (norepinephrine  epinephrine, serotonin melatonin)

• Metabolize neurotransmitters (dopamine, epinephrine)• Process hormones (estrogen)• Build immune cells (T cells, NK cells)• DNA and Histone Synthesis (Thymine aka 5‐methyluracil)• Produce energy (CoQ10, carnitine, creatine, ATP)• Produce protective coating on nerves (myelination)• Build and maintain cell membranes (phosphatidylcholine)

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Lifestyle Considerations

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Peri and post‐menopause: Nutrient and botanical support• Vitamin E: 400‐800 i.u. daily

• Reduce hot flashes and night sweats while providing immune and cardiovascular support

• B complex• Vitamin C• Magnesium:  300‐400 mg QD• Evening primrose oil:  500 mg QD• Black Cohosh: 40‐80 mg QD

• Relief of hot flashes, headaches, heart palpitations and anxiety 

Chenoy R, et al. Effect of oral gamolenic acid  from evening primrose oil on menopausal flushing. BMJ. 1994; 308:501‐03.Zierau O, et al. Antiestrogenicactivities of cimicifuga racemosa extracts. J Steroid BiochemMol Biol. 2002; 80: 125‐30.Ziaei S, et al. The effect of vitamin E on hot flashes in menopausal women. GynecolObstet Invest. 2007; 64: 204‐07.

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Peri and Post‐Menopause: Lifestyle and Diet

Lifestyle considerations• Regular exercise• Stress management• Weight management• Counseling

Ivarsson T, et al. Physical exercise and vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 1998; 29: 139‐46.

Dietary considerations• Reduce intake of alcohol, caffeine, salt, sugar, refined carbohydrates, dairy, and animal protein

• Increase intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, fish, and flax

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