Melody key link - SFU.cahedberg/Melody_key_link.pdf · Melody(key(link( 1....
Transcript of Melody key link - SFU.cahedberg/Melody_key_link.pdf · Melody(key(link( 1....
Differences between the two models
• Autosegmental-‐metrical theory is focused on phonology. – The listener’s language interpreta,on only cares about the points in the intona,on contour that define the relevant linguis,c contrasts.
• Prosogram theory is focused on phone,cs. – Concerned with specifying all the pitches that a listener hears when perceiving intona,on.
Melody key link 5
Melodic sta,s,cs
• Small intervals dominate melodies. – Motor explana,on
• Easier to produce in succession in voice and instruments.
– Perceptual explana,on • Too many large pitch movements risk spliQng the melody into separate perceptual streams, destroying the perceptual cohesion between successive tones.
– Speech-‐based explana,on • Speech melodies are dominated by small pitch movements, and sta,s,cal learning of these intervals may influence music composi,on.
Melody key link 7
Influence of speech on melody
• Look for quan,fiable differences between the sta,s,cs of speech intona,on in different cultures.
• See if these sta,s,cs are reflected in the instrumental music of these cultures.
Melody key link 9
Influence of speech on melody
• Patel, Iversen & Rosenberg 2006 looked at speech and classical music of England and France. – Same corpus as Patel & Danieel’s 2003 work on rhythm. • Using prosograms, measured varia,on in pitch height and variabiity in pitch interval size in sentences (semitones).
• Using musical nota,on, measured pitch height and pitch interval varia,on in music.
Melody key link 10
Influence of speech on melody
– Spoken French had significantly lower interval variability than English, and music mirrored this pa`ern. • MIV (Melodic Interval Variability): 100 ,mes the CV (Coefficient of Varia,on)
• Plot posi,on of each in RM (Rhythm-‐Melody) Space to measure the prosodic difference between systems.
– By what route do speech pa`erns find their way into music? • Perhaps sta,s,cal learning of speech pa`erns unconsciously influences music composi,on.
• English speech may use three dis,nc,ve levels of pitch in its intona,on, and French only two.
Melody key link 12
Melodic contour percep,on in acquired amusia
• Patel, Peretz et al. 1998 • CN – An “associa,ve amusic” was able to discriminate musical pitch and rhythm pa`erns but was unable to iden,fy culturally familiar tunes.
• IR – An “appercep,ve amusic” could not discriminate musical pitch and rhythm pa`erns.
Melody key link 13
Melodic contour percep,on in acquired amusia
• Pairs of linguis,c s,muli (French): – Statement-‐ques,on pairs:
• He wants to buy a house next to the beach (?) – Focus-‐shii pairs:
• Go in front of the BANK I said. • Go in FRONT of the bank I said.
• Paris of musical s,muli – Tone sequences replaced each syllable. – The tone was fixed at a Hz value midway between the maximum and minimum F0 values.
– Rhythm was preserved. – Sound examples.
Melody key link 14
Melodic contour percep,on in acquired amusia
• Two hypotheses – If the amusics’ deficits were confined to music, then they should have trouble discrimina,ng the sentences but should do well with the tone sequences.
– But if sentence and tone-‐sequence processing overlap in the brain, similar performance should be found.
• The second hypothesis was upheld – CN did well on both. – IR had difficulty on both.
• She could perceive the differences but had deficits in working memory for them, perhaps due to a lesion in the right frontal cortex.
Melody key link 16
Melodic contour percep,on in music tone deafness
• Congenital amusics (musically tone deaf individuals—mTDIs) – 4% of the popula,on. – Unaware when music (including their own singing) is off-‐key.
– Have difficulty discrimina,ng even culturally familiar melodies without lyrics.
• Ayo`e et al. 2002 found that mTDIs could discriminate the linguis,c but not the musical s,muli of Patel et al. 1998.
• Perhaps due to difficulty in detec,ng fine-‐grained pitch changes.
• Patel, Foxton & Griffith 2005 synthesized gliding transi,ons in the musical s,muli.
• mTDIs s,ll had difficulty with this. Melody key link 17
The Melodic Contour Deafness Hypothesis
• The hypothesis: – mTDIs have equivalent problems in detec,ng the direc&on of pitch change in music and speech.
– Intona,on percep,on is robust to this problem, while music percep,on is not.
• Evidence: – Lochy et al. 2004 found that mTDIs do have difficulty discrimina,ng the statement-‐ques,on pairs. • Sensi,vity to direc,on is irrelevant in the focus-‐shii task.
– Foxton et al. 2004 found that mTDIs have difficulty in detec,ng pitch change direc,on • In which pair of two tones does the pitch go up or down?
Melody key link 19
The Melodic Contour Deafness Hypothesis
• Why is speech robust to this deficit? – In speech, the threshold (2 semitones) is near the low end of the spectrum for rising or falling accents.
– In music, melodies are dominated by pitch intervals of 2 semitones or less.
• Where in the brain is the deficit located? – Pitch direc,on deficits are associated with damage in the right secondary auditory cortex.
– mTDIs have a decrease in white ma`er in the right inferior frontal cortex. • Area involved in short-‐term memory for pitch pa`erns.
• A behavioral dissocia,on of speech from music may thus disguise an underlying neural commonality.
Melody key link 21