A. Basic Theory Mice are animals native to Asia, India, and Western Europe. This species is now

found throughout the world due to the introduction by humans. Mice pets have periods of activity during the day and night. Mice eat human food and household goods. Mice (Mus musculus) is a member of Muridae (mice-mouse) are small. Mice were easily found in homes and is known as a nuisance animal for his habit of chewing furniture and other small items, and lodged in the corners of the closet. This animal is believed to be the second largest mammal in the world, after humans. Mice are very easy to adjust to the changes made man, even the number living wild in the woods perhaps less than living in urban areas. Mice are sometimes kept as pets and luxury. However, most of the mice derived from laboratory animal breeders for use in biomedical research, testing, and education. In fact, seventy percent of all animals used in biomedical activities mice. Exceeding of 1000 stocks and strains of mice have been developed, as well as hundreds of mutant stocks used as models of human disease. In terms of genetics, the mouse is a mammal characterized most complete (Anonymous, 2011).

Animal mouse or Mus musculus is the common house mouse belongs to the order Rodentia and family muridae. Mice merupakn animals do not have sweat glands, the heart consists of four chambers with thin walls of the atrium and the ventricle wall thickness. Experiments in handling animals to be tested are likely to have different characteristics, such as mice and fotofobik timid, tends to hide and congregate with others, easy to handle, more active at night, disturbed by the presence of human activity, respiration rate 163/menit whereas in mice highly intelligent, easy to handle, non fotofobik, more resistant to infection, the tendency to gather with others less, if the food is lacking or treated roughly would be wild and fierce. In mice and rat incisors padakeduanya equation often used to gnaw / bite hard objects (Tim pengajar, 2012).

The majority of laboratory mice is albino strain that has white fur and pink. Mice are animals that do not have sweat glands, the heart consists of four chambers with a thin atrial wall and a thicker ventricular wall. Experiments in handling animals to be tested tend to have the different characteristics (Tim pengajar, 2012).

Mice will be treated or moved from cage to cage the other can in handling by holding its tail. However, keep in mind that you should never hold the tail of mice, these mice may result in loose. Hold the mice in the other half of the base of the tail. Mice were placed on a hard surface and then folds neck skin held between the index finger and thumb. Mice then held by the little finger of the same hand that holds the neck skin of mice. Whereas the other hand can freely give injections or other treatments (Hrapkiewicz et al, 1998).

How to hold the animals as well as the method of determining the sex should also be known. How to hold the animals of each kind of animal is different and is determined by the nature of the animal, the physical state (large or small) and its purpose. Errors in the way will be able to cause injury or pain to the hips or animal (this will make it difficult to perform injections or blood sampling, for example) and also for people who hold (Katzug, 1989).

Still in the context of the overall management of the experimental animals, how to hold the animal needs to be known. How to hold the animals of each kind of animal is different and determined by the nature of the animal, the physical state (large or small) and its purpose. Errors in the way will be able to cause injury or pain to the hips or animal (this will make it difficult to perform injections or blood sampling) and also for the people who hold them. (Sulaksono, 1992)

Drug delivery routes (Routes of Administration) is one of the factors that influence the effects of drugs, due to anatomical and physiological characteristics of the different biochemical medicine at the contact area and the body characteristics are different because of the amount of different blood supply; enzymes and juices physiological contained in the different environments. These things lead to the amount of drug that can reach the site work within the specified time will be different, depending on the route of drug administration (Katzug, 1989).

The route of drug delivery can be administered orally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly (IM), intravenous (IV), and Intraperitoneal. Routes can be given orally by mixing the drug with food. Can also be a special needle, size 20 and a length of approximately 5 cm to enter the compound directly into the stomach via the esophagus. These needles rounded edges and holes to the side. Subcutaneous route is most easily performed in mice. Drugs can be given to mice with a needle length from 0.5 to 1.0 cm and a size 22-24 (22-24 gauge). Drugs can be injected under the skin in the back or in the abdominal area. The drawback of this route is the drug must be soluble in the liquid to be injected. In contrast to the route of administration drug intramuscularly (IM), this route is more difficult because the muscles of mice are very small. Drugs can be injected in the back of the thigh muscle with a needle length of 0.5 to 1.0 cm and a size 24 (24 gauge). Injections should not be too deep so as not to penetrate the blood vessels. Intravenous route must be in a state of mice totally unable to move. This can be done by entering mice in a plastic tube is large enough so that mice can not be rolled back and that tail out of the tube. Small needles are used size 28 (28 gauge), length 0.5 cm and injections performed in the lateral tail vein. This is almost impossible because there are so vein mouse skin pigmented small and difficult to see even white mice. How intraperitoneal similar to IM. Injections are done in the area between the abdomen and symphysis pubis carttilago xiphoidea (Mangkoewidjojo, 1988).

Besides topical administration to obtain a local effect on the skin or mucous membranes, the use of a drug is almost always involves the transfer of the drug into the bloodstream. However, even though these drugs work differently, but it can happen absorption into the bloodstream and can cause unwanted effects. Absorption into the blood were significantly influenced by the mode of administration (Katzung, 1986).

B. Purpose of PracticumThe purpose of this practicum student is able to learn how the administration of

drugs in experimental animals (mice) with good and correct by Oral, intra muscular, subcutaneous and intra-peritoneal.C. Time and Place

Day / date : Thursday / December 4th 2011Time : at 13.00 p.m until 15.00 p.m Place : Biology Laboratory on east 3th floor, FMIPA UNM

D. Work Procedure1. How to hold animal experiments so ready to be test preparation

Lifting the tail of Mus Musculus with the right hand, put in a place a non-skid surface (eg brake wire on the cover sometimes), so that when pulled will mencergkrram Mus Musculus then clamped the skin at the nape of the index dn Mus Musculus with left thumb while still holding the tail with Right hand then turned the stomach of Mus Musculus so that the surface facing us and pinning the tail on the left ring finger and little finger.

2. How to deliver drugs in animalsa. Oral administration

Oral administration in Mus Musculus conducted syringe fitted with a needle oral or oral sonde (blunt-ended). Liquids are used to using oral sonde, attached oral sonde on the palate, the Mus Musculus then insert slowly up into the esophagus and enter the liquid medicine. Before inserted the sonde oral, head position and Mus Musculus are looked slightly open mouth, so that the oral sonde will go straight into the bodies of Mus Musculus.

b. Subcutaneous administrationInjection did under the skin in the neck pinch on the area between the thumb and forefinger. Clean the skin area to be injected with alcohol 70%. Entered the drug used 1 ml syringe in parallel from the front through the skin. Cultivated conducted with the head of Mus Musculus. This administration has been successful if the needle passes through the skin and by the time the syringe is pressed, the fluid that was in it quickly into the area under the skin.

c. Intra muscular administrationGave medicine on the thigh begins by injecting Mus Musculus with a calm so as not to stress. Then set up a syringe and catch Mus Musculus with caution and holding off hard not to when injected. Injected Mus Musculus with a slope of 450 where the pointy part syringe is placed next to the bottom. Once completed Mus musculus released slowly so as not to stress.

d. Intra peritoneal administrationHold Mus musculus to the above, the injection of the head lower than the abdomen. Injecton needle at an angle of about 45 ᵒ of the abdomen at a

slightly pulled from the center line, so that needle is not exposed to the bladder and not too high so as not affected by the injection of the liver.

D. Observation Result1 Administration of drugs to the oral area

Administration of drugs to the oral regionI in mice performed by by inserting a needle syringe into the mouth mice with a maximum volume of 1 ml.

2. Administration of drugs to the subcutaneous area

Drug delivery is done by injecting at the bottom of the neck with a volume of 1 ml.

3. Administration of drugs to the intramuscular area

Drug delivery is done by injecting the posterior thigh with a volume of 1 ml.4. Administration of drugs to the peritoneal area

Drug delivery is done by injecting in the abdomen until slightly aside from the halfway line with the volume of 1 ml.

E. DiscussionThe first one we did was hold the mouse properly is by lifting the tail of mice

with your right hand, put in a place a non-skid surface (eg brake wire cage on the cover), when mice under stress, so we have to keep abreast of their movements while holding the tail. After the mice were rather quiet then we stroked mice with left hand index finger. Then pull the skin at the nape of mice with the middle finger and left thumb, and the right hand holding the tail of mice that then turned facing us and pinning the tail with the pinkie and ring finger of the left hand. In this experiment there is one that looks stressed mice, it is characterized by changes in mice hair straight very blooming and body shaking. Mice are also turned into a wild and fierce.

Then what do we do next that is the administration of drugs in mice. Drug delivery was made in 2 mice. Drug delivery done in stages, namely:1. Administration of drugs to the oral area

Oral drug administration in mice conducted by syringe equipped blunt tipped needle, which had filled with fluid medication (distilled water) 1 ml. we pull the skin at the nape of mice with the middle finger and left thumb, and the right hand holding the tail of mice that then turned facing us and pinning the tail with the pinkie and ring finger of the left hand, where the position of head of the mice looked up and his mouth slightly open, oral sonde (blunt needle) is placed on the ceiling above the mouth gently until the mice were then put into the esophagus and liquids are included.

2.    Administration of drugs to the subcutaneous areaInjections made under the skin in the neck area with a pinched neck between

the thumb and index finger. Clean the skin area to be injected with alcohol 70%. Enter the drug using a 1 ml syringe paraler from the front through the skin until you hear a click. We do quickly to avoid bleeding that occurs with the head mouse.

3. Administration of drugs to the intramuscular areaDrugs injected in the posterior thigh. Mice were held by way side, where the

thumb and forefinger holding the mouse's head with his left hand then the pinkie and ring finger holding the left thigh and the abdomen of mice. Clean the skin area to be injected with alcohol 70%. Enter the drug using a 1 ml syringe.

4. Administration of drugs to the peritoneal areaMice were held and positioned supine, the injection of the head lower than the

abdomen. The needle is injected from the abdomen, in the area aside from the midline, so that needle is not exposed to the bladder and not too high so as not affected by the injection of the liver.

F. ConclusionIn this lab can be concluded that before we do the injections in mice, mice should

be in a state of quiet (no stress), because when the mice will stress muscles tense than that of mice will be a wild and difficult for an injection. Then we have to master and truly understand how to properly inject mice.

Drug delivery routes (Routes of Administration) is one of the factors that influence the effects of drugs, due to anatomical and physiological characteristics of the different biochemical medicine at the contact area and the body characteristics are

different because of the amount of different blood supply; enzymes and juices physiological contained in the different environments. These things lead to the amount of drug that can reach the site work within the specified time will be different, depending on the route of drug administration.

Oral administration in mice to doit by syringe fitted with a blunt-ended needle oral sonde (blunt needle) is placed on the ceiling above the mouth gently until the mice were then put into the esophagus and liquids are included. Giving a subcutaneous injection done under the skin on the neck by pinching the neck area between the thumb and forefinger. Provision of intra muscular, Drugs injected in the posterior thigh. Mice were held by way side, where the thumb and forefinger holding the mouse's head with his left hand then the pinkie and ring finger holding the left thigh and the abdomen of mice. Provision of intra peritoneal, Mice held and positioned supine, the injection of the head lower than the abdomen. The needle is injected from the abdomen, in the area aside from the midline, so that needle is not exposed to the bladder and not too high so as not affected by the injection of the liver.G. Suggestion

1. Should the tools be used for this lab is continually updated and should be complete.

2. Assistant should be more active in explaining the practical matter and always accompanies the experimentalist.

3. Practitioner should more diligently and should always pay attention to all that is explained by the assistant companion.

Ratification Page

Complete report of Animal Development practicum with title “Administration of drugs in test animals” that arranged by:

Name : YunandarID : 1114040181Group : IV (Four)Class : ICP Biology BAfter checked by Assistant, Assistant Coordinator and Responbility of Lecturer,

so this report was accapted.

Assistant Coordinator,

Muh. Rizaldy Tryas Jaya PutraID.081404024

Makassar, December 4th 2012Assistant,

Nur. Afni Suraya B.ID.091404157

Bibliography

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Hrapkiewicz K, Medina L. 1998. Clinical Laboratory Animal Medicine: An Introduction. State Avenue: Iowa State University Pr.

Katzung, Bertram G. 2001. Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik. Jakarta: Salemba Medika.

Smith, J.B., Mangkoewidjojo, S. 1988. Pemeliharaan, Pembiakan dan Penggunaan Hewan Percobaan di Daerah Tropis. Tikus Laboratorium (Rattus norvegicus). Penerbit Universitas Indonesia.

Sulaksono, M.E. 1987.” Peranan,Pengelolaan dan pengembangan Hewan Percobaan “. Jakarta.

Tim pengajar. 2012. Penuntun Praktikum Perkembangan Hewan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.