Membrane Processes Introduction & Bascis August 2010

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Membrane Separation Processes


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GIA: Membrane Separation Market to Exceed $11.6 B

Global Industry Analysts (GIA): June, 2010 Report

GIA developed new report on"Membrane Separation Technologies: A Global StrategicBusiness Report"

Reviews market trends

Competitive scenario

Product overview Product introduction/launches

Recent industry activity across global

Key regional markets

The study also analyzes market data in terms of value sales

for regions

United States, Canada, Japan, Europe, Asia-Pacific,Middle East and Rest of World.


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Air Liquide

Celgard LLCCulligan InternationalCompanyCUNO Incorporated

Degremont SADow Chemical CompanyFilmTec Corporation, E.I.DuPont De Nemours &Co.GE Water & ProcessTechnologiesIon Exchange India Ltd

Major Global Companies dealing in Membrane Processes

ITT Corporation

Koch MembraneSystemsMillipore CorporationNitto Denko Corporation

Pall CorporationParker HannifinCorporationPraxairSiemens Water Tech.Spectrum LaboratoriesThermaxPermionics


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Production of Potable water

Wastewater treatment and processing of water

Food and Beverages industry

Replacement of traditional filtration equipment

Biological Applications

Power Generation

Chemicals Separation

Medical Applications

Production of pharmaceuticals

Separation of a wide variety of emulsion, surfactant,

and chelating mixtures

Membrane filtration is emerging as a viable alternative toconventional granular media-based processes. There has been asignificant shift in preferences of key industries towards membranesf rom t rad i t iona l f i l t ra t ion & Adsorpt ion dev ices : G IA

Diversified Applications of Membrane Processes


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Municipalities in Europe are increasingly employing membraneseparation systems to ensure supply of pure drinking water.

Moreover, in view of stringent environment regulations, there hasbeen significant increase in the deployment of membranes inw a s t e w a t e r t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m s .

Rising demand for pure water is expected to boost market growth inAsia-Pacific. India is considered one of the more lucrative and bigger

markets for membrane separation technologies in Asia-Pacific.With rap id advancements and deve lopment of nove l

technologies, there has also been significant rise in application areasf o r m em b r a n e t e c h n o l o g y i n r e c e n t t i m e s i n C h i n a .

Reverse osmosis is one of the fastest growing segments primarily onaccount of growing adoption of water desalination and its ability toachieve very high levels of purity cost-effectively and efficiently.The Middle East has emerged as the most promising market forseawater desalination thereby offering significant prospects forr e v e r s e o s m o s i s .

Potential for Membrane based Applications


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High Surface area

Very much useful when Mixtures of similar Chemical compounds

to be separated

Separation of Mixtures of thermally unstable components (since

no heating is needed). Also HT equipments are not required

In conjunction with conventional separation methods (Separation

of azeotropic mixtures before feeding them to a distillation column) When conventional method doesnt work, membranes are useful Huge & Complex machineries are not required

Complex Instrumentation is not required

The method does not require constant attention

Energy savings No Phase change or Interphase MT

No re-separation is required like Extraction, Leaching etc

Whenever technology is new profit margin is higher

Advantages of Membrane Processes


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Membranes are expensive

Low Flux

Membranes are highly selective

Narrow Operating conditions

Membrane preparation is complex

Upper Solid limit is lower (i.e. RO can be used for low solute conn)

Certain solvents can quickly and permanently destroy the

membrane

Certain colloidal solids, especially graphite and residues can

permanently foul the membrane surface

The mechanical energy requirement is higher

Difficult to Separate Highly ViscousLiquids

Poor Cleaning

Disadvantages of Membrane Processes


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Example of Membrane

Definition of Membrane: A membrane is a discrete, thin Interface that moderatesthe Permeation of Chemical Species in contact with it.

Shrinking & Swelling of Grapes


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Semi Permeable Membrane


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Types of Membranes

Solid Membranes Organic (Polymer)

Membranes

Inorganic Membranes

Ceramic, Alumina, Zeolite& Silica

Metallic Membranes

Noble Metals (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Rh),

Ti Liquid Membranes

Glass Membranes

According to Pore Size

Porous Membranes

(0.1-10 m)

Microporous Membranes

(1-100 nm)

Non-Porous Membranes

(0.5-5 nm)


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Causes of Membrane Separation Processes

Pore Size of Membrane

Solubility & Selectivity of Components

Mobility of Component in Membrane Phase (Depends

upon membrane chemistry & phase)

Driving force acting on Individual Component:

P, T, C, Electric field


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Membrane Separation


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2-50 nm pore size


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2 m10 m

100 m

MFUF


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Types of Membranes

Solid Membranes Organic (Polymer)

Membranes

Inorganic Membranes

Ceramic, Alumina, Zeolite

& Silica

Metallic Membranes

Noble Metals (Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, Rh),

Ti Liquid Membranes

Glass Membranes

According to Pore Size

Porous Membranes

(0.1-10 m)

Microporous Membranes

(1-100 nm)

Non-Porous Membranes

(0.5-5 nm)


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Spiral wound - Organic


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Ceramic Membranes

Metal Membranes


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Hollow Fiber Membranes


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Plate & Frame Membranes

Tubular Membranes


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Membrane Separation Processes to be Studied

Micro FiltrationUltra Filtration

Nano Filtration

Reverse Osmosis

Dialysis

Electro Dialysis

Donan Dialysis

Pervaporation

Gas Permeation

Membrane Distillation

Membrane Contactors

Membrane Reactors

Hemo Dialysis

Blood Oxygenators

Controlled Drug

Delivery

Liquid Membranes


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Micro Filtration


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Ultra Filtration


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Nano Filtration


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Reverse Osmosis


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MF

NFRO

UF

Examples of Applications and Alternative Separation Processes


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Examples of Applications and Alternative Separation Processes

Process ApplicationsAlternativeProcesses

MicrofiltrationSeparation of bacteria and cells from

solutions

Sedimentation,Centrifugation

UltrafiltrationSeparation of proteins and virus,

Break up of oil-in-water emulsionsCentrifugation

NanofiltrationSeparation of dye and sugar,

water softening

Distillation,Evaporation

Reverse Osmosis Desalination of sea and brackish water,Process water purification

Distillation,Evaporation,

Dialysis

Dialysis Purification of blood (artificial kidney) Reverse osmosis

ElectrodialysisSeparation of electrolytes from

non-electrolytes

Crystallization,Precipitation

PervaporationDehydration of ethanol and organic

solventsDistillation

Gas PermeationHydrogen recovery,

NG purification, Dehydration andseparation of air

Absorption,Adsorption,

Condensation

Membrane Water purification and desalination Distillation

Si f M t i l R t i d D i i F d T f M b


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Size of Materials Retained, Driving Force and Type of Membrane

Process Separation Range Driving force Type of membrane

Microfiltration0.1 - 10 m

microparticlesPressure difference

(0.5 - 2 bar)Porous

Ultrafiltration 10 - 100 nmmacromolecules

Pressure difference(1 - 10 bar)

Microporous

Nanofiltration0.5 - 10 nmmolecules

Pressure difference(10 - 70 bar)

Microporous

Reverse

Osmosis

< 1 nm

molecules

Pressure difference

(10 - 100 bar)

Nonporous

Dialysis< 1 nm

moleculesConcentration

differenceNonporous ormicroporous

Electrodialysis< 1 nm

moleculesElectrical potential

differenceNonporous orMicroporous

Pervaporation< 1 nm

moleculesConcentration

difference Nonporous

Gas Permeation< 1 nm

molecules

Partial pressuredifference

(1 - 100 bar)Nonporous

Membrane

Distillation

< 1 nm

molecules

Partial pressure

differenceMicroporous


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Applications in Dairy Industry


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Applications in Dairy Industry


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Differences between Strainer Filter and Membrane


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Differences between Strainer, Filter and Membrane

Separation for more than 10-25

m size

Mechanical Operation Driving force: P

Same size particles cannot be

separated

No phase change Solute cannot transfer

Flux by Darcys Law

Filter Thickness larger

Equipments: Plate & Frame,Rotary etc

Separation from 1 m to 1

size

Mass Transfer & MOP, T, C, Solubility, Mobility

Same size particles can be

separated

Phase change May be Solute can transfer

Flux by Ficks Law

Membrane Thickness lower

Equipments: Spiral Wound,Hollow Fiber etc

Strainers: Solid visible to the Eye i.e. >25 m


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Membrane: A membrane is a discrete, thin Interface that moderates

the Permeation of Chemical Species in contact with it.Permeate: The species passes through the membrane and collected at downstream side.

Flux: Permeate rate per unit cross sectional are of membrane.

Retentate: The species do not pass through the membrane and retained at frontside.

Concentrate: Another term for the reject stream.

Cut : Ratio of Permeate flow rate to Feed Flow rate.Rejection: Ratio of difference between Feed and Permeate concentration to Feed

concentration.

Glossary of Membrane Processes


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Glossary of Membrane Processes

Selectivity: Ratio of permeability of high permeable species to permeability oflow permeable species.

For UF: Ratio of Hydrodynamic diameter of Solute to Apparent pore diameter.

Membrane Module: A unit package in which membrane separation is carriedout also called as Membrane Separator.

Barrier Layer: This refers to the active layer of membrane material that actuallyseparates the impurities from the product stream or permeate. This barrierlayer is supported by a micro-porous support layer, usually made frompolysulfone, which is cast on a non-woven support material.


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Concentration Polarization: Accumulation of less permeable component on the

membrane surface during separation.

Fouling: Accumulation of collodial, particulates and/or biological contaminants

on the membrane surface which are coming along with feed.Blinding: If Membrane pore chocked with species of larger diameter

(considered as impurities in feed) than pore diameter is called Blinding.

Dope: In the preparation of membrane the solution of polymers from which

membrane s to be formed called Dope.

Casting: It is used to indicate either laying down of a polymer solution (dope)

on support or the spinning of a dope in the form of a hollow fiber.

Phase Inversion: Basic phenomenon underlying the formation of micro porous

membrane structure. Exposing a homogeneous polymer solution to certain

chemical or thermal environment cause phase separation in solution. The

resultant polymer poor and polymer rich regimes developing pores and

continuous solid polymer matrix.

TDS (Total Dissolved Solids): This is a measure, usually given in PPM (Parts

Per Million) or in milligrams per liter (mg/l) that is used to specify the

concentration.


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Osmosis The diffusion of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from


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a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution.

Osmotic Pressure: This is the pressure differential that develops as a result of

a solution containing water and a particular concentration of dissolved solids,

including minerals and salts.

Cartridge Filter: Cartridge filters are a widely used and have been utilized for

water treatment for many decades. Cartridges are usually rated in microns. 40

microns is considered the largest particle visible to the human eye. Typical

prefiltration requirements for reverse osmosis systems are around 5 microns.

Recovery Rate: This term refers to the percentage of water recovered as

product water from a given quantity of feed water.Anion A negatively charged ion.Cation A positively charged ion.Ion An atom or group of atoms with an electrical charge that is positive(cation) or negative (anion) as a result of having lost or gained electrons.

Auto flush An automatic temporary increase in the reject flow. This helpsprevent membrane fouling.

Scale The mineral deposits that can coat the insides of boiler or the surfacesof RO membranes. It consists mainly of calcium carbonate, which precipitates

out of solution under certain conditions of pH, alkalinity and hardness.

MSP with Tubular modules


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MSP with Tubular modules

MSP with spiral-wound modules High Throughput


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MSP with spiral-wound modules High Throughput


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Overview of different Membrane Processes

Micro & Ultra Filtration


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Reverse Osmosis


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Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis

Gas Permeation


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Gas Permeation

Gas Permeation


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Gas Permeation

Dialysis


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Dialysis

Electrodialysis


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Electrodialysis

Feed

Pervaporation


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Pervaporation

Pervaporation


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p

Pervaporation


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p

Membrane Contactor


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Hemodialysis


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y

Hemodialysis


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Membrane Reactors


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Pd Membrane reactor for Methane Reforming

Membrane Reactors


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CO + H2O CO2 + H2

Membrane Reactors


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