Mendel and the gene idea - Instructure

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10/30/2017 1 Mendel and the gene idea Chapter 11 Good to know Concepts of Mendelian genetics Laws segregation and independent assortment Multiplication and addition rules for predicting genetic outcomes Extensions of Mendelian genetics Pedigrees Dominant and recessive disorders What’s in your genes? Earlobes Dimples Tongue Rolling Cleft Chin Hair Line Freckles Hair Appearance Hand Clasping Second Toe PTC Tasting Thumb Allergies Color blindness Vulcan Sign

Transcript of Mendel and the gene idea - Instructure

Page 1: Mendel and the gene idea - Instructure

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Mendel and the gene ideaChapter 11

Good to know

• Concepts of Mendelian genetics• Laws segregation and independent assortment

• Multiplication and addition rules for predicting genetic outcomes

• Extensions of Mendelian genetics

• Pedigrees

• Dominant and recessive disorders

What’s in your genes?

• Earlobes

• Dimples

• Tongue Rolling

• Cleft Chin

• Hair Line

• Freckles

• Hair Appearance

• Hand Clasping

• Second Toe

• PTC Tasting

• Thumb

• Allergies

• Color blindness

• Vulcan Sign

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Early concepts of inheritance

• Blending hypothesis• Parental traits blended together in the offspring

• Over time, what would happen?

• Particulate hypothesis• Parents passed on discrete heritable units

• Genes like cards in a deck

Enter Gregor Mendel (1822‐1884)

• Father of Genetics• Published findings in 1866

• Research ignored until 20 years after death

Exemplary use of scientific method

• Hypothesis based on observation

• Meticulous experiments and data collection• 28,000 pea plants

• Developed conclusions based on the data

• Research supported the particulate hypothesis 

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Pea: character and trait

• Character – heritable feature that varies among individuals

• Trait – variant for a character

Genetic terminology

• True breeding• If self pollinated – always produced trait

• Hybridization• results of crossing 2 true breeding plants with different traits

• P generation

• F1 generation (filial)

• F2 generation

Quick look at Mendel’s experimental model

Concept of dominant and recessive traits

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Mendel's Model and deductions

• Alternate versions of a ‘heritably factor’ (gene) account for variations in inherited characteristics

• An organism inherits two copies of a gene, one from each parent

• If the two alleles at a locus differ, then the dominant gene will determine the organisms appearance

• The two alleles of a heritable character separate from each other during gamete formation

Support for law of segregation

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More genetic terminology

• Allele

• Homozygous

• Heterozygous

• Dominant

• Recessive

• Phenotype

• Genotype

Group activity

• I have a organism that displays the dominant phenotype.  How can I determine its’ genotype?

What am it…….I really wannaknow

Law of independent assortment

• Different characters (genes) can be inherited independently of one another (caveat – only if they are on different chromosomes or far apart on same chromosome)

• Mendel’s experiment • Dihybrid cross

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Mendelian inheritance governed by probability

• Probability – the odds that a specific event, or set of events, will occur

• Multiplication rule• Answers question – what are the odds that two or more independent events will occur together in a specific combination?

• What are the odds that if I flip two coins, both will be heads?

• Multiply odds of 1 event occurring by the odds of the second event occurring. 

Probablility Problem

• What are the odds that the offspring of a cross between two heterozygous individuals will express a recessive trait?

• What are the odds that the offspring of a cross between two heterozygous individuals will be heterozygous?

• Set up a Punnett Square ‐ does it verify your answers?

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Probability for heterozygous combinations

• Addition Rule – get the desired outcome in more than one way• Probability that two mutually exclusive events will occur

• Adding the individual probabilities together

• What are the odds that the offspring of a cross between two heterozygous individuals will be heterozygous?

• PpYyRr x Ppyyrr

• What fraction from this cross is predicted to exhibit the recessive phenotype for at least two of the three characteristics?

• Step 1 – list all possible genotypes that meet the criteria.

PpYyRr x Ppyyrr

Possible genotypes Probability of each event(multiplication rule)

ppyyRr ¼ x ½ x ½  1/16

ppYyrr ¼ x ½ x ½  1/16

Ppyyrr ½ x ½ x ½  2/16    (1/8)

PPyyrr ¼ x ½ x ½  1/16

ppyyrr ¼ x ½ x ½  1/16

Chance of at least two recessive traits (addition rule) 6/16    (3/8)

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Beyond Mendelian genetics

• When alleles are not completely dominant or recessive

• When a particular gene has more than two alleles

• When a single gene produces multiple phenotypes

Degrees of dominance

• Complete (Mendelian rules apply)

• Incomplete dominance• Neither allele is completely dominant

• Phenotype of offspring ‘blending’ of parental phenotypes

• Codominance• Both alleles are dominant

• Phenotype of offspring displays both parental phenotypes

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Incomplete dominance

Codominance

Dominance May depend on the level

NTSAD link

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Are dominant alleles more prevalent in populations?

Genes with Multiple alleles

Pleiotropy

• One gene can effect multiple phenotypes

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When Multiple Genes are involved

• Epistasis• A gene at one location masks or modifies the phenotype of a gene at another location

• Polygenic inheritance• The additive effect of 2 or more genes

• Cumulative effect

B – blackb – brownE – pigment depositede – pigment not deposited

Epistasis

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Polygenic inheritance

Quantitative characters ‐ gradations along a continuumOther examples?

Tracking Mendelian traits in humans

• Pedigree analysis

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Tracking disease through pedigree

Recessive inherited disorders

• Mutation• Malfunctioning protein

• No protein at all

• Examples• Albinism

• Cystic fibrosis

• Sickle‐cell anemia

• Tay‐Sachs

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Population genetics

• Genetic disorders not evenly distributed among all groups of people• Tay‐Sachs

• 100x greater among Ashkenazic Jews

• Sickle‐cell• 73/1000 Blacks, 3/1000 Caucasians

• Cystic fibrosis• 1/2500 Caucasians European descent, 1/15,000 Blacks

Population genetics

• When recessive allele rare – unlikely two carriers will mate

• Individuals with recent common ancestors more likely to carry same recessive allele

• Effect on isolated populations?

• Consanguineous relationships – increase frequency of recessive traits• Laws prohibiting close relative marriage 

• inbreeding

Recessive disorders

• Can two normal parents have a child with a disorder?

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Sickle‐cell disease

Well…………that depends

Dominant genetic disorders

• Achondroplasia (dwarfism)

• Can two normal parents pass this trait to their offspring?

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Huntington’s disease

• Degenerative disease of nervous system

• Irreversible and fatal

• Asymptomatic until 35‐45 years old

• Afflicts 1:10,000 people

• Gene located on chromosome 4 and was sequenced in 1993

• Genetic testing now available

Would you want to know?

It isn’t all about genetics

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Multifactoral disorders

• Genetic component + significant environmental influence• Heart disease

• Alcoholism

• Schizophrenia

• Bipolar disorder

• Typically polygenic