Memetics Papers on the Web

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Culture Jammer's Encyclopedia

Memetics publications on the web:

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Also, names in green mark frequently-cited authors,and green asterisks (*) mark frequently-cited works

A

Åm, Onar " Critique and Defense of Memesis" Memesis Symposium (1996): "As of today memetics is very far from fulfilling the

requirements of a science. But I think it is just a matter of time before most of these problems have been resolved."

Antomarini, Brunella & Speel, Hans-Cees " Questions and Answers about Memetics" MONTAG (1996): Five questions and

answers about memes, translated from an Italian book series.

Aunger, Robert " A Report On The Conference "Do Memes Account For Culture?" Held At King's College, Cambridge "

JOM:EMIT (1999)

Aunger, Robert " Culture Vultures" The Sciences (1999): A review of Blackmore's The Meme Machine.

B

Baldassarre, Gianluca " Cultural evolution of "guiding criteria" and behaviour in a population of neural-network agents"

JOM:EMIT (2001): "This work presents a computational model that investigates the nature and function of some forms of "guiding

criteria" in the cultural evolution of a population of agents that learn and adapt to the environment using neural networks."

Barbrook, Richard " Memesis Critique" Memesis Symposium (1996): "[I]f memes 'replicate themselves,' what are humans doing

in the meantime?"

Barbrook, Richard & Lynch, Aaron " Memes: Self-Replicants or Mysticism?" Wired (1996): A debate.

Beer, Francis A. " A Review of: Evolutionary Paradigms in the Social Sciences" JOM:EMIT (1997): A special issue of

International Studies Quarterly

Beer, Francis A. " Memetic Meanings" JOM:EMIT (1999): a commentary on Rose's "Controversies in Meme Theory"

* Best, Michael L. " Models for Interacting Populations of Memes: Competition and Niche Behavior" JOM:EMIT (1997): "We

make use of a set of text analysis tools, primarily based on Latent Semantic Indexing, to study the dymanics of memes on the Net

[USENET]."

Best, Michael L. " Memes on memes - a critique of memetic models" JOM:EMIT (1998): A critique of Lynch's "Units, events

and dynamics in memetic evolution."

Bilk, Mark S. " Dominator Culture" alt.memetics resources (1995): The model for modern civilization "is a mind-virus... No one

is given the choice to be infected - it has gone on from generation to generation, automatically, for at least five millennia."

Bjarneskans, H., Grønnevik, B. & Sandberg, A. " The Lifecycle of Memes" Transhumanist Resources: "To survive in a

context the memes must meet certain conditions. We abstract a model of these conditions and use it to analyse three well-known

memes: the 'Killroy was here' graffiti, urban legends and Christianity."

Blackmore, Susan " Memes, Minds and Selves" About Biology seminar (1996): "I would say that selves are co-adapted meme

complexes... Like religions, political belief systems and cults, they are safe havens for all sorts of travelling memes and they are

protected from destruction by various meme-tricks."

Blackmore, Susan " The Power of the Meme Meme" Skeptic (1997): "Without the theory of evolution by memetic selection

nothing in the world of the mind makes much sense... Without memetics you can only fall back on appeals to an imaginaryconscious agent."

Blackmore, Susan " Waking from the Meme Dream" Int. Conf. on Buddhism, Science & Psychotherapy (1998): "Why do I say

that the self is a meme-complex? Because it works the same way as other meme-complexes... [it] has a good reason for getting





That was done automatically - by your mental machinery, in strict accordance with the law of that machinery's construction. And

you not only did not make that machinery yourself, but you have not even any command over it ."

Clewley, Robert " Emergence without magic: the role of memetics in multi-scale models of evolution and behavior" (1998): "It

is suggested that memetics should be unified with less abstract theories of culture and individual psychology, under a

methodologically reductionist view of science. A possible approach to this is outlined."

Clewley, Robert " Reinterpreting Memetics in a Multi-Level View of Evolution and Behaviour" (1998): "[C]urrent forms of

memetic theory may appear to unify the language of social interactions, but often oversimplify the ontology and dynamics of real

cultural processes."

Cloak, F.T. " Elementary Self-Replicating Instructions and Their Works" 9th Ann. Cong. of Anthro. & Ethno. Sci. (1973): "A

reconstruction of Darwinism... brings genetic and cultural evolution into a common conceptual framework, including a common

system of notation..."

Cook, Steve " Inf(l)ections": Writing as Virus, Hypertext as Meme.

Cooren, François: see Giroux, Hélène

Cox, Paul " Memes and Schemes": Chapter 2 of a work in progress about 'schemes' - collections of memes that form paradigms

or outlooks.

Cristianini, N. " Evolution and Learning: An Epistemological Perspective" (1995): "Starting from the observation that the

structure itself of an organism embodies knowledge about the environment which it is adapted to, it is possible to regard evolution

as a learning process."

Cullen, Ben " Parasite Ecology and the Evolution of Religion" The Evolution of Complexity (1995): "Most of the world's

established religions are transmitted vertically, from parents to children, and are therefore expected to be benign towards their

hosts."

D

* Darwin, Charles " On the Origin of Species" (1859): "This preservation of favourable individual differences and variations,

and the destruction of those which are injurious, I have called Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest."

* Darwin, Charles " The Descent of Man" (1871): "[M]an must be included with other organic beings in any general conclusion

respecting his manner of appearance on this earth."

* Dawkins, Richard " Memes: The New Replicators" The Selfish Gene (1976): "Examples of memes are tunes, ideas, catch-

phrases, clothes fashions, ways of making pots or of building arches. Just as genes propagate themselves in the gene pool by

leaping from body to body via sperms or eggs, so memes propagate themselves in the meme pool by leaping from brain to brain via

a process which, in the broad sense, can be called imitation."

* Dawkins, Richard " Viruses of the Mind" Dennett and His Critics (1991): Argues that religion is a pathological meme, science

a sensible one. "[T]he selective forces that scrutinize scientific ideas are not arbitrary and capricious. They are exacting, well-

honed rules, and they do not favor pointless self-serving behavior."

Dawkins, Richard " The Selfish Meme" Time (1999): An adaptation of his introduction to Blackmore's The Meme Machine.

de Jong, Martin " Survival of the institutionally fittest concepts" JOM:EMIT (1999): "Certain arguments generated by political

and administrative actors find their way to tangible policy actions, others do not... This article spots the issue of political decision

making from an evolutionary and memetics perspective..."

* Dennett, Daniel " Memes and the Exploitation of Imagination" J. Aesthetics and Art Criticism (1990): "[A]lmost no one

writing about the evolution of ideas or cultural evolution treats the underlying Darwinian ideas with the care they deserve. I

propose to remedy that."

Dennett, Daniel " Memes: Myths, Misunderstandings and Misgivings" (1998): "[The] spectrum of possibilities, from the

unwitting, unconscious hosting of culture-borne viruses (of all 'attitudes') to the foresightful design and promulgation of inventions

and creations that intelligently and artfully draw upon well-understood cultural resources, must be viewable under a single,

unifying perspective."

Dennett, Daniel " The Evolution of Culture" Feed (1999): "That is the truism: cultures evolve over time... Now let's turn to the

controversial question... Are there any good theories or models of cultural evolution?"

Diller, Karl C. " The Evolution of Complexity in the Evolution of Language: grammaticalization, pidgin languages, and language

acquisition" (Abstract only):

Doran, Jim " Simulating Collective Misbelief " JASSS (1998): "Experiments are reported which have been designed to investigate

the phenomenon of collective misbelief in artificial societies."





Druckrey, Tim " Dangerous Contagion" Telepolis (1996)

E

Edmonds, Bruce " On Modelling in Memetics" JOM:EMIT (1998): "The field of memetics is characterised and two types of

memetic model analysed: the a priori model and the 'black-box' model."

Elliot, Carl " A New Way to Be Mad" The Atlantic Monthly (2000): Discusses apotemnophilia as a possible "semantic

contagion."

Erwin, Greg " This is the Holy Salvation Meme" alt.memetics (1994): "It announces that you may be saved from eternal tortureand rewarded with infinite, eternal bliss by accepting its claims and affording it opportunities to replicate itself."

Evans, Lilly: see Price, If

Evers, John R. " A justification of societal altruism according to the memetic application of Hamilton's Rule " Principia

Cybernetica (1998): "Assuming acceptable criteria and empirical data can be established to give real meaning to the 'rate of

conversion' for any given meme, the memetic application of Hamilton's Rule offers a comprehensive justification for general

(intra-societal, or intra-cultural) altruism."

F

Felkins, Leon " Strolling Through the Memetic Mine Field" The Ethical Spectacle (1995): "I will give a brief introduction to how

the mind is influenced by memes and genes and give examples of the many memes that have great control over our lives."

Felkins, Leon " The Memes of Love, Sex and Marriage" (1995): "After a person has accepted that certain memes are enhancing

or interfering with their love life, that person should examine these memes under the microscope of rigid logic."

Fiore, Frank " Viral marketing" American City Business Journals (1999): "Viral marketing is like it sounds. Call it word-of-

mouth, spawning, self-propagation - organic."

Fog, Agner " Cultural r/k Selection" JOM:EMIT (1997): "A society dominated by external conflicts or war will evolve in a

direction called regal, whereas a society in a peaceful or sparsely populated area will evolve in the opposite direction, called

kalyptic."

Ford, Richard: see also Gordon, Sarah

Formoso, Joe " Memes, and Grinning Idiot Press: or, why I have been studying vampires since 1972" Grinning Idiot Press(1993): "They are in effect captives of coherent information systems which have subverted their ability to deliberate, to think ; they

are 'possessed' by what are called memes, information viruses."

Frank, Joshua " Applying Memetics to Financial Markets: Do Markets Evolve towards Efficiency?" JOM:EMIT (1999): "[M]ost

Finance literature inaccurately assumes that economic fitness would be the key variable in determining which memes prevail in the

evolutionary process..."

G

Gabora, Liane " Meme and Variations: A Computational Model of Cultural Evolution" Lectures in Complex Systems (1993):

"Ideas, like genomes, are patterns that evolve; however their evolution is not subject to the same constraints, and employs different

mechanisms."

Gabora, Liane " A Day in the Life of a Meme" The Nature, Representation and Evolution of Concepts (1996): "Since memes

do not contain instructions for their replication, our brains do it for them, strategically, guided by a fitness landscape that reflects

both internal drives and a worldview that forms through meme assimilation."

Gabora, Liane " Memes: The Creative Spark " Wired (1997): "Memetics appears not only to put us on the road to understanding

the pervasiveness, diversity, and adaptive complexity of the cultural debris that surrounds and infests us. It also yields unexpected

insight into creativity and spiritual matters that have mystified us since the first fledgling memes appeared in our ancestors' brains."

* Gabora, Liane " The Origin and Evolution of Culture and Creativity" JOM:EMIT (1997): "This paper presents a model for

how an individual becomes a meme-evolving agent via the emergence of an autocatalytic network of sparse, distributed

memories..."

Gabora, Liane " Autocatalytic Closure in a Cognitive System: A Tentative Scenario for the Origin of Culture" Psycoloquy

(1998): An autocatalytic process has been advanced to explain the origin of life; Gabora explores a model that uses this process toexplain the awakening of abstract thought in hominids.

Gabora, Liane " The Meme Machine JASSS: A review of Blackmore's The Meme Machine





Henson, H. Keith " Memes Meta-Memes and Politics" (1988): "The study of memetics takes the old saw about ideas having a life

of their own seriously and applies what we know about ecosystems, evolution, and epidemiology to study the spread and

persistence of ideas in cultures."

Heylighen, Francis " Evolution, Selfishness and Cooperation" Principia Cybernetica (1992): "In a following paper... a new

model will be proposed... based on the concept of a meme as replicating unit of cultural evolution. The present paper will mainly

set the stage..."

Heylighen, Francis " 'Selfish' Memes and the Evolution of Cooperation" Principia Cybernetica (1992): (appended to previous

paper) "A new, integrated model for the evolution of cooperation is proposed, based on the concept of a meme, as replicating unit

of culture."

Heylighen, Francis " Fitness as default: the evolutionary basis for cognitive complexity reduction" Principia Cybernetica (1992):

"[G]iven that knowledge consists of extremely simple models of an infinitely complex reality, how can we explain that knowledge

is still most of the time reliable? I will try to answer that question by linking the mechanism of default reasoning to the natural

selection of cognized phenomena."

Heylighen, Francis " Evolutionary Approach to Epistemology" Principia Cybernetica (1993): "Evolutionary epistemology is an

approach that sees knowledge in the first place as a product of the variation and selection processes characterizing evolution"

Heylighen, Francis " Memetics" Principia Cybernetica (1994): "A meme is defined as a cognitive-behavioral pattern that can be

transmitted from one individual to another one through communication."

Heylighen, Francis " Competition between Memes and Genes" Principia Cybernetica (1994): "It should not surprise us then that

during the last ten thousand years, humans have almost not changed on the genetic level, whereas their culture (i.e. the total set of memes) has undergone the most radical developments."

Heylighen, Francis " Structure of memes" Principia Cybernetica (1994): Describes two models that may be useful in describing

the ways memes work.

Heylighen, Francis & Campbell, Donald " Selection of Organization at the Social Level: obstacles and facilitators of

metasystem transitions" World Futures: J. General Evolution (1995): "A group... can be seen as the physical counterpart of

'sociotype' of a cognitive belief pattern of 'memotype'..."

Heylighen, Francis " Knowledge Selection Criteria" Principia Cybernetica (1995): "Whereas traditional epistemologies try to

distinguish 'true' knowledge from 'false' knowledge... in an evolutionary context we must admit that many different influences

impinge on the evolution of knowledge."

Heylighen, Francis " Memetic Selection Criteria" Principia Cybernetica (1995): Describes several criteria that, when met by a

meme, make that meme more successful.

Heylighen, Francis " Evolution of Memes on the Network: from chain-letters to the global brain " Ars Electronica Catalogue

(1996): "The corresponding 'organism' or sociotype for this meme network would be the whole of humanity... Individual humans

would play a role similar to the organism's cells."

Heylighen, Francis " In defense of 'Memesis'" Memesis Symposium (1996): "[M]ost of the criticisms of the 'Memesis' text strike

me as based on misunderstandings of what concepts like 'evolution' and 'memes' really mean."

Heylighen, Francis " What makes a meme successful? Selection criteria for cultural evolution" Proc. 15th Int. Congress on

Cybernetics (1998): "Meme replication is described as a 4-stage process, consisting of assimilation, retention, expression and

transmission."

Heylighen, Francis " The necessity of theoretical constructs: a rebuttal of the behaviourist approach to memetics" JOM:EMIT

(1999): A commentary on Gatherer's "Why the 'Thought Contagion' Metaphor is Retarding the Progress of Memetics."

Hoberman, Perry " Mutant Memes 1.1: A prelude to a discussion of memesis" Memesis Symposium (1996): "I would suggest

that we slow down and clear up some fairly serious misconceptions about the term 'meme' before it too gets totally lost among the

wreckage."

Hrachovec, Herbert " Maiming Memes" Memesis Symposium (1996): "Taking the suggested analogy at face value one would

have to discuss problems arising from the uncritical transfer of categories appropriate to the working of proteins to the description

of human capabilities."

Hull, David L. " Strategies in Meme Theory" JOM:EMIT (1999): a commentary on Rose's "Controversies in Meme Theory"

I/J

Jacobson, Rogan " Bridging the gap: Memetics as a methodological tool to close the ranks between social and traditional

history" Principia Cybernetica (1998)





James, William " Great Men and their Environment" Atlantic (1880): "A remarkable parallel, which I think has never been

noticed, obtains between the facts of social evolution on the one hand, and of zoölogical evolution as expounded by Mr. Darwin on

the other."

Jan, Steven " Replicating Sonorities: Towards a Memetics of Music" JOM:EMIT (2000): "[T]his paper represents an attempt to

integrate the central concerns of analytical musicology with a neo-Darwinian meme-selectionist perspective."

K

Kelleher, Ben: see Vos, Ed

Kendal, Jeremy R. & Laland, Kevin N. " Mathematical Models for Memetics" JOM:EMIT (2000): "The goal of this article is

to point out the similarities between memetics and cultural evolution and gene-culture co-evolutionary theory, and to illustrate the

potential utility of the models to memetics."

Kennie, Tom: see Price, If

Kher, Unmesh " Is the Mind Just a Vehicle for Virulent Notions?" Time (1999): A review of Blackmore's The Meme Machine.

L

Laland, Kevin N.: see Reader, Simon M. and Kendal, Jeremy R.

Langrish, John Z. " Different Types of Memes: Recipemes, Selectemes and Explanemes JOM:EMIT (1999): "A biological

perspective allows for different types of memes with different transmission mechanisms."

Lanier, Jaron: see Godwin, Mike

Lateiner, Joshua S. " Of Man, Mind and Machine: Meme-Based Models of Mind and the Possibility for Consciousness in

Alternate Media" (1992)

Laurent, John " A Note on the Origin of 'Memes'/'Mnemes'" JOM:EMIT (1999): Speculates that the term "meme" may have an

origin in Maurice Maeterlinck's term "mneme" which he used as early as 1927 to describe memories held by social insects.

* Lynch, Aaron " Units, Events and Dynamics in Memetic Evolution" JOM:EMIT (1998): "An evolutionary recursive replicator

theory of mental/brain information is presented... [E]quations are developed for meme host population versus time in a two-meme

system, modeling the dynamics whereby events at the individual level give rise to trends at the population level."

Lynch, Aaron " Rationales for Mathematical Modeling, and Points of Terminology" JOM:EMIT (1998): A response to Best's

critique of 'Units, Events and Dynamics.'

Lynch, Aaron " Misleading Mix of Religion and Science" JOM:EMIT (1999): A commentary on Gatherer's "Why the 'Thought

Contagion' Metaphor is Retarding the Progress of Memetics."

Lynch, Aaron " Thought Contagion JASSS (1999): A response to Paul Marsden's review of Lynch's book (see Marsden: "Castles

in the Sky")

Lynch, Aaron Excerpts from "The Memetic Mind" The Evolution of Intelligence (1999): Examples of thought contagion

Lynch, Aaron " Memes and Mass Delusion" (1999): A lecture presented to the Philadelphia Association for Critical Thinking

Lynch, Aaron: see also Barbrook, Richard

M

NEW Majoros, William " Syntactic Structure in Birdsong: Memetic Evolution of Songs or Grammars?" JOM:EMIT (2001):

"...whether the units of memetic transmission and recombination in the birdsong of a particular species of finch exist at the level of

individual songs or instead at the level of grammar models... [is] not easily solved using the limited data obtainable in the field."

Marr, A.J. " Dawkin's Bad Idea: Memes, Genes and the Metaphors of Psychology" (2000): Contrasts biobehavioral models for

information processing with meme theory.

Marsden, Paul " Crash Contagion and the Death of Diana: Towards a Memetic Paradigm for Understanding Mass

Behavior" (1997): "[M]emetics may come to provide researchers with a viable non-Cartesian conceptualization of the human

individual and behaviour."

Marsden, Paul " Operationalising Memetics - Suicide, the Werther Effect, and the work of David P. Phillips " (1998)

Marsden, Paul " A review of [Price's & Shaw's] 'Shifting the Patterns'" JOM:EMIT (1998): "[T]he focus of this review will

restrict itself to an assessment to the authors particular application of meme theory."





Marsden, Paul " Memetics and Social Contagion: Two Sides of the Same Coin?" JOM:EMIT (1998): "[P]roposing a memetic

theory of social contagion, arguing that social contagion research and memetics are indeed two sides of the same social

epidemiological coin, and end[ing] with a call for their synthesis into a comprehensive body of theoretically informed research."

Marsden, Paul " A Strategy for Memetics: Memes as Strategies" JOM:EMIT (1999): A commentary on Gatherer's "Why the

'Thought Contagion' Metaphor is Retarding the Progress of Memetics."

Marsden, Paul " Castles in the Sky JASSS : A review of Lynch's Thought Contagion

Marsden, Paul " Forefathers of Memetics: Gabriel Tarde and the Laws of Imitation" JOM:EMIT (2000): "[A] century ago, one

of the founding fathers of sociology, Gabriel Tarde, outlined a programme for sociology... that has much in common with this

memetic project...."

Marsden, Paul " Is Suicide Contagious? A Case Study in Applied Memetics" JOM:EMIT (2001): "The phenomenon of suicide

contagion is demonstrated experimentally. An interpretation of the results is proposed using an understanding of memetics as

contagion psychology informed by selectionist thinking."

Marsden, Paul " Letter: Copycat Terrorism: Fanning the Fire" JOM:EMIT (2001): "The political and media reaction to the recent

terrorist attacks in the US could trigger a spate of copycat terrorism."

Marshall, Garry " The Internet and Memetics" Principia Cybernetica (1998): "Memetics provides a unified framework for

examining the overall behavior of the Internet and its users."

Mason, Kelby " Thoughts as Tools: The Meme in Daniel Dennett's Work " Principia Cybernetica (1998): "I... focus specifically

on the claim that memetics is reductionistic... Next I disucss the apparent threat of memetics to humanity's self-image, and finallysome genuine problems posed by Dennett's treatment of memetics."

Matteo, Sante " Blood and Memes on the Marciapiede: Memetics and Migration" Italian Studies in Southern Africa (1995):

"Human ideas, beliefs, institutions, and behavior, at least to some extent, are caused by and are merely vehicles for blind self-

replicating bits of thought: memes."

Medawar, Sir Peter " The Future of Man" (1959): "I shall discuss the origin in human beings of a new, a non-genetical, system

of heredity and evolution based upon certain properties and activities of the brain."

Mikiten, Terry: see Salingaros, Nikos

Miotto, Paola: see Preti, Antonio

Modelski, George " Evolutionary Paradigm for Global Politics" International Studies Quarterly (1996): "[T]he institutions of world politics evolve, that is they undergo change subject to identifiable evolutionary processes."

Modelski, George " An evolutionary theory of culture?" JOM:EMIT (1999): a commentary on Rose's "Controversies in Meme

Theory"

Monod, Jacques " Chance and necessity" (1971): "For a biologist it is tempting to draw a parallel between the evolution of ideas

and that of the biosphere." (brief excerpt)

* Moritz, Elan " Memetic Science: I- General Introduction" (1990): "This paper presents a rigorous foundation for discussion of

memes and approaches to quantifying relevant aspects of meme genesis, interaction, mutation, growth, death and spreading

processes."

Moritz, Elan " MetaSystem Transitions, Memes, and Cybernetic Immortality" World Futures (1993)

N/O

O'Hear, Anthony " Infection of the meme machine" Associated Newspapers (1999): A review of Blackmore's The Meme

Machine.

Olney, T.J. " An Alternative Approach to Gender and Consumer Behavior: Memetics" Gender and Consumer Behavior

Conference (1998)

Owlglass, Nancy " The Reasons for the Unexpected Difficulties of Modern Life" Disumbrationist League Bulletin (1998):

"Ideas that serve us - memes that tend to increase the reproductive success of the host organism - have an obvious edge. And that's

good for us. But ideas that serve themselves first will always win out in the final count."

P

Preti, Antonio & Miotto, Paola " Creativity, Evolution and Mental Illness" JOM:EMIT (1997): "Studies on the link between

creativity and mental illnesses show that it is exactly the characteristics of the mental disorder which also confer some advantage

on afflicted individuals."





Price, If & Evans, Lilly " Punctuated Equilibrium: An Organic Model for the Learning Organization" Forum (1993): "[W]e find

metaphors from biology and geology particularly appropriate to capture the essence of the learning organization."

Price, If " Organizational Memetics?: Organizational Learning as a Selection Process" Management Learning (1995): "Whereas

an organism is a creation of natural replicators, genes, an organization can be seen as a product of an alternative replicator, the

meme or mental model, acting, like a gene, to preserve itself in an Evolutionary Stable System."

Price, If & Shaw, Ray " The Learning Organization Meme: Emergence of a Management Replicator" Proceedings 3rd ECLO

Conf. (1996): "This paper illustrates the increasing returns dynamic in the evolution of management recipes by contrasting

Business Process Re-engineering and the Learning Organization."

Price, If " Punctuating Organizational Equilibrium: Shifting the patterns that limit" Critical Linkages Newsletter (1997)

Price, If & Kennie, Tom " Punctuated Strategic Equilibrium and some Strategic Leadership Challenges for University 2000"

2nd Int. Conf. on the Dynamics of Strategy (1997): "[T]he metaphor of the organization as an organism [is replaced] with the literal

assertion that both social organizations and organisms are classes of complex systems maintained, and specified by, replicators."

Price, If & Shaw, Ray " Memetics and the Edge of Chaos" JOM:EMIT (1999): A response to Paul Marsden's review of Price's &

Shaw's Shifting the Patterns.

Price, If " Steps toward the Memetic Self " JOM:EMIT (1999): a commentary on Rose's "Controversies in Meme Theory"

Pyper, Hugh S. " The Selfish Text: The Bible and Memetics" The Bible into Culture Colloquium (1997): "[T]he proposition that

this paper will discuss: western culture is the bible's way of making more bibles."

Q/R

Reader, Simon M. & Laland, Kevin N. " Do Animals Have Memes?" JOM:EMIT (1999): "[I]mitation is simply one mechanism

of transmitting acquired information between individuals. As long as information is transmitted with sufficient fidelity to be

replicated in the brain of the receiver, any social learning process will do."

Reynolds, Robert G., Whallon, Robert and Goodhall, Steven " Transmission Of Cultural Traits By Emulation: An Agent-

Based Model Of Group Foraging Behavior" JOM:EMIT (2001): "[W]e are concerned whether the emergence of human culture

provided humans with an adaptive advantage over non-human primate counterparts in terms of hunter-gathering capabilities."

Ritt, Nikolaus " Language Change as Evolution: Looking for Linguistic 'Genes'": "[T]he items of which languages are made up

do not primarily exist 'because of' the purposes they serve their speakers, but simply because they have managed to replicate

sufficiently well."

* Rose, Nick " Controversies in Meme Theory" JOM:EMIT (1998): "Four areas of meme theory are critically reviewed. These

are ambiguity in the definition of a meme and convusion regarding the distinction between replicator and phenotype, the problem

of inheritance of acquired characteristics, the relationship between memetics and sociobiology, and the selection or mutation of

memes being carried out by conscious foresight."

Rose, Nick " Okay, but exactly 'who' would escape the Tyranny of the Replicators?" JOM:EMIT (1999): A reply to commentaries

on "Controversies in Meme Theory."

Ross, Stephen E. " "Memes" as Infectious Agents in Psychosomatic Illness" Annals of Internal Medicine (1999): "Some disease

conceptions appear to induce illness in the absence of any classic pathogen. These psychosomatic memes induce biological,

psychological, and social changes in their hosts and can be transmitted to others."

Rothstein, Edward " "Memes" Spreading Rapidly Across Web" New York Times (1996): Informal article introducing memetheory.

Runiciman, W. " Darwinian Soup" (1999): A review of Blackmore's The Meme Machine.

Rushkoff, Douglas " Ways and Memes" Memesis Symposium (1996): "The meme that's gotten me in the most trouble is the

meme meme itself."

S

NEW Salingaros, Nikos & Mikiten, Terry " Darwinian Processes and Memes in Architecture: A Memetic Theory of Modernism"

JOM:EMIT (2001)

Sandberg, A.: See Bjarneskans, H.Shalizi, Cosma " How to Catch Insanity from Your Kids (Among Others); or, Histoire naturelle de l'infame" (1996): A review of

Dan Sperber's Explaining Culture: A Naturalistic Approach





Shaviro, Steven " Language is a Virus From Outer Space" Doom Patrols (1995): Discusses William S. Burroughs' theories of

viral language: "Strands of alien DNA unfurl themselves in our brains, just as tapeworms unfurl themselves in our guts."

Shaw, Ray: see Price, If

Sherman, Tom " The New Protozoans?" Memesis Symposium (1996): "All this constant modeling, remodeling and over-coding

of nature: maybe this obsessive modeling of nature is our species' strategy for survival?"

Siegfried, André " The Spreading of Germs and Ideas" Germs and Ideas: Routes of Epidemics and Ideologies (1958): "There is

a striking parallel between the spreading of germs and the spreading of ideas or propaganda."

Silby, Brent " Memecosystems: Are animal minds suitable habitats for memes?" (2000): "I believe that the British tit's [milk-

bottle opening] behavior has been misinterpreted as memetic.... [T]he question of memes in animal minds should be considered on

a case by case basis."

Silby, Brent " What is a Meme?" (2000): "As its success increases, memetics will take over where psychology has left off, and

will become a driving force in the study of human behavior."

Silby, Brent " Evolution of Technology: Exposing the Myth of Creative Design" (2000): "[T]echnological artifacts are not the

result of creative thought - rather, the creative process can more accurately be described as the execution of an evolutionary

algorithm."

Simonyi, Charles: see Godwin, Mike

Skoyles, John R.: see Vaneechoutte, MarioSpeel, Hans-Cees " Memetics: On a conceptual framework for cultural evolution" Evolution of Complexity Symposium (1995):

"The aim of this paper is to present a conceptual framework for the selective memetic evolution of strategies belonging to large

organizations."

Speel, Hans-Cees " A short comment from a biologist on William Benzon's essay 'Culture as an Evolutionary Arena'" J Social &

Evolutionary Systems (1996): "In this short reply, I shall present ideas formed in biological theory with regard to the meme-gene

analogy."

Speel, Hans-Cees " A Memetic Framework for the Analysis of Policy Formation" Organizing in a Multivoiced World (1997):

"[A] framework is presented for the analysis of policy processes according to the evolutionary paradigm."

Speel, Hans-Cees " Memes are also Interactors" 15th Int. Cong. on Cybernetics (1998): "I argue that if we can and do judge

memes by their merits without necessary interference of the physical world, which implies a kind of phemotype or conceptualphenotype, memes should count as interactors."

Speel, Hans-Cees " On Memetics and Memes as Brain-Entities" JOM:EMIT (1999): A commentary on Gatherer's "Why the

'Thought Contagion' Metaphor is Retarding the Progress of Memetics."

Speel, Hans-Cees " Rationale for Commentary on Rose's Paper: Controversies in Meme Theory" JOM:EMIT (1999)

Speel, Hans-Cees: see also Antomarini, Brunella

Sperber, Dan " An objection to the memetic approach to culture" Darwinizing Culture (2000): "Memeticists have to give

empirical evidence to support the claim that, in the micro-processes of cultural transmission, elements of culture inherit all or

nearly all their relevant properties from other elements of culture that they replicate."

Sutphen, Dick " The Battle for Your Mind: Persuasion and Brainwashing Techniques Being Used on the Public Today " (1995).

Szamado, Szabolcs " Basic Questions in Memetics: Life-Cycle, Reproduction and Resources" (1998)

Szpir, Michael " Mind Viruses" American Scientist (1995): A summary of meme theory.

T/U

Taylor, James R.: see Giroux, Hélène

Twain, Mark: see Clemens, Samuel

V

Vajk, J. Peter " Memetics: The nascent science of ideas and their transmission" (1989)

VanArsdale, Daniel W. " Chain Letter Evolution" (1998): "Our collection supports the view of chain letters as a 'mind virus'...

they may now help us comprehend the generality and inexhaustible opportunism of evolution."




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