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Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1 MEL 411:
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study and measurement of the properties of liquid fuels
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Mechanical Engineering Laboratory 1
MEL 411:
COURSE DESCRIPTION
The course involves the study and measurements of the properties of liquid fuels. It deals with the measurement fuel’s pressure, temperature level, flow, speed, weight, area, volume, viscosity, steam quality and products of combustion. It also includes the study and analysis of fuels and lubricants.
Recommended Experiments
Determination of Density, Specific Gravity and Viscosity of liquid fuels.
Flash and Fire points of liquid fuels and greases
Drop and hardness tests of greases Carbon Residue tests Calorific Test of Gaseous fuel Flue gas Analysis
Recommended Experiments
Water and Sediments Test Cloud and Pour Point Test Distillation and Vapor Pressure Tests of
Gasoline Fuel Measurement of Length, Areas, speed
and time Calibration of volume tank, water
meter, orifice, Venturimeter and weir Measurement of Humidity
Recommended Subject Report
Net surfing Library Research
Laboratory instruments used to measure viscosity of liquid fuels
Laboratory instruments used to measure temperature of liquid fuels
Laboratory instruments used to measure pressure of liquid fuels
Laboratory instruments used to measure flow of liquid fuels
Fuel and Lubricants Properties
Specific gravity, SG- it is the ratio of the mass of a unit volume of fuel to the mass of the same volume of a standard substance at a specified temperature (Richard A. Bayona et.al).
Fuels and Lubricants Properties
or
Specific Gravity of a fuel normally measured at 15.6 C affects the spray penetration as the fuel injected into the cylinders aside from being measure of a fuel’s heat content
Fuel and Lubricants Properties
Correction Factor as applied to specific gravity at a certain temperature
Fuel and Lubricant Properties
American Petroleum Institute Gravity Unit, API
- accepted standard by the petroleum and oil industry and drawn up to correct the values measured by incorrectly calibrated hydrometers.
Fuel and Lubricant Properties
Heating Value / Calorific value of fuels
- is the quantity of heat produced by its combustion.
a. Higher Heating or Gross Calorific value- heat value obtained when the water in the product of
combustion is in liquid state (Roger S. Capote).
ASME Formula:HHV = 41130 + 139.6 (API) KJ/kg
Fuel and Lubricant Properties
Heating Value / Calorific value of fuels
From Bureau of Standards Formula:
HHV = 51716 – 8793.8 (SG) KJ/kg
Fuel and Lubricant Properties
b. Lower Heating or Net Calorific value- heat value obtained when the water in the product of combustion is in vapor state (Roger S. Capote).
Formula:LHV = HHV – 9H2 (2442) KJ/kg
Fuel and Lubricant Properties
ProblemFind the gravity in degrees API for an oil having a specific gravity of 0.84.
SolutionAPI = (141.5/SG) – 131.5
= (141.5/0.84) – 131.5 = 36.95
Fuel and Lubricant Properties
ProblemFind the specific gravity of a fuel oil which has a gravity of 28 API.
SolutionAPI = (141.5/SG) – 131.5SG = 141.5 / (API + 131.5)
= 0.887
Fuel and Lubricant Properties
FUELSGROSS CALORIFIC VALUE
KJ/kg BTU/lb
ALCOHOL, 96% 30,000
BUTANE 49,510 20,900
DIESEL 44,800 19,300
ETHANOL 29,700 12,800
ETHER 43,000
GASOLINE 47,300 20,400
HYDROGEN 141,790 61,000
METHANE 55,530
PETROL 48,000
PETROLEUM 43,000
PROPANE 50,350
Fuel and Lubricant Properties
FUELSGROSS CALORIFIC VALUE
BTU/cu.ft BTU/gal
NATURAL GAS 1,030
PROPANE 2,500 92,500
METHANE 1,000
BUTANE 3,200 130,000
METHANOL 57,000
ETHANOL 76,000
KEROSENE 135,000
FUEL OIL # 2 138,500
FUEL OIL # 4 145,000
FUEL OIL # 6 153,000
GASOLINE 125,000
Fuel and Lubricant Properties
Problem
Determine the minimum volume of fuel day tank required for an engine of 28 API fuel having a fuel consumption rate of 310 kg/hr.
Given:mf = 310 kg/hrAPI = 28
Requirement:Vtank (minimum)
Fuel and Lubricant Properties
FormulaVtank =Vfuel
Vfuel = mass fuel/density of fuel
density of fuel = SG15.6 C (density water) SG15.6 C = 141.5 /(131.5 + 28)
= 0.887density of fuel = 0.887 (1000 kg/cu.m)
= 887 kg/cu.mVfuel = 310 kg/hr / 887 kg/cu.m = 8.38 cu.m
BOARD WORK
ProblemA cylindrical tank made of steel is 6 ft long and 1.5 m in diameter. An engine has fuel rate consumption of 1000 g/min at 27 API fuel specific gravity. Determine the number of days the tank can supply the engine?
Givenmfuel = 1000 g/minAPI = 27h = 6 ftd = 1.5 m
RequirementNo.of days
BOARD WORK
SolutionVfuel = mfuel/density fuel
Vf = Vt = 3.23 cu.m
density fuel = SG 15.6 C (density water) = 0.893 (1000 kg/cu.m) = 893 kg/cu.m
Vfuel = 60 kg/hr / 893 kg/cu.m= 0.067 cu.m/hr
# of hrs = 3.23 cu.m / 0.067 cu.m/hr = 48.21 hrs
# of days = 2 days
Instruments
Hydrometer- a device used for measuring some characteristics of a liquid such as its density and specific gravity.
Application
The device consist of a weighted, sealed, and long- necked glass tube that is immersed in the liquid being measured (www.britannica.com).
