Meiosis Foldable
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Transcript of Meiosis Foldable
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MeiosisMeiosis
NotesNotes
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Foldable
• You need 6 pieces of printer paper
• Stagger the pages about 1cm (width of pinky finger
DO NOT make the tabs too large!!!!!
• Fold the stack of pages to make the foldable as
diagramed on the ne"t slide
• #n the co$er write %M&'#S'S
• #n the back put your Name and )eriod
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Foldable *ayout
• *abel the tabs of the
foldable according to
the diagram to the
right
• +se some way
(choice is yours
to show which tabsmake up Meiosis '
and which tabs
make up Meiosis ''
,ocabulary (11th tab
Meiosis
Meiosis 'ntroduction
'nterphase
)rophase '
Metaphase '
-naphase '
.elophase ' / 0ytokinesis
)rophase ''
Metaphase ''
-naphase ''
.elophase '' / 0ytokinesis
Mitosis $s Meiosis 0omparison .able
Meiosis'
Meiosis''
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Note .aking 2ey
• .e"t in black will be copied into your flipbook
• ,ocabulary words will be like this Meiosis
3ighlight them as well in your flipbook4 so that
you know to memori5e them and definition for
the test
• 'nteresting facts will ha$e slide 3eadings and
te"t in blue like this Mitosis $s Meiosis
You do not have to copy blue text into your
flipbook unless you want to
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Mitosis iagram
I→PMT→!
I→PMT→!
I→PMT→!
I→PMT→!
I→PMT→!
I→PMT→!
I→PMT→!
.here is not room for you to draw this diagram4 but know what it means
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Meiosis $s Mitosis
Mitosis creates 7
identical daughter
cells (diploid
Meiosis creates 8genetically different
gametes (haploid
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Meiosis 'ntroduction (1st tab upper half
• Process of reduction division
• Purpose" Produces #a$etes %sex cells& ' sper$( e##
• Meiosis is NOT a cycle like $itosis)
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iploid $s 3aploid• iploid 9 a cell that contains homologous chromosomes
(one from each parent
represented by the symbol 7n
9 Found in somatic or body cells (e" Skin4 digesti$e
tract• &"ample : 3umans 7n ; *+
• 3aploid 9 a cell that contains only a single set of
chromosomes (one from either parent4 not both<
represented by the symbol n
9 Found in gametes or se" cells 9 sperm / egg
• &"ample: 3umans n ; ,-
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Meiosis 'ntroduction (1st tab middle
0hromosome Numbers
• Somatic cells: (diploid ; 7n ; 86 chromosomes in humans
• =ametes: (haploid ; n ; 7> chromosomes in humans
You # N#.
ha$e to draw these
pictures on the
1st tab forMeiosis 'ntroduction
?ust write the
Somatic and
=amete info abo$e
M-2'N= #F S)&@MM-2'N= #F &==
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0hromosome Numbers of Some
0ommon #rganisms
OrganismOrganism Body Cell (2Body Cell (2nn
)) Gamete (Gamete (nn
))HumanHuman 4646 2323
Garden PeaGarden Pea 1414 77
Fruit flyFruit fly 44
!omato!omato 2424 1212
"og"og 77 3#3#
C$im%an&eeC$im%an&ee 44 2424
'eo%ard frog'eo%ard frog 2626 1313
CornCorn 22 11
%%le%%le 3434 1717
*ndian fern*ndian fern 126126 6363
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Meiosis 'ntroduction (1st tab middle
• Similar to MitosisA ')M-.0
• Meiosis in$ol$es two distinct di$isions4 called Meiosis '
and Meiosis ''
• By the end of Meiosis ''4 the 1 diploid cell that entered
meiosis has become 8 haploid cells
.he ne"t slide has a labeled picture for you to draw
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Meiosis 'ntroduction (1st tab bottom half
• raw the general cell di$ision stages and label them
• o N#. worry about drawing the chromosomes at this time
Interphase
Prophase . Metaphase . naphase . Telophase . (!ytokinesis
Meiosis .
Prophase , Metaphase , naphase , Telophase , (
!ytokinesis
Meiosis ,
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Meiosis 'Meiosis '• (You do not need to draw these4 ?ust
showing you the stages
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)rophase ')rophase '(>(>rdrd tab 9 upper half of pagetab 9 upper half of page
• 0orresponding
homologous
chromosomes fromeach parent pair up to
form homologous pairs
• Chen homologous
chromosome o$erlap its
called crossing o$er3omologous )airs(3umans ha$e 7> pairs making86 total chromosomes
0entrioles
Spindle
fibers
raw and label
this picture in your
flipbook
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)rophase ')rophase '
(>(>rdrd
tab lower half of pagetab lower half of page• 0rossing o$er happens when parts of thehomologues chromosomes switch places aftero$erlapping
raw this diagram and use 7 different colors toshow the e"changed genetic material
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3ow can siblings look alike but not
e"actly the same if they come from thesame parentsD
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'mportance of crossing o$er
• .he gene combinations
that a person gets from his
or her parents will be
different4 to $arying
degrees4 than thecombination a sibling may
get
• 0rossing o$erincreases genetic
di$ersity
-dd this statement to the )rophase 1page on the >rd tab
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More sibling similarities
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Metaphase ' (8Metaphase ' (8thth tabtab
3omologous )airs
0entrioles
Spindle
fibers
• .he centrioles send out
spindle fibers to line up
homologous pairs in the
middle of cell along the
metaphase plate
raw and label
this picture in your
flipbook
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-naphase ' -naphase ' (E(Ethth tab upper halftab upper half
• .he centrioles use
the spindle fibers to
separate the
homologous pairs
• &ach homologous
chromosome is pulledto the opposite pole
of the cell
3omologous
0hromosomes
0entrioles
Spindle
fibers
raw and label
this picture in your
flipbook
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-naphase ' -naphase ' (E (Ethth tab upper halftab upper half
• 'f the centrioles do not
properly attach the
spindle fibers to the
homologouschromosome before
they start to pull4 then
a Nondisunction will
occur
3omologous
0hromosomes
0entrioles
Spindle
fibers
raw and label
this picture in your
flipbook
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-naphase ' -naphase '
Nondisunction in Meiosis '
• 'n the first picture you
see how the lower red
chromosome is being
pulled to the wrong side• 'n the second picture it
caused one pole of the
cell to ha$e an e"tra
chromosome
• - nondisunction causes
the gametes to ha$e the
wrong amount of
chromosomes
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.elophase ' / 0ytokinesis.elophase ' / 0ytokinesis
(6(6thth
tabtab• .elophase ' 9 the cell
creates a temporary
nucleus around thetwo homologouschromosome sets
• 0ytokinesis 9 the celldi$ides into two cells
3omologous0hromosomes
0entrioles
Nuclear Membrane
raw and labelthis picture in your
flipbook
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)rophase '' (G)rophase '' (Gthth tabtab
• .he ne"t slide has information about starting Meiosis II
• Crite this information on the )rophase '' (Gth tab upper
half and draw a bo" around it
• You do not have to draw the picture for all of Meiosis
II because you/ll draw each sta#e individually)
• .he lower half of the Gth tab will be )rophase ''
escribe and diagram that slide
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Meiosis ''Meiosis '' (G(Gthth tab upper halftab upper half
• .he two new cells produced by meiosis ' now
enter a second meiotic di$ision
• .he cells do N#. replicate N- resulting in fourhaploid cells
• &ach cell has
half of theoriginal N-
• 7n H 7 ; no N#. draw this picture in your flipbook
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)rophase '')rophase '' (G(Gthth tab lower halftab lower half
• &ach of the Meiosis ''stages are running in7 cells at the sametime
• Similar to )rophase ofMitosis
• 0entrioles attachspindle fibers to thechromosomes
0entrioles Spindle
fibers0hromosomes
raw and label
this picture in your
flipbook
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Metaphase ''Metaphase '' (I(Ithth tabtab
• Similar to Metaphaseof Mitosis
• 0entrioles use spindlefibers to line up thechromosomes in themiddle at the
metaphase plate
0entrioles Spindle
fibers0hromosomes
raw and label
this picture in your
flipbook
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-naphase '' -naphase '' (J(Jthth tab upper halftab upper half
• .he centrioles use
the spindle fibers to
separate the
chromosomes intoindi$idual chromatids
• &ach chromatid ispulled to the opposite
pole of the cell
0hromatids
0entrioles
Spindle
fibers
raw and label
this picture in your
flipbook
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-naphase '' -naphase '' (J(Jthth tab upper halftab upper half
0hromatids
0entrioles
Spindle
fibers
raw and label
this picture in your
flipbook
• 'f the centrioles do notproperly attach thespindle fibers to thechromosome beforethey start to pull4 thena nondisunction willoccur
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-naphase '' -naphase ''
Nondisunction in Meiosis ''• 'n the third picture you
see how the lower redchromosome only hasone spindle fiberattached
• 'n the fourth picture itcaused one gamete toha$e an e"tra chromatidand the other gamete tobe missing one
• - nondisunction causesthe gametes to ha$e thewrong amount ofchromosomes
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.elophase '' / 0ytokinesis.elophase '' / 0ytokinesis
(1K(1Kthth
tabtab• .elophase '' 9 the
cells creates a
permanent nucleus
around the twohaploid chromosome
sets
• 0ytokinesis 9 the cells
di$ides into four
haploid daughter cells
0hromatids
Nuclear Membrane
raw and label
this picture in your
flipbook
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=amete (Se" 0ell Formation
• 'n male animals
(including humans4
the haploid gametes
produced by meiosisare called sperm
• 8 sperm cells are
produced from one
meiotic di$ision
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=amete (Se" 0ell Formation
• 'n female animals (including
humans4 the haploid
gametes produced by
meiosis are called eggs
• .he cell di$isions at the end
of meiosis ' / '' are une$en4
so that 1 large egg is
produced along with
> other cells4 called polar
bodies4 which are discarded
and not in$ol$ed in
reproduction
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Meiosis -nimation
• ,ideo from .hursday if you want to watch
again
• https:LLwwwyoutubecomLwatchD$;r)
MpK+K3#-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rqPMp0U0HOAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rqPMp0U0HOAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rqPMp0U0HOAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rqPMp0U0HOA
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,ocabulary
• .he ne"t slides will go through the $ocabulary you need to
know
• You should ha$e all these words already defined in your
notebook4 but if not use this to do so and S.+Y them
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,ocabulary
0aploid 9 - cell that has half the amount of chromosomes
- cell that is %N for chromosome amount
Diploid 9 - cell that has twice the amount of chromosome
- cell that is %7N for chromosome amount
1a$ete 9 the haploid %se" cells (in animals they are sperm and egg cells
2o$atic !ell 9 all diploid cells (body cells that are not gametes
3y#ote 9 fertili5ed egg cell formed form the oining of the gametes (sperm and
egg
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,ocabulary
!entrioles 9 #rganelles in the cell that help to mo$e chromosomes during cell
di$ision
!hro$atin 9 Chat you call the N- during 'nterphase4 ,ery easy to access the
genes for transcription and translation to create proteins
!hro$oso$e 9 Chat you call the N- during the actual cell di$ision stages
()ro4 Meta4 -na4 and .elophase
0ondensedLpacked N- for easy mo$ement during cell di$ision
!hro$atid 9 #ne of the %arms of a chromosome OPA &ach chromatid isidentical to the other because it is created by replication
- chromosome is made of two Sister Chromatids
2pindle 4iber 9 fibers created and used by the centrioles to mo$e the
chromosomes around during the di$ision stages
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,ocabulary
0o$olo#ous !hro$oso$es 9 the same numbered chromosome that pair up
from mother and father (e": momAs chromosome 1 and dadAs chromosome 1
!rossin# Over 9 - kind of chromosomal mutation that happens in )rophase 1
of meiosis
3omologous chromosomes o$erlap and e"change pieces of the chromosome which caused genetic $ariability
4ertili5ation 9 .he process of making a 5ygote Chen egg and sperm cells
fuse and combine their genetic information (N-
Mit i d M i i
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Mitosis and Meiosis
0omparison .able
Mitosis Meiosis
Number of Startingcells
Number of endingcells
Number of 3uman
0hromosomes
=enetic Make up ofcells
.ype of cells
• Set up your
table as
shown
• +S& -
@+*&@ S#'. 'S N&-.
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• +se the following slides to complete the
table you ust made
• .he te"t is in blue so you donAt ha$e to
write it all4 but you will ha$e to include
some to complete the table
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0omparing Mitosis / Meiosis
Number of cells at beginning of process
9 Mitosis ; 1 iploid cell
9 Meiosis ; 1 iploid 0ell
Number of cells at the end of the process
9 Mitosis ; 7 iploid 0ells
9 Meiosis ; 8 3aploid 0ells
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0omparing Mitosis / Meiosis
Number of chromosomes at the 2T6T
9 Mitosis ; 86 (Diploid 4 %two sets
9 Meiosis ; 86
Number of chromosomes at the 7ND
9 Mitosis ; 86
9 Meiosis ; 7> (Haploid 4 %one set
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0omparing Mitosis / Meiosis
's the genetic makeup of the daughter
cells +N'Q+& or '&N.'0-*D
9 Mitosis produces 7 '&N.'0-* 0&**S
9 Meiosis produces 8 +N'Q+& 0&**S
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0omparing Mitosis / Meiosis
• .ype of cell in the human body that can
undergo each phase
Mitosis produces Somatic B#Y cells
(e"ample: skin
Meiosis produces =amete S&P cells (spermor eggs
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.he ne"t two slides ha$e
interesting facts about male andfemale gametes
'nteresting Facts F&M-*&S
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'nteresting Facts F&M-*&S• Females produce all their eggs at once4 and
store them at a $ery early age (.hey releaseone each month during menstruation
• uring fetal life4 there are about 6 million to G
million eggs From this time4 no new eggs areproduced
• -t birth4 there are appro"imately 1 million
eggs< and by the time of puberty4 only about>KK4KKK remain
• #f these4 only >KK to 8KK will be o$ulated
during a womanRs reproducti$e lifetime
'nteresting Facts M-*&S
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'nteresting Facts M-*&S• Males continuously make sperm from
puberty until they die
• 't takes about 7 days to make sperm
• 't takes only one sperm to fertili5e an egg4
there are roughly 7KK million competitorsto fertili5e the egg