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Transcript of Memory
MEMORY
MEMORYability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences
Your memory is your mind’s storehouse, the reservoir of your accumulated experiences
LET’S TRY AN EXAMPLE
MEMORY
Memory involves three fundamental processes:
1. Encoding2. Storage3. Retrieval
MEMORY – INFORMATION PROCESSING
Encoding – putting into
Storage – keeping
Retrieval –getting out
STAGE MODEL OF MEMORY
THREE STAGES OF MEMORY
Three memory stores that differ in function, capacity and duration
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
AttentionEncoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
MEMORY – INFORMATION PROCESSING“Three-Stage Processing” Model
Memories are stored in a three-step process of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
SENSORY MEMORY
MEMORY – INFORMATION PROCESSING
Sensory Memory – the immediate, initial recording of sensory information; fleeting, to-be-remembered information
SENSORY MEMORY Function—holds information long enough to be processed for basic physical characteristics
Capacity—largecan hold many items
at once Duration—very brief retention
of images.3 sec for visual info2 sec for auditory
info
Sensory
InputSensoryMemory
SENSORY MEMORY
Sensory memory forms automatically, without attention or interpretation
Attention is needed to transfer information to working memory
Sensory
InputSensoryMemory
SENSORY MEMORY
Visual sensory memoryaka iconic memory
Auditory sensory memoryaka echoic memory
Which lasts longer?
LET’S TRY AN EXAMPLE
SENSORY MEMORY
G Z EP
R K OD
B T XF
SENSORY MEMORY
How many letters can you recall?
Most people can recall four or five letters in that short of a time span, but know that there were more.
SENSORY MEMORY
Sensory memory retention is what is used when you see a face in the crowd for a split second….you recognize features quickly, determine she/he was cute, but then you can’t remember any details of their face
OKAY – GET READY
SENSORY MEMORYWas he/she cute?What was he/she wearing? What color was it?
What color was his/her hair? How long was it?
What color was her lipstick?What was his/her facial expression? What color were his/her eyes?
SHORT TERM MEMORY
MEMORY – INFORMATION PROCESSING
Short-Term Memory – activated memory that holds a few items brieflyAka working memory
This is where encoding starts
ENCODINGthe processing of information into the memory system
3 kinds
TYPES OF ENCODINGVisual (Mental) Encoding – the encoding of picture images
Acoustic Encoding – the encoding of sounds
Semantic Encoding – the encoding of meanings, especially of words
VISUAL / MENTAL ENCODING
Remembering visual information is often easier than remembering formulas, definitions, names and dates
Applying mental pictures to words and concepts
CAT
ENCODING –MENTAL / VISUAL IMAGERY
ENCODING – MENTAL IMAGERY When encoding a list of words, apply a
mental picture to each word. IE. Typewriter, fire, cigarette, scary.
AUDITORY ENCODING - SOUNDS
auditory encoding enhances the processing of information by applying rhyme schemes, stories, songs, etc. to the information.
ENCODING – AUDITORY30 Days has September, April, June and November. All the rest have 31, except February…
In fourteen hundred and ninety-two Columbus sailed the Ocean Blue.
"i" before "e," except after "c," or in sounding like "ay" as in "neighbor" or "weigh."
AUDITORY ENCODING - SOUNDSBeer before liquor, never been sicker…liquor before beer, you’re in the clear
Lefty loosey, righty tighty“If the glove doesn’t fit, you must acquit,” is easily remembered by jurors when a lawyer is fighting for his client’s innocence.
ENCODING – AUDITORY ENCODING
Songs are another great way to remember things – SCHOOL HOUSE ROCK !!
HTTP://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=MKO87MKGCNO&FEATURE=RELATED
ENCODING – SEMANTIC
processing and encoding of sensory input that has particular meaning or can be applied to a context
Which is easier to remember? Rdeckeroctnaonleyko entrance key lock door
LET’S TRY IT
Concrete words lab
SHORT-TERM MEMORY2 important characteristics:
STM can contain seven, plus or minus two, "chunks" of information
Items remain in STM around twenty to thirty seconds
SHORT-TERM MEMORYThis type of memory increases as children get older…
…but decreases in old age
ActivityPens and pencils DOWN
Look at the picture You will have15
seconds
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Write down the words of all the pictures you can remember.
How many objects did you remember?
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
We can only consciously process a very limited amount of information in our short-term memory.
SHORT-TERM MEMORY
Overload your short-term memory?
STAGE 2
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
Attention
SHORT-TERM MEMORY Function—conscious processing of information
where information is actively worked on Capacity—limited (holds 7+/-2 items) Duration—brief storage (about 30 seconds)
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
Attention
CAPACITY LAB
One partner face the board, the other face the back wall
9754 6419 68259 37148 913825 648327 5963827
5316842 86951372 51739826 719384273 163875942 9152438162 1528467318
WHY IS OUR SHORT-TERM MEMORY USEFUL?
SO HOW CAN WE KEEP SOMETHING IN OUR WORKING MEMORY?
MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL Mental or verbal repetition of information allows information to remain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
Attention
Maintenance Rehearsal
CHUNKING
What did we learn about grouping in our Sensation and Perception unit?
How many “items” can we hold in STM?
Chunking – Organizing items into familiar, manageable units
CHUNKING NUMBERS
Put your pencil down Remember the numbers I saw verbally
ENCODING –CHUNKING
1,8,1,2,1,7,7,6,1,9,4,1,1,4,9,2
ENCODING –CHUNKING
Much easier to encode the numbers into our memory if we “chunk” them:
Try to remember these numbers:1812, 1776, 1941, 1492
ENCODING –CHUNKING
Where they easier to remember?
They were the same numbers as before…
1,8,1,2,1,7,7,6,1,9,4,1,1,4,9,2
1812, 1776, 1941, 1492
LONG TERM MEMORY
MEMORY – INFORMATION PROCESSING
Long-term Memory – the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memories
can be facts you learned a few minutes ago, personal memories that are decades old, or skills learned with practice
LONG TERM MEMORY
Penny Lab
STAGE 3
Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
AttentionEncoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
LONG-TERM MEMORY Function—organizes and stores information
more passive form of storage than working memory
Unlimited capacity Duration—thought by some to be permanent
Long-term memory
Working orShort-term
Memory
Sensory
Input
Sensory Memory
AttentionEncoding
Retrieval
Maintenance Rehearsal
TIME FOR AN ANALOGY
Sensory memory: Preconscious STM: Conscious LTM: Subconscious
WHAT ARE THE THINGS WE NEVER FORGET?
AUTOMATIC VS. EFFORTFUL ENCODING
Automatic processingUnconscious encoding of informationExamples:
What did you eat for lunch today?Was the last time you studied during the day or night?
You know the meanings of these very words you are reading. Are you actively trying to process the definition of the words?
AUTOMATIC VS. EFFORTFUL ENCODING
Effortful processingRequires attention and conscious effortExamples:
Memorizing your notes for your upcoming Introduction to Psychology exams
Repeating a phone number in your head until you can write it down
WHICH IS EASIER TO PROCESS….
Concrete or abstract ideas?
SO HOW DO WE GET THINGS INTO OUR LTM?
LTM ENCODING STRATEGIES
Mnemonics device - learning technique that aids memory
What do you do?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vsYCSmBcM0
LTM ENCODING STRATEGIES
Rehearsal – the conscious repetition of information
Is this automatic or effortful?
LTM ENCODING STRATEGIES
Elaborative rehearsal: focus on the meaning of information
Examples?
LTM ENCODING STRATEGIES
Spacing Effect – rehearsing information repeatedly, over time.
Rehearse a bit, take a break, begin rehearsing as you start forgetting things, take a break, rehearse again as you begin to forget, etc.
LTM ENCODING STRATEGIES Acronyms - Organizing items by creating words or sentences from the first letters of the words or information to be remembered
ENCODING –ACRONYMS
Need to learn the names of North America’s five “Great Lakes”?HOMES – Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ENCODING – EFFORTFUL PROCESSINGACRONYMS
National Basketball Association – NBA
Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus – SCUBA
ENCODING – EFFORTFUL PROCESSINGACRONYMS
Can’t remember how to spell Arithmetic?A Rat In Toms House Might Eat Toms Ice Cream
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally -
How about the planets in order…My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nine Planets –
My Very Educated Mother Just Showed Us Nothing
LTM ENCODING STRATEGIES
Encode with emotionFlashbulb Memories – a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Where were you on 9/11/01?Where were you on 9/10/01?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evj6q0eCdd8
LTM ENCODING STRATEGIES
Encode with meaningLab
RETRIEVAL
Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage
You may need to remember exact facts and figures, or you may only need to remember general terms and identifications.
RETRIEVAL
Recall – the ability to retrieve exact information learned at an earlier timeIE. Fill in the blank test.IE. Columbus sailed in the year
________. 6 x 6 = _____. Define retrieval ______. My Social Security number is _______.
WORD LIST LAB
SERIAL POSITION EFFECT
Primacy: first few items are recalled more frequently than the middle items
Recency: people tend to begin recall with the end of the list, recalling those items best
RETRIEVALRecognition – a measure of memory in which a person only needs to identify items previously learnedIE. A multiple-choice test.IE. You can’t remember the names of
all 400 kids you graduated high school with, but if I show you pictures of them you can remember who you went to school with and who you didn’t.
RETRIEVALRelearning – if you’ve learned something and forgot it, you will learn the material more easily and quickly the second time IE. Learned to play the guitar and
played for 5 years. Haven’t played in 10 years, but you pick up a guitar and play a few tunes, and with a few lessons you play as well as you did before.
RETRIEVALRetrieval Cues – clues that provide reminders of information that otherwise would be more difficult to remember; can guide us to the right answers
You forget someone’s name and they tell you the first letter
RETRIEVAL CUES EXAMPLE
Grocery store game
RETRIEVAL
Priming – the activation of particular associations in memory; this may be done consciously or unconsciously, purposefully or accidentally
RETRIEVAL IE. Mnemonic clues (Roy G Biv) are primers that
allow you to remember information many types of factual information
IE. A “Missing Child” poster makes you think about your own abduction as a child
IE. The color red prompts memories of days on your grandfathers farm, with its big red barn
IE. The first letter of each vocabulary word is provided on your test.
RETRIEVAL CUESContext Effects – the tendency to remember information better and more accurately when you are in a physical setting that is similar to the one that you learned the information in the first place
RETRIEVAL CUES
Mood-Congruent – our moods bias our memories (we remember things better when we are in the same mood as when the memory was formed)IE. You see a sappy romantic movie
and then you suddenly remember what your boyfriend was wearing the first night you met
RETRIEVAL CUES
State-Dependent Theory – what we learn in one physical state – such as drunk or sober – is sometimes more easily recalled when we are again in that same state
MEMORY
Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory
WHY DO WE FORGET?
Forgetting can occur at any memory stage
Retrieval from long-term memoryDepending on interference, retrieval
cues, moods, and motives, some things get retrieved, some don’t
Long-term storageSome items are altered or lost
Short-term memoryA few items are both noticed
and encoded
Sensory memoryThe senses momentarily register
amazing detail
RETRIEVAL FAILURES
Repression - defense mechanism that banishes arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
IE. trauma
RETRIEVAL FAILURES
Tip-Of-The-Tongue Experience – the inability to get a bit of information that you’re absolutely certain is stored in your memory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5GXUs_-YTg&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHyWTyybCzc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T36I8Coiz64
MEDICAL MEMORY LOSSAmnesia – severe memory loss
Retrograde – forget things from the past
Anterograde – inability to form new memories but remember the past
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmzU47i2xgw&feature=related
Alzheimers – as plaques build in the brain and interfere with neural transmissions, memories cannot be formed or retrieved
FALSE MEMORIES Source Confusion – arises when the true
source of a memory is forgotten, so you create details to fill in the gapsYou actually saw that on tv…
• Misinformation Effect – a person’s existing memories can be altered if the person is exposed to misleading information– Lost in the mall– http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=_RLvSGYxDIs
Elizabeth Loftus
FALSE MEMORIES
Eyewitness Testimony…How reliable is it? http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?
id=5153451n&tag=related;photovideo http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=I4V6aoYuDcg&feature=relmfu
HOW TO MAKE MEMORIES LAST?A FEW SUGGESTIONS
Focus your attentionCommit the necessary time
Space your study sessionsOrganize the informationElaborate on the material
HOW TO MAKE MEMORIES LAST?A FEW SUGGESTIONS
Use visual imagery and other mnemonics
Explain it to a friendReduce InterferencesSince we usually remember the early part and the last part, spend extra time on the middle
Use contextual clues to jog memory