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Memory is the process by which we recollect prior experiences, information and skills learned in the past
Chapter 7
Memory
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Types of memory
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Episodic Memory
Memory of a specific event
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Semantic Memory
General knowledge memory
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Implicit Memory
Skills or procedure memory
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Name the Seven Dwarves
Take out a piece of paper
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Difficulty of Task
• Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
•Whether you like Disney movies
•how long ago you watched the movie
•how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember
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Now pick pick out the seven dwarves.
Turn your paper over.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy
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Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful
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The Memory process
• Encoding
• Storage
• Retrieval
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Encoding
• The processing of information into the memory system.
Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party
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Types of Encoding• Semantic Encoding: the encoding
of meaning, like the meaning of words
•Acoustic Encoding: the encoding of sound, especially the sounds of words.
•Visual Encoding: the encoding of picture images.
Encoding exercise
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Which type works best?
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Storage
• The retention of encoded material over time.
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party.
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Tip-of-tongue phenomenon
• A belief that information is stored in memory however we can not retrieve it
• Example: The name of the actor who played the villain in the last Dark Knight movie who I think is really good looking
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Retrieval• The process of getting the information out
of memory storage.
Finding your document and opening it up.
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure).
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Context Dependent memory • It helps to put yourself back
in the same context you experienced (encoded) something.
• If you study on your favorite chair at home, you will probably score higher if you also took the test on the chair.
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State dependent memory
• Memory retrieval is better of we are in the same state or mood
• We usually recall experiences that are consistent with our current mood. Emotions, or moods, serve as retrieval cues.
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Stress and Memory
• Stress can lead to the release of hormones that have been shown to assist in LTM.
• Similar to the idea of Flashbulb Memory.
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Flashbulb Memory
A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent
memory called flashbulb memory. However, this memory is not free from errors.
President Bush being told of 9/11 attack.R
uter
s/ C
orbi
s
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Types of Memory
• Sensory Memory:
• Short-Term Memory
• Long-Term Memory
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Sensory Memory• The immediate, initial recording of sensory
information in the memory system.• Stored just for an instant, and most gets
unprocessed.
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Sensory Memories
Iconic0.5 sec. long
Echoic3-4 sec. long
Hepatic< 1 sec. long
The duration of sensory memory varies for the different senses.
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Short-Term Memory
• Memory that holds a few items briefly.
• Seven digits (plus of minus two).
• The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.
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Memory Effects
1. Spacing Effect: We retain information better when we rehearse over time.
2. Serial Position Effect: When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.
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Spacing Effect
• We encode better when we study or practice over time.
• DO NOT CRAM!!!!!
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Serial Positioning Effect
• Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.
If we graph an average person remembers presidential list- it would probably look something like this.
PresidentsRecalled
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List the U.S. Presidents
Take out a piece of paper and….
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The Presidents
Washington Taylor Harrison Eisenhower
J.Adams Fillmore Cleveland Kennedy
Jefferson Pierce McKinley L.Johnson
Madison Buchanan T.Roosevelt Nixon
Monroe Lincoln Taft Ford
JQ Adams A.Johnson Wilson Carter
Jackson Grant Harding Reagan
Van Buren Hayes Coolidge Bush
Harrison Garfield Hoover Clinton
Tyler Arthur FD.Roosevelt Bush Jr.
Polk Cleveland Truman Obama
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Chunking
• Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
• Often it will occur automatically.
Chunk- from Goonies
1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1
Do these numbers mean anything to you?
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941 how about now?
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Interference
Learning some new information may disruptretrieval of other information.
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Types of Retrieval FailureProactive Interference
• The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
If you call your new girlfriend your old girlfriend’s name.
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Types of Retrieval FailureRetroactive Interference
• The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
When you finally remember this years locker combination, you forget last years.
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Long-Term Memory
• The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
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The Hippocampus• Damage to the
hippocampus disrupts our memory.
• Left = Verbal• Right = Visual and
Locations• The hippocampus is the
like the librarian for the library which is our brain.
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Storage Decay
• Even if we encode something well, we can forget it.
• Without rehearsal, we forget thing over time.
• Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve.
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Déja Vu
Déja Vu means “I've experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an
earlier similar experience.
© T
he New
Yorker C
ollection, 1990. Leo C
ullum from
cartoonbank.com
. All R
ights Reserved
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Déjà Vu
• That eerie sense that you have experienced something before.
• What is occurring is that the current situation cues past experiences that are very similar to the present one- your mind gets confused.
Is déjà vu really a glitch in the Matrix?
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Forgetting
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Encoding Failure
• We fail to encode the information.
• It never has a chance to enter our LTM.
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Which penny is real?
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Recall v. Recognition• With recall- you must retrieve the
information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).
• With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).
• Which is easier?
Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise?
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Rehearsal
Effortful learning usually requires
rehearsal or conscious
repetition.
Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ
Hermann Ebbinghaus(1850-1909)
http://ww
w.isbn3-540-21358-9.de
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Rehearsal
The more times the nonsense syllables were practiced on
Day 1,the fewer repetitions
were required to remember them on
Day 2.
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Motivated Forgetting
Motivated Forgetting: People unknowingly revise their memories.
Repression: A defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
Sigmund Freud
Culver Pictures
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Motivated Forgetting
One explanation is REPRESSION:
• in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness.
Why does is exist?
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No New Memories
Anterograde Amnesia
AnterogradeAmnesia
(HM)
Surgery
After losing his hippocampus in surgery, patient Henry M. (HM) remembered
everything before the operation but cannot make new memories. We call this
anterograde amnesia.
Memory Intact
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Tricks to improve your memory
• Use imagery: mental picturesMnemonic Devices use imagery. Like my “peg word” system or….
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.
"Mary Very Easily Makes Jam Saturday Unless No Plums."
Mars, Venus, Earth, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
Give me some more examples….
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Self-Reference Effect
• An example of how we encode meaning very well.
• The idea that we remember things (like adjectives) when they are used to describe ourselves.
Peg-word system
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Mnemonics
Imagery is at the heart of many memory aids. Mnemonic techniques use vivid
imagery in aiding memory.
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Method of Loci
List of Items
CharcoalPensBed SheetsHammer...Rug
Imagined Locations
BackyardStudyBedroomGarage...Living Room
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Chunking
Acronyms are another way of chunking information to remember it.
HOMES = Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
PEMDAS = Parentheses, Exponent, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract
ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
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Improving Memory
1. Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall.
2. Spend more time rehearsing or actively thinking about the material.
3. Make material personally meaningful.4. Use mnemonic devices:
associate with peg words — something already stored
make up a story chunk — acronyms
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Improving Memory
5. Activate retrieval cues — mentally recreate the situation and mood.
6. Recall events while they are fresh — before you encounter misinformation.
7. Minimize interference:1. Test your own knowledge.2. Rehearse and then determine what you
do not yet know. © L
WA
-Dann T
ardiff/ Corbis