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MEMORYThe ability to store and

retrieve information over time.

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Key Terms Cognition

The process of acquiring and usingknowledge: thinking.

Information Processing Theory

The mind is similar to a computerwith input, processing, and output.

Reconstructive MemoryMemory is stored in pieces, and

later on put back together usingpast & present information,emotions, beliefs, bias.

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Distinctions in MemoryShort term memory (STM) Small amounts of memory (5-9

bits) Less than 1 minute (20-30 sec)Situations that require us to

store the material for seconds

Long Term Memory (LTM) Information retained for

intervals as brief as few minutesand as long as life time.

Situations that require us tostore material for longer periodsminutes and years

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Encoding

To encode memory - We must attend to it

We are selective in picking up things

So STM contains only those memories atwhich we pay attention to

Memory problems come with lapses inattention.

Ex. Offering Namaz

Remembering a mobile number over a phone call

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Cont. Encoding

Visual Mental Picture of Digits ex. MilesStones

Acoustic sounds of the names of Digitsex. 0900-78601 Telefun Number

Partly Semantic Some MeaningfulAssociation in mind ex.

Rhearsal Repeating the Information

again and again After the info goes out of sight only the

acoustic code is left.

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Storage

Short Term memory has a very little capacity 7items 2 less 2 more

A sort of mental box with roughly seven slots

When new items come in , the older ones get

replaced. Principal of displacement

Information at the forefront of our memory mustgive way to newer information. However

rehearsal may prevent displacement bypreventing the encoding of new itmes.

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Example

Blue

green

Yellow

Purple

Orange

Black

Gray

Burgandi

Pink

LemonBrown

terracotta

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Retrieval

Intuition says access to shortterm memory is immediate

But since retrieval requires a

search of short term memoryin which items are examined

one at a time so retrieval is

one after the other.

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Experiment Sternburg (1966)

Audience were provided with Memory List that theyshould hold in Short Term memory and each MLcontains less than 7 digits. Memory list is thenremoved from view and Probe Digit is presentedseveral seconds later

Ex. 3, 6, 1, 5 Memory List6 Probe

If Answer is Yes _ Correct

No _ Incorrect

Several Memory Lists were shown every trial a newML was presented to audience and followed by theProbe. The decision time increased each additionalitem takes about 40 milli seconds to retrieve theMemory List or another Probe

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Long Term Memory

Information retained for

intervals as brief as few

minutes and as long as a life

time

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Encoding In Long Term Memory the code is not visual or

acoustic it is semantic in nature i.e. based onmeanings of items that we hear or see.

Ex. Quick ----- Fast

Problem ----- Trouble

Deficit ----- Loss

Sentence

Because of bad behavior Raza was given zero in

Class Participation and for that he failedAfter few hours

Raza failed due to zero marks in Class Participation

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Cont. Encoding

Relationship or LinkagesEx.

Some Song

Some weather

Some Smell We try to remember few words that

are entirely different having noconnection but we still try to create a

sentence to give it a meaningfulrelationship

Ex. La Mosh, Zabist, SMCHS,Hyderabad, Cat

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Exercise

Create a link between thesewords

Seaside, Australia, Duck,

Blocks, cafeteria, clouds

Try to imagine it.

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Retreival

Forgetting a LTM means loss ofaccess to information rather thanfrom a loss of information.

Poor memory is a retrieval failureand not a storage failure.

Its like finding a book in library.

Recognition Test v/s Recall Test.

More useful

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Experiment CRAIR 1977

Words were shown

asked to makesentence Word Flower Short sentence Long sentence

When we add more meaning to a wordby making long sentences the chances of

retrieval are more.

She likes flowersFlowers have vibrant

colors thats why she

likes flowers

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Retrieval Failures

You remember for an exam and yourforgot at the time of paper --- happens

because ofPanic

Tip of the tongue Experience

Hypnosis

I i M

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Improving Memory Memory Span

We remember words , numbers better if we divide

them and recode the string in to equal sets or in theformat of time

Ex.

11479363 1147 9363

3492 3:49:2

Imaginary encodingwe remember better when we change the words in toimage

Elobration and encoding

When we add more details to a word or instance weremember it better

Context and retrieval

Mentally restoring the context seems to make youremember things you cannot remember otherwise.

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Causes of Forgetting

Decay Theory * Applies to STM, not LTM

Encoding failure *

Information not stored properly;

cant find it Retrieval Failure * Inability to bring information into

working memory

Tip of the tongue phenomenon Amnesia *

Biological cause , e.g. disease,head injury

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Forgetting, cont.

Motivated Forgetting *

Inability to encode or retrieve

memories due to anxiety.

Interference *

Retroactive Interference new

learning impairs older memory

Proactive Interference Previouslearning interferes with new memory.