Memory
-
Upload
alex-holub -
Category
Education
-
view
1.647 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Memory
What is Memory?What is Memory?The outcome of The outcome of learninglearning
2 basic 2 basic categories of categories of learning:learning:1. Non-associative1. Non-associativeResults from an experience with a single type of event
2. Associative2. AssociativeCaused by the conjunction of 2 or more events
More on Information ProcessingMore on Information Processing
Sensory Registry (Sensory Storage)Sensory Registry (Sensory Storage)Data is stored in full detail in the sense organ for a fraction of a second.Data is stored in full detail in the sense organ for a fraction of a second.Almost unlimited capacityAlmost unlimited capacityRegistries:Registries:
VisualVisualIconic storageIconic storageEidetic imageryEidetic imagery
AuditoryAuditoryEchoic storageEchoic storage
AttentionAttentionThe selective filtering of incoming informationThe selective filtering of incoming informationThe “cocktail-party” phenomenonThe “cocktail-party” phenomenon
More on Information ProcessingMore on Information Processing
Short-Term MemoryShort-Term MemoryAlso called “working memory” or Also called “working memory” or “present conscious memory”“present conscious memory”Capacity limited to 7 +/- 2 chunks of Capacity limited to 7 +/- 2 chunks of information at a timeinformation at a timeTime limited to 1.5 to 2 seconds unless Time limited to 1.5 to 2 seconds unless rehearsedrehearsedThe serial-position effectThe serial-position effect
The primacy & recency effectsThe primacy & recency effectsEncoding in STMEncoding in STM
Phonological & visual codingPhonological & visual codingMaintaining information in STMMaintaining information in STM
Rote or Maintenance RehearsalRote or Maintenance Rehearsal
More on Information ProcessingMore on Information Processing
Long-Term MemoryLong-Term MemoryAlmost unlimited capacityAlmost unlimited capacity
Encoding in LTM by imagery & Encoding in LTM by imagery & meaningmeaning
Storing in LTM by a Storing in LTM by a semantic treesemantic tree or or semantic networksemantic network
Transferring from STM to LTM by Transferring from STM to LTM by Elaborative RehearsalElaborative Rehearsal
Associative organizationAssociative organization
Maintaining in LTM through rote Maintaining in LTM through rote and elaborative rehearsaland elaborative rehearsal
Types of Long-Term MemoryTypes of Long-Term Memory
Long-TermMemory
Explicit(Declarative)
Memory
Implicit(Non-Declarative)
Memory
EpisodicMemory
SemanticMemory
MotorSkills
Habits
SimpleClassically
ConditionedResponses
ProceduralMemory
Associations the Brain Associations the Brain MakesMakes
Everything we see, hear, touch, taste, smell, taste and think is interwoven with associations from past experiences. Basically, they give significance to the world around us. These associations contribute to our individual profile as a person. What we become conscious of depends on the number of associations triggered by a particular event. These associations are influenced by factors such as expectations, motivations, hunger, fatigue, temperature, & biochemistry. We don’t have to be conscious of the associations for them to affect us.
Boolean Operator Process Brain Association
AND More Specific Items Same as ….
NOT Excludes items Different than …
OR Alternative items Similar to …
NEAR Includes items Almost …
Examples:Same as … Cougar & Puma
Different than … Tiger & Lion
Similar to … Leopard & Jaguar
Almost … Felines
In the 19th Century, an English mathematician and logician, George Boole (1815-1864) devised a logical foundation for making sense or what appears to be illogical. This foundation became known as Boolean Operators or Boolean Logic. This is the same kind of logic used in computers, on the Internet, and in the brain as it makes associations. Boole described the four operators as: AND, OR, NOT, and NEAR.
ForgettingForgettingAmnesiaAmnesiaRetrograde AmnesiaRetrograde AmnesiaLoss of memory for events preceding an accident, injury, or disease without loss of earlier memories.
Anterograde AmnesiaAnterograde AmnesiaLoss of memory for events after an accident, injury, or disease but not necessarily for subsequent memories.
Diseases of MemoryDiseases of MemoryAlzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease
Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease
Korsakoff’s SyndromeKorsakoff’s Syndrome
The Interference Theory of ForgettingThe Interference Theory of Forgetting
Retroactive Retroactive InterferenceInterferenceNew memories block the retrieval of old memories; new learning interferes or inhibits your ability to remember something you had learned.
Proactive Proactive InterferenceInterferenceOld memories block the retrieval of newer memories: old learning interferes or inhibits your ability to learn something now.
Summary of Forgetfulness Concept Description ExampleDecay Theory Gradual fading of memory as a Facts you learned in school gradually
function of time fade out of memory over time.
Interference Theory Disruption of memory caused by After sifting through your psychology
interference of previously learned lecture, you forget what you learned in
material or newly learned material chemistry class the hour before.
Retrieval Theory Failure to access material stored in You have difficulty remembering
memory because of encoding failure something you know is stored in
or lack of retrieval cues memory.
Motivated Forgetting Repression of anxiety-provoking You cannot remember a traumatic
material childhood experience.
Retrograde Amnesia Loss of memory of past events After suffering a blow to the head in a
car accident, you are unable to remem-
ber details of the accident itself.
Anterograde Amnesia Loss of impairment of the ability to Due to a brain disorder, you find it
form or store new memories difficult to retain new information
The Fallibility of The Fallibility of MemoryMemory
Improper storage cuesImproper storage cuesThe memories weren’t given the appropriate cues to encode them properly
Memory changes over Memory changes over timetimeNeuronal and biochemical changes reconstruct & deconstruct memories
Memory’s Fallacies
1. Transience: The forgetting that occurs with the passing of time.
2. Absent-mindedness: Often attributed to 4 things, 1) divided attention, 2) insufficient attention at the time of encoding, 3) “operating on automatic,” and 4) encoding at an extremely shallow level.
3. Blocking: Retrieval cues are unavailable even though a word or name has been encoded and stored.
4. Misattribution: Recalling events that never happened or recalling them incorrectly or at the wrong time or place. This occurs in the absence of suggestion.
5. Suggestibility: The tendency to use misleading information from external cues into personal recollections.
6. Bias: Memories of the past are rescripted to fit your present views and needs (past events are filtered by current knowledge, memories are shaped to your present interpretation of the world, the past is constructed as similar or different than the present).
7. Persistence: Remembering things you wish to forget (failures, traumas, sadness, disappointments, etc.).
Situational Factors in Situational Factors in MemoryMemory
State Dependent State Dependent MemoryMemoryLearning is best when you are in a particular state of mind and best remembered when in that same state.
Context Dependent Context Dependent MemoryMemoryIt’s easier to remember something when you’re in the same context in which you learned it.
Why Do We Forget?Why Do We Forget?The lower brain checks The lower brain checks out emotional out emotional possibilities & alerts the possibilities & alerts the cortexcortex
Translation from STM to Translation from STM to LTM involves processing LTM involves processing the meaning of the the meaning of the stimulus & categorizes stimulus & categorizes it.it.
SIS is clear but each SIS is clear but each new impression new impression destroys the one before.destroys the one before.
The primacy & recency The primacy & recency effectseffects
Retrieving InformationRetrieving Information
Styles of Styles of RetrievalRetrieval1. Sequential Search1. Sequential SearchGoing through each piece of information until the appropriate information is found.
2. Using Retrieval Cues2. Using Retrieval CuesRetrieval is through a semantic network of associations.
Improving Improving MemoryMemory
1.1. AttentionAttention2.2. Rehearsal & RepetitionRehearsal & Repetition3.3. OrganizationOrganization
ImageryMethod of LociMnemonics
4.4. OverlearningOverlearning5.5. MeaningfulnessMeaningfulness