Menara Standard Chartered

8/12/2019 Menara Standard Chartered

1/23


2/23

[oeln dh

Bdftnfts

Cftrdkubtcdf

tin Host hobts

tin icstdry

tin orbictnbt

orbictnbturn styln ofolyscs

euclkcfm bdfstrubtcdf & gotnrcol ofolyscs

Orbictnbturol nlngnfts/bdgpdfnfts ofolyscs

bdfbluscdf

Qrdukly erdumit td ydu ey:Ofkrnw Binn @cdfm Binn Gof Ricfm12?8515Xnfky ]cllcog 12?83;;

Lnn _cf Fc 12?=>>;Gnnro Rotinnsi 12?=185Hnlcbco Fdvnro 12?8518


3/23

cftrdkubtcdf

?331 ey Icjjos @osturc Ossdbcotns (Or-

bictnbt). Cf 5115, Rioizof tdwnr biofmnk

tincr fogn cftd Gnforo Qrcgn ofk kck sdgn

rnfdvotcdf cf tin nxtnrcdr ofk cftnrcdr.

Dfn ynor ohtnr, ct enbogn Gnforo Rtofk-

ork Biortnrnk. Gnforo Rtofkork Bior-

tnrnk Ct cs ;8 stdrnys ofk stofks wcticf

tin mdlknf trcofmln bdggnrbcol kcstrcbtdh @uolo Lugpur. Gnforo Rtofkork Bior-

tnrnk cs tin ?8ti tollnst euclkcfm ofk

dfn dh tin lofkgor`s cf @uolo Lugpur.

[in siopn cs sbulptnk cftd hcvn vnrtcbol

hcfmnrs widsn stommnrnk incmit cs rn-

hlnbtnk cf kntoclcfm ot tin mrdufk lnvnl

wicbi rncfhdrbns tin tingn ot tin iugof sboln

Gnforo Rtofkork biortnrnk wos hdrgnrly

`fdwf os Rioizof tdwnr, cs ldbotnk cf

Jolof Rultof Csgocl, Fd.21, lnvnl ?8,

@uolo Lugpur, Goloysco. Ct wos euclt cf
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4/23

host hobts

[in euclkcfm typn dh Gnforo Rtofkork

Biortnrnk ctsnlh cs s`ysbropnr ofk gocf-

ly usnk os bdggnrbcol dhhcbn. Os o bdg-gnrbcol euclkcfm gocfly hdr dhhcbn, ct

ios o fnt lnttoeln spobn dh opprdxcgotn-

ly 25?,111 sh ofk dhhnrs dhhcbn ufcts

wcti euclt-up ornos rofmcfm hrdg ?,111

sh td ?1,111 sh. [in hobclctcns prdvck-

nk subi os 2=; por`cfm eoys, bohntnrco,

euscfnss bnftnr, bnftrolcznk ocr bdfkc-

tcdfcfm systng, 5; idurs snburcty, hully

nqucppnk edorkrddgs ofk gnntcfm rddgs,

CQ tnbifdldmy wcti erdokeofk cftnrfnt

Ldbotnk cf tin inort dh @L Bcty, Gn-

foro Rtofkork Biortnrnk cs okjobnft

td Uojo Biulof Gdfdrocl Rtotcdf wicbi

prdvckns obbnss td oll puelcb trofs-

pdrtotcdf systngs ofk nosy obbnss

hrdg vorcdus port dh tin bcty vco

Jolof [uf Uozo`, Jolof Eu`ct Ecftofm,

ofk Jolof Rultof Csgocl. Ofk olsd,

ct cs fnxt td Qovclcdf Ridppcfm Bnf-

trn ofk cs bldsn prdxcgcty td nstoe-lcsink idtnls cfblukcfm Brdwfn Qlozo,

J] Gorrcdtt, ofk Idtnl Cstofo. ]cti

hnoturns subi os gdknrf nftrofbn lde-

ey, nlnvoturns ofk bdggdf ornos wcti

icmi-nfk hcfcsins, ct cs bdfscknrnk

os tin tollnst ofk tin gdst prdgcfnft

euclkcfm cf tin cggnkcotn vcbcfcty.
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5/23

?? ynors ohtnr cts bdgplntcdf, tin Mdvnrfgnft dh Rcfmopdrn Cfvnstgnft

Bdrpdrotcdf tirdumi cts portfnr, Unbd Bcty Rkf Enriok edumi Rioizof Cfsos

[dwnr cf Fdvngenr 511? hdr UG?2> gcllcdf. Kun td cts strotnmcb ldbotcdf,

MCB hdrnsnnf tiot tics euclkcfm wcti bdfscknroeln volun-okk pdtnftcol

bof en rnknvnldpnk cftd o mdlk bloss dhhcbn euclkcfm. [iny ngpldynk KQ

orbictnbts ofk rnfdvotnk tics euclkcfm cf o lormn-sboln. Idwnvnr, tin

rnfdvotcdf wos fdt nosy os tiny iok td nfsurn kurcfm tin prdbnss, tin

gosscvn strubturn wdulk stoy cftobt. [iny ngpldynk s`cllnk rnsdurbns ofk

subbnnk cf trofshdrgcfm tin prdpnrty cftd dfn dh @uolo Lugpurs cbdfcb

euclkcfms cf o rnlotcvnly sidrt pnrcdk dh tcgn. ]iots enst, tin rnfd-

votcdf inlpnk prnsnrvnk tics cbdfcb lofkgor` wctidut kngdlcsicfm ct .

Rddf ohtnr cf Fdvngenr 5119, Kutbi cfsurnr CFM edumit Rtofkork Biortnrnk

[dwnr hdr UG 259.9> gcllcdf. [incr gocf gdtcvn wos td cfvnst cf prdpnrtcns

cf Goloysco. [in euclkcfm, dtinr tiof cs dfn dh @uolo Lugpurs prcgn dhhcbn

euclkcfms, ct cs olsd ldbotnk cf tin Mdlknf [rcofmln dh @uolo Lugpur. [in

prnkcbtnk bopctol opprnbcotcdf cs olsd nxpnbtnk td en ot o bdfscstnft rotn .

[dkoy, tin euclkcfm cs idgn td Rtofkork Bior-

tnrnk Eof` ofk o idst dh dtinr gultc-fotcdfol bdgpofcns.

Bdgplntnk cf ?331, tin orbictnbt enicfk tics euclkcfm cs Icjjos @osturc Ossd-

boctns. [in euclkcfm wos cfctcolly bollnk Rioizof [dwnr. [in bdfstrubtcdf bdst

wos 31 gcllcdf Ucfmmct. Ct wos olsd bollnk tin Rioizof Cfsos tdwnr os ct wos

dwfnk ey Cfsos Enriok, wicbi cs o stdb`erd`cfm hcrg.

[in icstdry
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6/23

[IN OUBIC[NB[R

[in Gnforo Rtofkork Biortnrnk cs gdstly

rnbdmfcsnk os dfn dh tin gocf prdjnbts

ey tin hcrg, KQ Orbictnbts (KQO). Eut,

tin prdjnbt wos, cf hobt, stortnk ey tin

hcrg Icjjos @osturc Ossdbcotns (I@O).

Rcfbn tin hdufkotcdf dh I@OR cf ?3==,

Goloyscos bdfstrubtcdf cfkustry iosnxpnrcnfbnk krogotcb biofmns. [in nor-

ly pdst-bdldfcol pnrcdk wos biorobtnr-

csnk ey strdfm fotcdfolcsg ofk o knscrn

td nxprnss tics orbictnbturolly. I@Os

picldsdpiy cs td knvnldp knscmfs tiot

rnbdfbclnk bdftngpdrory spobn ofk hufb-

tcdf wcti o gdknrf onstintcb quolcty.

I@Os rnbnft knscmfs stcll

to`ns rnhnrnfbn hrdg trokc-

tcdfol cknos eut orn knvnl-

dpcfm tdworks drmofcb hdrg

ofk kntocl tiot bof nx-

pldct bdfstrubtcdf sys-

tngs hdr fnw sdlutcdfs.
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7/23

[irdumi o strdfm bdggctgnft td knscmf nxbnllnfbn, wn os-

pcrn td go`n dur gor` df tin mldeol stomn ey go`cfm scmfch-

cboft bdftrceutcdfs td tin hcnlk dh orbictnbturn ofk td

tin knscmf nfvcrdfgnft, wcti tin ocg td cgprdvn tin

quolcty dh lchn dh tin pndpln wid nfjdy dur wdr`.

KQ Orbictnbts

I@O ios snt tin hdufkotcdf ofk tin ufcqun knscmf dh

tin euclkcfm. KQO ios rncfhdrbnk tin stofkcfm tirdumi

tin fogn upkotn ofk o bdgplntn go`ndvnr cf cts op-

pnorofbn. [idumi encfm kchhnrnft hcrgs, KQO ofk I@O

edti iok tin sogn dejnbtcvn: tin knscmfotcdf

dh Gn- foro Rtofkork Biortnrnk td rn-

tocf cts prngcug stofk-

cfm cf tin gor`nt.

Rcfmopdrn-mrdwf, KQO cs of orbictnbturol probtcbn

nvdlvcfm cf tofkng wcti tin euclkcfm dh fotcdfiddk

scfbn tin cfknpnfknfbn dh Rcfmopdrn. KQOs pic-

ldsdpiy cs td brnotn orbictnbturn dh nxbnllnfbn.

Ct ocgs td nfrcbi tin iugof nxpnrcnfbn ofk spcr-

ct tirdumi cts ploffcfm ofk orbictnbturol wdr`s.
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8/23

Cf tics vost ngpioscs, tin bdfscknrotcdfs dh kchhnrnft

typns dh gotnrcol orn dhtnf usnk cf wnll-knhcfnk plofns

ofk vnrtcbol hdrgs. [ics brnotns o bdftrost omocfst tin

idrczdftol nlngnfts wicbi orn prnsnfts hdr gdrn krogotcb

nhhnbts. Idrczdftolcty.

[in usn dh gdknrf gotnrcols ofk systng orn olsd wcknly

usnk cf tics euclkcfm. Cf nxplofotcdf td tics biorobtnrcs-

tcb, stnnl bdlugfs orn usnk cf nxpdsnk goffnr cf tnrgs dh

cts opplcbotcdf, bdfbrntn eldb`s orn olsd usnk os o hcf-

csink gotnrcol, o gdrn stocf ofk nxpdsnk bdfbrntn hlddrs

orn utclcznk, tin ldfm-spofs stnnl trussns olldw dpnf bdl-

ugf-hrnn spobns, ofk hcfolly, tin rokcoft inotcfm systng

nfiofbns iugof bdghdrt kurcfm tin inovy rocfholl nxpnrc-

nfbnk cf Goloysco.

lcf`nk edxns

idfrczdftolcty

vnrtcbolcty

Lotn gdknrfcsg olsd `fdwf os Icmi [nbi

Orbictnbturn dr Rtrubturol nxprnsscdf-

csg cs of orbictnbturol styln wicbi en-

bogn o erckmn entwnnf gdknrfcsgs ofk

pdst-gdknrfcsgs. Cf tin ynor dh ?391s,

icmi tnbi orbictnbturn stortnk td ldd`

kchhnrnft hrdg tin pdst-gdknrf orbictnb-

turn. Gofy dh tin tingns ofk cknos wicbi

drcmcfotnk kurcfm tin pdst-gdknrf tcgns

wnrn okknk td tin icmi tnbi orbictnb-

turn. Gdknrf orbictnbturn cs prcgorcly

krcvnf ey tnbifdldmcbol ofk nfmcfnnrcfm

knvnldpgnfts0 ct cs prdvnf ey tin ovocl-

oeclcty dh fnw euclkcfm gotnrcols subi

os crdf, stnnl ofk mloss wicbi krdvn tin

cfvnftcdf dh fnw euclkcfm tnbifcquns os

o port dh tin cfkustrcol rnvdlutcdf.

Biorobtnrcstcb:

Dfn dh tin gocf biorobtnrcstcbs hdufk

cf o lotn gdknrf euclkcfm cs idw cts

drfognftotcdfs orn vnry lcgctnk. ]cti

tin rnstrcbtnk knbdrotcdfs, ct ngcts o

snfsn dh scgplcbcty, mcvcfm ct o blnof

onstintcb cf wicbi tin gotnrc-

ols orn bdcfbcknk cf scgpln wnll nx-

nbutnk jdcfts. Ngpioscs cs mcvnf

td rnbtofmulor hdrgs ofk idrczdf-

tol ofk vnrtcbol lcfns cf wicbi

tin siopns dh tin euclkcfms orn

eosnk edxns, dr lcf`nk edxns.

orbictnbturn stylnofolyscs


9/23

[in orbictnbt olsd tdd` cftd

bdfscknrotcdf ofk tidumit knnp-

ly df tin rnlotcdfsicp entwnnf

cftnrcdr spobns ofk tin sctns.

[ics prdelng ios ennf sdlvnk

ey tin usn dh lormn nxpofsns

dh mloss cf nhhnbt dh ercfmcfm

tin euclkcfms sctn cftd tin

euclkcfm. [ics olldws of cf-

tnr-bdffnbtnk rnlotcdf cf en-

twnnf tin nxtnrcdr ofk cftnrc-

dr. In wos olsd sgort nfdumi

td to`n okvoftomn ofk hully

utclcznk tin krogotcb vcnws

ofk foturol lofksbopcfm. [d

osscst cf tin bdffnbtcvcty,

mnfnrdus usn dh mloss0 gocf-

ly usnk cf burtocf wollcfm

systngs, ofk tin pnfntro-

tcdf dh foturol lcmit.

[insn wcfkdws orn fd ldfmnr pdrtroynk os pdrtidlns td tin dutsckn,

eut lormnly nxpofknk hrdg hlddr td bnclcfm mlossns. [ics prdvckns o

krogotcb vcnw ofk tin cftrdkubtcdf dh foturol lcmit knnp cftd tin

cftnrcdr dh tin euclkcfm wicbi mcvns o bdgplntnly kchhnrnft hnnl ofk

otgdspinrn td tin usnr wcticf tin euclkcfm.

[in Gnforo Rtofkork Biortnrnk cs bdfscknrnk o purn gdknrf euclkcfm

os kngdfstrotnk cf tin wnst. [ics gocf cfhlunfbn bof en blnorly

snnf hrdg tin usn dh burtocf wollcfm ofk ecm bdlugfs, fdt hdr-

mnttcfm tin qudtn ey tin vnry hogdus orbictnbt Gcns Xof knr Udin,

Lnss cs Gdrn, wcti tin lcgctnk usomn dh drfognftotcdfs. Ch ct ios

ldbol cfhlunfbn, ct wcll en prdvnf ey tin usomn dh tin Cslogcb styln

dr tcgenr ofk eogedd nlngnfts cf tin euclkcfm.


10/23

Nftrofbn ldeey


11/23

[in Gnforo Rtofkork Biortnrnk cs euclt

ordufk ; cftnrfol bdlugfs wicbi storts

up hrdg tin hdufkotcdf, mdns tirdumi tin

mrdufk, gnzzofcfn ofk tin dtinr hlddrs.

[iny orn hdufk cf tin gckkln dh tin

euclkcfm. Eut tiny stcll olldw o vnry

wckn dpnf plof hdr tin nosy bcrbulotcdf.

[in pdsctcdf dh tin ; bdlugfs cs o mrck-

lc`n. [iny orn strotnmcbolly pdsctcdfnk

cf subi o woy enbousn dh tin knscmf dh

tin euclkcfm. Os wn bof fdtcbn hrdg tin

hlddr plof, tin euclkcfm snngs td en

snporotnk cftd > snbtcdfs. Nobi dh ting

orn fdt olcmfnk td nobi, eut orn rotinr

sichtnk td tin sckns. [inrnhdrn tin ;

bdlugfs orn pdsctcdfnk cf subi o woy td

prdvckn suppdrt td tin > snbtcdfs nvnfly.

[in strubturn dh tin euclkcfm tinf nx-

tnfks td tin wolls. Df tin Fdrti ofk

Rduti hookns dh tin euclkcfm, tinrn

orn ?5 bdlugfs, 8 df nobi hobokn.

[idsn mcvn tin clluscdf tiot tin euclk-

cfm cs encfm snporotnk cf > snbtcdfs.

[in bdlugfs orn dfn gojdr nlngnft dh

tin euclkcfms strubturn. Dfbn tin

strubturn cs snt, tin burtocf wollcfm

cs ottobink td ting, os wnll os hdr

tin dtinr bdgpdfnfts dh tin euclkcfm

Bdfstrubtcdfgntidk


12/23


13/23

Dfn dh tin bdgporcsdfs wn bof go`n cs wcti dfn dh Gcns vof

knr Udins euclkcfm, wicbi cs tin Rnomrog Euclkcfm. Dfn

scgclorcty cf tin bdfstrubtcdf gntidks cs tiot tiny wnrn

euclt dh o hrogn, hrdg wicbi fdf-strubturol mloss wolls

wnrn iufm. Gcns vof knr Udin wdulk iovn prnhnrrnk tin stnnl

hrogn td en snnf td oll0 idwnvnr, Ognrcbof euclkcfm bdkns

rnqucrnk tiot oll strubturol stnnl en bdvnrnk cf o hcrn-

prddh gotnrcol, usuolly bdfbrntn0 lc`n tin Gnforo Rtofkork

Biortnrnk. Gcns tinf biofmnk tin gotnrcol td erdfzn td nnp

i c s knscrn dh iovcfm o vnry s`cf ofk edfn orbictnb-

t u r n .

Hrdg tin bdgporcsdfs, wn bof fdtcbn o gcfdr scgclorcty0 tin usn

dh bdlugfs cf tin cftnrcdr dh tin euclkcfm. Idwnvnr tin Rnomrog

euclkcfms strubturn bdfscsts dh gdrn bdlugfs tiof tin Gnforo

Rtofkork Biortnrnk, enbousn dh tin kchhnrnfbn cf tin gotnrcol.


14/23

Gofy typns dh gotnrcols orn encfm usnk

cf Gnforo Rtofkork Biortnrnk bdfstrub-tcdf prdbnss, eut dfly o hnw tiot orn

gocf / gojdr gotnrcols wicbi orn gdrn

kdgcfoft tiof tin dtinrs gotnrcols.Hcrst cs tin 2 gg ticb` olugcfcug sdl-

ck pofnl. Ct cs usnk cf tics euclk-cfm os hrogcfm. [inrn orn quctn o ldt

dh okvoftomns cf uscfm tics gotnrcol.Eosnk df tin bingcbol prdpnrty rnscst-

ofbn, wicln tinrn orn bdftcfudus krdp-

pcfm dh iykrdbildrcb obck df tin sognspdt hdt ?> gcfutns, fd eueeln ofk fd

biofmns desnrvnk df tin surhobn dh tinpofnl. Os hdr tin fctrcb obck rnscst-

ofbn, bdldr biofmns ioppnf eut ctslnss tiof N 8 FER. Hdr tin gdrtor

rnscstofbn, fd biofmns desnrvnk ofk os

hdr tin wosicfm rnscstofbn, tin bdothclg rngocfs hcrg ofk fd eueeln de-

snrvnk. Ch wn desnrvn hrdg tin bdr-rdscdf rnscstofbn, edti gdcsturn rn-

scstofbn ofk sgd`n rnscstofbn tnstsrnsultnk tiot tics gotnrcol bof stofk

hdr ;111 idurs ofk quolcty oedvn mrokn

5. Hdr tin nfkurofbn oeclcty wcticf ?1ynors, hokcfm N > FER, pulvnrczo-

tcdf ME/[ ?=88 wcti mrokn ? quolcty,

Ct olsd inlps td prdtnbt nxpnfscvn burtocfs, hurfcsicfms ofk

borpnts hrdg hokcfm bousnk ey tin kogomcfm nhhnbts dh sidrtwovn^X rokcotcdf. Ct cs vnry nhhnbtcvn cf rnkubcfm tin trofsgcs-

scdf dh fdcsn tirdumi mlozcfm ofk obicnvnk tirdumi tin sdufk

kogpnfcfm prdpnrtcns dh tin cftnrloynr (ct vorcns wcti tintypn ofk ticb`fnss dh tin mloss ofk cftnrloynr). Ofdtinr ok-

voftomn cs tiot tics gotnrcol ios tcftnk cftnrloynr dr rn-hlnbtcvn mloss td rnkubn mlorn ofk inot mocf cf o euclkcfm.

Hobokns mloznk wcti offnolnk logcfotnk mloss rnkubn tin rcs`dh vcsceln kcstdrtcdfs wicbi sdgntcgns brnotnk ey tin inot

trnotgnft prdbnss. [in QXE cftnrloynr cf logcfotnk mloss bof

olsd brnotn sdgn pdlorczotcdf dh lcmit cf sdgn lcmitcfm bdfkc-tcdfs ofk goy oppnor os iozn dr mcvn o kopplnk oppnorofbn.

[icrk cs 8 gg ticb` inot-sdo`nk tngpnrnk mloss (ORO-

IC R^FL^Y-M KOU@ EL^N [R>O;1). Ct cs usnk osgotnrcol hdr burtocf woll cf tics euclkcfm,

wicbi C pnrsdfolly ticf` cs gocf ottrob-

tcdf hrdg dutsckn. Bdgpornk td fdrgol tng-pnrnk mloss, inot-sdo`nk tngpnrnk mloss

fdrgolly cs gdrn nxpnfscvn kun td tin ok-kctcdfol prdbnss opplcnk. Inot-sdo`nk tng-

pnrnk mloss boffdt en sowf, but, krcllnk drprdbnssnk ohtnr trnotgnft. [in inot-sdo`-

cfm prdbnss inlps td rnkubn tin rcs`/cfbc-

knfbn dh spdftofndus erno`omn kun td Fcb`nlRulhckn (FcR) cfbluscdfs ofk hoercbotcdf kog-

omn cf tngpnrnk mloss. Inot-sdo`nk tngpnrnkmloss ios mrnotnr rnscstofbn td gnbiofcbol

sidb`s (mloss kddrs ofk mloss ufcts wcti gn-biofcbol bdftrdls) ofk olsd tinrgol strnssns.

mldsscfnss fdt lnss tiof >1%, ofk kogomn pdsscecl-cty dh hclg ticb`fnss cs fdt gdrn tiof ?1%.Omncfm

rnscstofbn ohtnr 5111 idurs bousns hokcfm biofmns

N 2 FER, pulvnrczotcdf td 1 ofk mldsscfnss fdtcfhnrcdr td mrokn 5. ]nor rnscstofbn hdr tics go-

tnrcol cs fdt lnss tiof >;g. Mrnot hnoturns tiottics gotnrcol ios orn tiot ct cs lcmit-wncmit,

icmi kuroeclcty, tngpnroturn rnscstofbn, rust rn-scstofbn, nosy blnofcfm ofk ldw gocftnfofbn. Ct

bof olsd snrvn os knbdrotcvn td o euclkcfm wcti

cts enfkcfm hlnxceclcty ofk pnrhdrotcdf nhhnbt.Rnbdfk, ct cs blnor logcfotnk mloss wcti ?2.>5 gg

ticb`fnss. Ct cs gokn up dh twd dr gdrn sinntsdh mloss edfknk tdmntinr wcti o plostcb cftnr-

loynr. Gultcpln logcfotns ofk ticb`nr mloss iosgdrn strnfmti ofk ch loynrs dh logcfotnk mloss

bdgecfnk wcti pdlyboredfotn ofk tinrgdplostcb

bof bdfstrubt o eullnt-rnscstoft mloss. Cf tics

euclkcfm, ct cs usnk os gotnrcols hdr dhhcbnkddrs ofk wcfkdws. [inrn orn o ldt dh okvoftomnscf uscfm tics gotnrcol. Hdr tin sohnty os nxog-

pln, logcfotnk mloss cs iork td en pnfntrotnkwinf ct cs ottob`nk ey dutsckn hdrbn enbousn tin

QXE hclg ios strdfm tnfobcty ofk cs oeln td oe-

sdre ofk wno`nf o goss dh strc`cfm nfnrmy wicbignofs tiot nvnf ct cs erd`nf, tin splcftnrs wcll

stcb` td tin cftnrloynr ofk fdt sbottnrnk ordufk.QXE hclg tiot go`ns logcfotnk mloss olsd bof nh-

hnbtcvnly prnvnft sdufk-wovn ofk ^X. Ct oesdresoedut 33% dh tin sufs ^X rokcotcdf wicln olldw-

cfm tin cgpdrtoft vcsceln lcmit td poss tirdumi.

Hdrti cs stnnl rncfhdrbnk prn-bost bdf-

brntn. Nvnf strdfm, plocf bdfbrntn kdnsftnoscly wctistofk tnfscln ofk sinor strnss-

ns bousnk ey wcfk, nortiquo`n, vcerotcdfs

ofk dtinr hdrbn, wicln stnnl kdns. Ct siollbdfscst dh bngnftctcdus gotnrcols, gcf-

nrol ommrnmotns ofk wotnr cf wicbi stnnlrncfhdrbngnft ios ennf ngenkknk cf subi

o goffnr sd tiot tin stnnl rncfhdrbngnftofk bdfbrntn obt tdmntinr. Rd, rncfhdrbcfm

stnnl scmfchcboftly cfbrnosns tin strnfmti

dh bdfbrntn cf of nbdfdgcbol ofk sohn gof-fnr.

Lostly cs krywoll. Ct cs olsd `fdwf osplostnredork, wolledork dr mypsug edork. Ct

cs o pofnl gokn dh mypsug plostnr prnssnkentwnnf twd ticb` sinnts dh popnr. Cf tics

bosn, ct cs hdufk os port dh dhhcbn cftnrc-

dr subi os wolls ofk bnclcfms. [in gntidkdh cfstollotcdf ohhnbts tin sdufk trofsgcs-

scdf tirdumi wolls ofk bnclcfms. Olsd, ctgoy enbdgn kogomnk winf nxpdsnk td wotnr,

nspnbcolly ch ct rngocfs nxpdsnk ofk nx-tnfknk pnrcdk dh tcgn. Os hdr hcrn rnscst-

ofbn, krywoll obts os o posscvn hcrn prd-

tnbtcdf ctng enbousn ct bdftocfs tin wotnrdh brystollczotcdf edufk cf tin hdrg dh

iykrotcdfs.

Gotnrcol Ofolyscs


15/23

Orbictnbturol NlngnftsBdgpdfnfts OfolyscsO euclkcfm prdmrnsscvnly cfbrnos-cfm cf incmit, tics euclkcfms fdrti ofk sduti hobokns bdfscst dh gdstly

wcfkdws.

[in euclkcfm, oppnor os tidumi ; prdmrnsscvnly cfbrnoscfm cf incmit kdgc-

fds stob`nk tdmntinr, ios of cftnrnstcfm fdrti ofk sduti hookn bdfstrubtnk

eosnk df 8gg ticb` tngpnrnk inot sdo` mloss ofk 2gg ticb` olugcfcug sdlck

pofnl. [in wcfkdws wicbi go`n up tin widln hookn orn dfn dh tin kcstcfbtcvn

hnoturns ogdfm tin surrdufkcfm euclkcfms.

[inrn orn 5 gocf typn dh stocrs hdufk cf tics euclkcfm. [idsntwd orn lofkcfm stocrbosn ofk spcrol stocrbosn.

[in typn dh stocrs hdr tin

ngnrmnfby stocrbosn cs

lofkcfm stocrbosn.

[ics cs td bdg-

ply wcti tin

sohnty

Olsd, tin nftrofbn dr nxct dh nsbopn kddrs gust bdfscst dh hcrn rnscstoft gotnrc-

ols. [insn kddrs orn rnqucrnk td en oeln td bldsn wctidut gofuol ock kun td sohnty

rnosdfs. [insn nxcts gust en cfkcbotnk blnorly os wnll ofk bof en dpnrotnk wctidut

nhhdrts. Ct cs olsd vctol tiot tiny stoy ufdestrubtnk ot oll tcgns. [inrn sidulk

olsd en iofkrocl oldfm tin stocrs.

Idwnvnr, cf bosn dh ngnrmnfby, ct wdulk en iork hdr kcsoelnk pndpln td nvobuotn

os tin stocrs orn fdt knscmf hdr tin kcsoelnk.

[in spcrol stocrs bof en hdufk cf tics euclkcfm tdd. [in spcrol stocrs ldd`s

mddk tdd cf tnrgs dh onstintcb volun. Dfn dh tin scmfchcboft okvoftomns

dh spcrol stocrs cs tiot ct dbbupcns gubi lnssnr spobn bdgpornk td tin

dtinr stocrbosns.

Fnvnrtinlnss, td obicnvn tics, ct ios td en stnnp os

wnll. [in stnnpfnss ios bousnk tics typn dh stocrs

td en fdt quctn usnr hrcnfkly.


16/23

[in hrdft hookn dh edti stofkork bior-

tnrnk euclkcfm ofk brdwf ioll ios quctn

o fugenr dh scgclorctcns. Edti euclkcfms

iovn stnps osbnfkcfm tdworks tin nftrofbn.

[insn stnps iovn nfiofbnk tin nlnmofbn dh

tin euclkcfm. Ct cs olsd scgclor td of-

bcnft Mrnn` tngpln, winrn prcdr nftnrcfm

tin tngpln, tinrn orn hlcmit dh stnps.

Cf mnfnrol, dur hcrst opprdobi cftd o

euclkcfm cs tirdumi tin kddrs. Infbn,

cf bdggnrbcol euclkcfms, iovcfm o

plnosoft nftrofbn cs cgpdrtoft. Ct

wdulk fdt en wnlbdgcfm ch tin kddrs

wnrn kogomnk dr fdt wnll gocftocfnk.

[in gocf kddrs dh stofkork biortnrnk euclkcfm orn gokn dh tngpnrnk mloss. Nobi

kddr gnosurns 385.> gg. [in trofspornft kddrs ldd` gdknst os wnll. [in dpnf-

fnss dh tin nftrofbn rnossnrts tin cgpdrtoft dejnbtcvn dh nfsurcfm tiot bdg-

gnrbcol euclkcfms orn wnlbdgcfm rotinr tiof hdreckkcfm td tin pnknstrcof.

[in kddrs bof en dpnfnk edti cfworks ofk dutworks dh tin euclkcfm. Cf dtinr tnrgs, tin

bof en rdtotnk ot ?91 knmrnns. Nobi kddr cs suppdrtnk ey 5 cftnrfotcdfol potnft icfmns.


17/23

Mloss euclkcfm cs dfn dh tin `ny hnoturns dh Gcns Xof Knr Udins or-

bictnbturn. Ics prnhnrnfbn dh mloss cf bdfstrubtcdf ios brnotnk o iumn

cfhlunfbn cf tin gdknrf orbictnbturn tdkoy. [in mloss kddrs ot Gnforo

Rtofkork Biortnrnk iovn o scgclor oppnorofbn wcti tin brdwf ioll, wicbi

cs dfn dh tin bogpusns cf Bicbomd Cfstctutn dh [nbifdldmy.

[in `ny hnoturn tiot strub` dur gcfk dfbn stofkork biortnrnk euclkcfm

cs gnftcdf cs cts elun hookn wcfkdws. [in wcfkdws, fdt dfly snrvn td

prdvckn vnftclotcdf hdr tin cftnrcdr, eut olsd go`n up tin fdrti ofk

sduti hookn.

[inrn orn o hnw typn dh wcfkdws hdufk cf tics euclkcfm, eut dfly tin

bosngnft wcfkdw wcll en kcsbussnk inrn. [in gotnrcols usnk td hdr

tinsn wcfkdws orn olugcfcug hrogn ofk tngpnrnk mloss.

Bosngnft wcfkdw cs o typn dh wcfkdw tiot cs ottobink ey dfn dr gdrn

icfmns td cts hrogn. [in icfmns orn usuolly ot cts sckns. Ct cs tin

gdst bdggdf typn dh wcfkdw.


18/23

Dfn dh tin ultcgotn enfnhcts dh iovcfm mloss hookn cs tin knbrnosn cf nfnrmy

bdfsugptcdf td lcmit up tin cftnrcdr. Infbn, lnovcfm lnssnr boredf hddtprcft.

Ch bdgpornk td wnstnrf euclkcfm, tin mloss wcfkdws gcgcb brdwf ioll, wicbi cs ldbotnk cf

bicbomd, fctnk Rtotns dh Ognrcbo. Brdwf ioll wicbi okopts td hull mloss hookn ngcts

o snfsn dh blorcty wcti nlnmofbn. [ics opplcns td Gnforo Rtofkork Biortnrnk os wnll.

Fnxt Qomn


19/23

Burtocf ]ollcfm

Qrnvcdusly wn ob`fdwlnkmnk tin prnsnfbn

dh oeufkoft ogduft dh wcfkdws df tics

euclkcfm, fdw wnll ldd` ot tin prns-

nfbn dh burtocf wolls df tin euclkcfm.

Burtocf wollcfm cs tin dutnr bdvnrcfm

dh o euclkcfm cf wicbi tin dutnr wolls

orn fdf-strubturol, eut gnrnly td `nnp

tin wnotinr dut ofk tin dbbupofts cf.

[ics systng cs usnk ot tin Fdrti ofk

Rduti port dh tin euclkcfm cf tin

Rtofkork Biortnrnk. [ics fdt dfly movn

tin widln euclkcfm o ufcqun ldd`, eut

ct olsd movn ct dfn dh tin gdst scm-

fchcboft hookn cf tin widln orno.

[in fnw burtocf woll wos bornhullyplobnk nspnbcolly ot spnbchcb hlddrscf tics euclkcfm. Ct knvnldpnk hrdgtin ldwnr hlddrs td tin icminr hlddrsobbdrkcfm td tin mnfnrol vcnw, siopnofk hdrg dh tin obtuol euclkcfm.

Ct knvnldps hrdg tin ?st hlddr df tinhcrst port dh tin euclkcfm td tin5fk, 2rk ofk ;ti hlddrs cf obquocft-ofbn td tin rnspnbtcvn ports dh tineuclkcfm. [ics fdt dfly hdlldws tin

trnfk snt ey tin euclkcfm ctsnlh,eut ct olsd mnfnrotns o bdf-bnpt ofk ckno dh icnrorbiy ofkknvnldpgnft tirdumidut tin euclk-cfm. Rdgn dh tinsn wcfkdws bofen dpnfnk td cgprdvn vnftclo-tcdf tirdumidut tin spobns. Enscknstics, tin burtocf woll wos olsd plobnkot o sgoll port hrdg tin ?5ti ofk?;ti hlddr. ^flc`n cf tin dtinrhlddrs, tinsn wcfkdws boffdt en dpnfnkos tius, ortchcbcol vnftclo-tcdf systngs orn usnk cf ting.

Cf plobngnft dhtinsn burtocfwolls, olugcfcuglduvnrs orn usnkos o suppdrtcvnnlngnft. [inrn orn2 typns dh mlossdr wcfkdws usnk cftics systng. [insnorn gocfly, ?1ggticb` sidp hrdftmloss (Hcmurn ?),8gg ticf` tngpnrnkinot sdo`nk mloss

wicbi bof ofkboffdt en dpnfnk(Hcmurn 5). [inplobngnft dh tinsnvorcotcdfs dhmlossns wos olsdto`nf cftd bdf-scknrotcdf. [insnbdfscknrotcdfswnrn to`nf ob-bduft cf tnrgs dhtin obbnssceclctytd dpnf tin wcf-kdws ofk tin wcfk

kcrnbtcdf td cgprdvn rotinr tiof td kn-euf` tin ocr vnftclotcdf ofk bcrbulotcdf.

Hcm ?

Hcm 5


20/23

[in Rtofkork Biortnrnk euclkcfm fdt

dfly ios o scmfchcboft hookn cf

tnrgs dh cts burtocf wolls systng, eut

olsd cf tnrgs dh cts rddhcfm systng.

UDDH

[ics euclkcfm cs gokn up dh hlot

rddhs wcti fd cfblcfotcdf. [in prde-

lng dh wotnr rntnftcdf cs olsd to`-

nf cftd bdfscknrotcdf cf tics portcbu-

lor knscmf. [ics prdelng cs sdlvnk ey

tin usomn dh o prdpnr cftnrfol mut-

tnr systng ofk o woll hlosicfm sys-

tng. [ics gntidk rnkubns tin prdelng

tiot tin euclkcfm goy hobn kun td tin

hobt tiot fd cfblcfotcdf wos cftrdkubnk

cf tin knscmf dh tin rddhcfm systng.

Uotinr tiof encfm onstintcbolly plnos-

cfm, tin rddh wos olsd gokn td en bdg-

plntnly hlot td olldw obbnss hdr blnofcfm

dh tin wcfkdws ofk gocftnfofbn purpdsns.

Uddhs orn snporotnk cftd > kchhnrnft

lnvnls cf wicbi tin incmit kchhnrs

hrdg dfn lnvnl td tin dtinr. [ics kch-

hnrnfbn cf incmit cs dfn dh tin rnosdfs

ct mcvns tics euclkcfm o vnry ufcqun

hnoturn. Ct pdrtroys o snfsn dh cfkc-

vckuolcty wcticf tin sogn strubturn.

[in wckti dh tin rddh lofkcfms olsd

kchhnrs obbdrkcfm td lnvnls. Obbdrk-

cfm td tin ofolyscs gokn, tin hcrst

lofkcfm os wnll os tin lost lofkcfm

cs gokn td en gubi wcknr cf bdgpor-

csdf td tin rnst dh tin lofkcfms.

(o) Hcrst ofk lost lnvnls : ??111

(e) [in gck-lnvnls : 9;11


21/23

Nobi lofkcfm df tin rddh cs snporot-

nk cftd 5 td prdvckn suhhcbcnft spobn

hdr tin obbnss poti td tin rddh.

Bdfbrntn rddh sloes orn usnk cf tin

bdfstrubtcdf dh tin rddhs. Xdcks orn

usnk ot nctinr sckn dh tin rddh ns-

pnbcolly df tin tdp hlddr. [in gocf

purpdsns dh tinsn vdcks orn td olldw

tin pnfntrotcdf dh foturol lcmit cftd

tin euclkcfm os wnll os td cgprdvn tinocr bcrbulotcdf wcticf tin euclkcfm.

RIOKCFMR

]inf tol`cfm oedut rddhs, tin

orbictnbt olsd gokn ct of

cgpdrtofbn td prdvckn sgoll-

nr siokcfms tirdumidut tin

nxtnrcdr dh tin euclkcfm.

[insn siokcfms dr bofdpcns orn portcbu-

lorly to`nf cftd bdfscknrotcdf, kun td tin

rocfholl ofk icmi cftnfscty dh inot cf tics

bduftry. [iny kdft bdgplntnly siokn ydu

hrdg tin roys dh suf ofk rocf eut dfly prd-

vckn o bnrtocf pnrbnftomn dh prdtnbtcdf.

Bofdpcns

[in lormnr ofk gdrn nhhcbcnft bofdpcns orn

prdvcknk cf tin sdutinrf port dh tin euclk-

cfm. [insn bofdpcns orn gokn dh olugcfcug

sdlck rddh pofnls wcti o QKXH (Qdlyvcfylcknfn

hludrckn) hcfcsi. [insn rddhs olsd bdvnrnk

ey >1gg ticb` nxtruknk Rtyrdhdog cfsulotcdf

ofk o ?1gg ticb` plywddk os o wnotinr prddh

bdot. Oll tinsn hcfcsinrs orn usnk td nfsurn

dptcgug prnboutcdf omocfst tin vost biofmn

cf wnotinr Goloysco nfbduftnrs, wicbi orn

nxbrubcotcfm inot os wnll os inovy rocfholl.

[insn stnps rnkubn tin gocftnfofbn bdst dh

tin euclkcfm cf mnfnrol. [insn olugcfcug pof-

nls orn suppdrtnk ey idrczdftol stnnl truss-

ns, cf vorcotcdf dh sczns. [in molvofcso-

tcdf dh tinsn trussns nfsurns cts lchn spof,

infbn rnkubcfm cts gocftnfofbn bdst os wnll.


22/23

Bdfbluscdf

Cf bdfbluscdf, tin Gnforo Rtofkork Biortnrnk cs dfn dh Goloyscos

nyn-bofky winf ct bdgns td cts orbictnbturn. Iovcfm subi o gdk-

nrf strubturn cf tin gckst dh tin bcty dh @uolo Lugpur, ct ios

rnbncvnk gofy bdgplcgnfts ofk rnvcnws hrdg wnll-`fdwf orbictnbtswintinr ldbolly dr mldeolly. Oll cts spnbchcbolly tidumit dh kn-

scmf fdt dfly okks td cts onstintcb volun, eut olsd cts hufbtcdf-

olcty. Cts olsd dfn euclkcfm tiot sidulk en `npt os o fotcdfol

trnosurn wcticf tics bduftry.


23/23

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