Microprocessor and Interfacing 261313

Memory OrganizationMicroprocessor and Interfacing261214

CPU 8088 10 MHz 8/16 Bit1M RAM

CPU 80486 66 MHz 32 Bit8M RAM

Pentium 133 MHz 32 Bit16M RAM

Pentium MMX200 MHz 32 Bit48M RAM

Pentium II 366 MHz 32 Bit128M RAM

Pentium M 1.6 GHz 32 Bit512M RAM

Core2 Duo 2.0 GHz 32/64 Bit4G RAM

Core i51.33 1.86 GHz 32/64 Bit4G RAMWhat has changed the least?

MHzRAMCPU BitsWhat does Bits mean?A CPU bits is typically defined by:ALU Size How many bits can be computed at one time?

Bus SizeHow many bits can be transferred on the bus?

Memory Address SizeHow many address bits are in the instruction?

How many bits Is this PIC CPU?.................... int16 i; .................... .................... i=1; 0017: BCF 03.60018: CLRF 220019: MOVLW 01001A: MOVWF 21.................... i = i+2; 001B: MOVLW 02001C: ADDWF 21,F001D: BTFSC 03.0001E: INCF 22,F16-bit operation on a 8-bit CPUMicrochip PIC16 series

.................... int16 i; .................... .................... i=1; 0017: BCF 03.60018: CLRF 220019: MOVLW 01001A: MOVWF 21.................... i = i+2; 001B: MOVLW 02001C: ADDWF 21,F001D: BTFSC 03.0001E: INCF 22,F010116-bit operation on a 16-bit CPUMicrochip PIC24 series.................... int16 i; .................... .................... i=1; 00210: MOV #1,W400212: MOV W4,802.................... .................... i = i+2; 00214: MOV 802,W400216: ADD W4,#2,W400218: MOV W4,802 32 Bit ?

RAM 32 bit ?Memory Limit of 32bit Machines

= 4 Giga BytesHow to support bigger memory?1.Upgrade to 64-bit systems

64-bit OS

64-bit CPU

Need 64-bitHardware DriversApplicationsneed to be re-compiledwith a 64-bit compilerLimitation of moving to 64-bit systems(Note: Todays 64 bit support legacy 32 apps. So, migration is easier)How to support bigger memory?2. Expand the existing system (Adding more bits)

Intel

Physical Address Extension (PAE)4 bits32 bits= 64 GBPAE Support

CPU with PAE(Since P-Pro)PAE Aware OSBenefits of PAEBackward Compatible

LimitationsTaking advantage of the added memorystill requires changes in the software

Memory Limit of 64 Bit Machines?

How big can we get?1 kilobyte 1 megabyte 1 gigabyte 1 terabyte 1 petabyte 1 exabyte 1 zettabyte 1 yottabyte 1 xonabyte 1 wekabyte 1 vundabyte 1,024 1,048,576 1,073,741,824 1,099,511,627,776 1,125,899,906,842,624 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 1,237,940,039,285,380,274,899,124,224 1,267,650,600,228,229,401,496,703,205,376 1,298,074,214,633,706,907,132,624,082,305,024264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 ~ 18 exabyte

Amount of RAM (GB) in a typical computerAbout 4TBin 202564-Bit Architectures

IA-64AMD 64, EM64TOr X86-64True 64bit CPUHybrid 32/64 bit CPU

A hybrid 32/64 bit systemHas the benefits of a 64-bit programs

Can also run older 32-bit programs

32-Bit programs will not benefit from the 64-bit architecture

Architecture not as clean as true 64-bit systems

PIC Microcontroller1. When Memory Grows Beyond the Designers Anticipation ()1.1 Flash Memory0x5000x501CALL 0x9000x900What is wrong with this call command?

K = 11 bitMaximum memory = 2^11 = 2K BytesPIC 16F886 has 8K Flash Memory: How do we access all of it?PCLATH (F# 0x0A)Bit 3-4 in PCLATH are usedfor memory access07Total Memory becomes 2^13 = 8K Bytes4 3Creating a 13 bit memory addressPCLATH0701012CALL or GOTOk (Literal)010111313 Bit Memory AddressOPCODE4 3PIC Flash Memory is Divided in to 4 Pages of 2KBytes2K2K2K2K010120x5000x501CALL 0x9000x900Fix this programAddress 0x900 exceeds 11 bits0101010120x900 =0000000000x1000x010x4FFBCF PCLATH, 40x500BSF PCLATH, 30x501CALL 0x1000x9000101010120x900 =0000000000x1000x01Chart11816481285122048

Sheet1RAM (Mbytes)1816481285122048