Academic Academic IntegrityIntegrity

and proper and proper citationcitation

PlagiarismPlagiarism

Types of plagiarism:Types of plagiarism: Failure to cite borrowed ideas.Failure to cite borrowed ideas. Failure to cite quotations of others’ Failure to cite quotations of others’

work.work. Paraphrasing too closely, especially Paraphrasing too closely, especially

long passages or multiple paragraphs.long passages or multiple paragraphs. Self plagiarism.Self plagiarism.

Borrowed ideasBorrowed ideas

Did you get an idea directly from a Did you get an idea directly from a source?source?

Cite it.Cite it. Example:Example:

Author claims that the French Author claims that the French Revolution was caused by the Revolution was caused by the Monarchy’s massive debts.Monarchy’s massive debts.

The author did the research, give the The author did the research, give the author credit.author credit.

Did you get an idea indirectly from a Did you get an idea indirectly from a source?source?

Example:Example: The French Monarchy lost power due to its The French Monarchy lost power due to its

massive debts (Author’s Idea). This power massive debts (Author’s Idea). This power vacuum allowed the middle class to rise in vacuum allowed the middle class to rise in political prominence. (Your idea).political prominence. (Your idea).

Cite the Author’s idea. Don’t cite your idea.Cite the Author’s idea. Don’t cite your idea. Good practice: establish your facts with Good practice: establish your facts with

solid sources, cite them, then provide your solid sources, cite them, then provide your interpretation of what those facts indicate. interpretation of what those facts indicate.

Citing quotationsCiting quotations

Are you using a direct quote from Are you using a direct quote from someone else?someone else?

Put it between quotation marks and Put it between quotation marks and cite it.cite it.

Easy, isn’t it?Easy, isn’t it?

Three or more wordsThree or more words What constitutes a quote:What constitutes a quote:

Technically: taking Technically: taking three or more words in three or more words in a rowa row from your source material. from your source material.

So, taking the phrase “uncertain political So, taking the phrase “uncertain political climate” from your source without putting it climate” from your source without putting it quotes is plagiarism.quotes is plagiarism.

But in practice, you’ll never be called on “In But in practice, you’ll never be called on “In other words” or “The next year” or any other other words” or “The next year” or any other extremely common string of words.extremely common string of words.

One-word plagiarismOne-word plagiarism

Exception to the three-word rule: Exception to the three-word rule: Presenting someone else’s new term or Presenting someone else’s new term or phrase as your own invention.phrase as your own invention. ““This new form of civil disobedience, which This new form of civil disobedience, which

I’ll call I’ll call ecoterrorism,ecoterrorism, took many forms…” took many forms…”

Better: “This new form of civil Better: “This new form of civil disobedience, which Jane Robbins dubbed disobedience, which Jane Robbins dubbed ‘‘ecoterrorism’, ecoterrorism’, took many forms.”took many forms.”

Good QuotingGood Quoting

Good practice: quote only the quotable.Good practice: quote only the quotable. American Revolutionary Patrick Henry said American Revolutionary Patrick Henry said

“Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!”“Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!”

Is this quote interesting?Is this quote interesting? Yes.Yes.

Would paraphrasing the information Would paraphrasing the information improve it?improve it?

No.No.

Bad quoting Bad quoting

Don’t quote the less-than-quotable. Don’t quote the less-than-quotable. Robert Reich, Secretary of Labor during Robert Reich, Secretary of Labor during

the Clinton administration, said that “the the Clinton administration, said that “the Employment rate increased 1.3% in the Employment rate increased 1.3% in the second quarter of 1994.”second quarter of 1994.”

Is this quote interesting? No.Is this quote interesting? No.

The The informationinformation might be interesting, or might be interesting, or relevant to your point, but there’s little relevant to your point, but there’s little reason for the exact quote.reason for the exact quote.

Online Resources for Online Resources for PlagiaristsPlagiarists

Any relevant article on the internet.Any relevant article on the internet. Term-paper sites offer a variety of Term-paper sites offer a variety of

papers on different subjects.papers on different subjects. Some require paymentSome require payment Some make money on advertising Some make money on advertising

revenue, or by collecting email revenue, or by collecting email addresses to resell elsewhereaddresses to resell elsewhere

Online resources for Online resources for InstructorsInstructors

Anti-plagiarism websites and software: Anti-plagiarism websites and software: (www.turnitin.com and others)(www.turnitin.com and others) Collect frequently-used online term papers Collect frequently-used online term papers

and compares them to submitted student and compares them to submitted student paperspapers

Collects submitted student-written papers for Collects submitted student-written papers for a given class and compares them to other a given class and compares them to other students’ papers.students’ papers.

Easiest method: google search engine + Easiest method: google search engine + one unusual phraseone unusual phrase Students who plagiarize don’t usually dig Students who plagiarize don’t usually dig

deep for their source material.deep for their source material.

……wait, whose intellectual wait, whose intellectual property?property?

Any communications or material of any kind that you Any communications or material of any kind that you e-mail, post, or transmit through the Site…will be e-mail, post, or transmit through the Site…will be treated as non-confidential and non-proprietary. You treated as non-confidential and non-proprietary. You grant iParadigms a non-exclusive, royalty-free, grant iParadigms a non-exclusive, royalty-free, perpetual, world-wide, irrevocable license to perpetual, world-wide, irrevocable license to reproduce, transmit, display, disclose, and otherwise reproduce, transmit, display, disclose, and otherwise use your Communications on the Site or elsewhere use your Communications on the Site or elsewhere for our business purposes. We are free to use any for our business purposes. We are free to use any ideas, concepts, techniques, know-how in your ideas, concepts, techniques, know-how in your Communications for any purpose, including, but not Communications for any purpose, including, but not limited to, the development and use of products and limited to, the development and use of products and services based on the Communications. services based on the Communications.

- From turnitin.com’s Usage Policy: - From turnitin.com’s Usage Policy: http://www.turnitin.com/static/usage.htmlhttp://www.turnitin.com/static/usage.html

““Medicaments”Medicaments”

““The use of medicaments in professional The use of medicaments in professional sports…”sports…”

Medicaments: a term for medicines or Medicaments: a term for medicines or pharmaceuticals. Used widely in the early pharmaceuticals. Used widely in the early and mid 1800’s, but outdated by 1880-1890.and mid 1800’s, but outdated by 1880-1890. Occasionally still in use among students of English Occasionally still in use among students of English

outside the US, particularly in schools in India and outside the US, particularly in schools in India and the Middle East.the Middle East.

My personal record: identified plagiarism four My personal record: identified plagiarism four words into a paper.words into a paper.

Figures, Illustrations, Figures, Illustrations, Photos.Photos.

Did you draw the illustration, plot Did you draw the illustration, plot the graph, or take the photo?the graph, or take the photo? No?No? Cite it.Cite it. If you don’t cite it, the reader will If you don’t cite it, the reader will

assume you created it yourself.assume you created it yourself. (Note: if you make the graph but found (Note: if you make the graph but found

the data elsewhere, cite the source of the data elsewhere, cite the source of the data)the data)

Simultaneous discoverySimultaneous discovery

Simultaneous discovery:Simultaneous discovery: If you generate your own idea about a If you generate your own idea about a

subject, and the idea is nearly identical subject, and the idea is nearly identical to a source you haven’t read yet, you to a source you haven’t read yet, you aren’t obligated to cite it.aren’t obligated to cite it.

This can be hard to distinguish from This can be hard to distinguish from genuine plagiarism.genuine plagiarism.

Unintentional PlagiarismUnintentional Plagiarism

Comes from:Comes from: Paraphrasing sources, then editing and Paraphrasing sources, then editing and

accidentally changing it to something too accidentally changing it to something too close to the original.close to the original.

Forgetting to note the source of an idea or Forgetting to note the source of an idea or quote you’ve found, and then forgetting it quote you’ve found, and then forgetting it was your own.was your own.

It can be difficult or impossible to It can be difficult or impossible to prove this mistake was accidental.prove this mistake was accidental.

Self plagiarismSelf plagiarism

How can you plagiarize yourself?How can you plagiarize yourself? By turning in the same paper to two By turning in the same paper to two

different classes.different classes. Note: not all instructors consider this Note: not all instructors consider this

plagiarism.plagiarism. (For instance, I don’t)(For instance, I don’t) Always ask first.Always ask first. Also: your TAs and your instructors can Also: your TAs and your instructors can

have different ideas about what constitutes have different ideas about what constitutes plagiarism.plagiarism.

General KnowledgeGeneral Knowledge

You do not need to cite general You do not need to cite general knowledge.knowledge.

What’s general knowledge?What’s general knowledge? Force equals mass times acceleration.Force equals mass times acceleration. Romeo and JulietRomeo and Juliet was written by was written by

William Shakespeare.William Shakespeare. The United States of America declared The United States of America declared

its independence in 1776.its independence in 1776.

Is this general information?Is this general information? Human and chimpanzee DNA are 99% identical.Human and chimpanzee DNA are 99% identical. A wide variety of mental illnesses are mislabeled A wide variety of mental illnesses are mislabeled

as Schizophrenia.as Schizophrenia. Roosevelt knew about the impending Pearl Roosevelt knew about the impending Pearl

Harbor attack days before December 7Harbor attack days before December 7thth, 1941., 1941.

Note: as you advance in a field, what’s Note: as you advance in a field, what’s considered “General Knowledge” can considered “General Knowledge” can change.change. When in When in anyany doubt, though, cite. doubt, though, cite. You’ll never get in trouble for over-citing.You’ll never get in trouble for over-citing.

Outside AcademiaOutside Academia Plagiarism is a purely academic crime.Plagiarism is a purely academic crime.

It isn’t, in fact, a crime – either criminal or It isn’t, in fact, a crime – either criminal or civil.civil.

But it’s a violation of academic ethics and But it’s a violation of academic ethics and you can be punished for it.you can be punished for it.

By attending a school, you agree to the By attending a school, you agree to the school policies whether or not you’ve read school policies whether or not you’ve read them.them.

Outside academia, it’s still a good idea to Outside academia, it’s still a good idea to give credit where it’s due.give credit where it’s due. Copyright infringement, while technically Copyright infringement, while technically

different from plagiarism, can be grounds for different from plagiarism, can be grounds for a lawsuit.a lawsuit.

Proper CitationsProper Citations

Step one: pick a style guide.Step one: pick a style guide. Any style guide is better than no style Any style guide is better than no style

guide.guide. Saves time.Saves time. Prevents stylistic inconsistencies.Prevents stylistic inconsistencies. Your instructor will notice.Your instructor will notice.

Some instructors may insist on a specific Some instructors may insist on a specific style guide. (Not such a frequent issue at style guide. (Not such a frequent issue at the undergraduate level.)the undergraduate level.)

Style Guides…Style Guides…

Dictate whether:Dictate whether: Are books and movies underlined? In Are books and movies underlined? In

Italics?Italics? Do I center justify text? Left justify only?Do I center justify text? Left justify only? July 19, 1969?; or Jul. 19, 1969; or 19 Jul July 19, 1969?; or Jul. 19, 1969; or 19 Jul

1969?; or 7/19/69?...1969?; or 7/19/69?... Do I write “5” or “five”? If it’s “five”, do I Do I write “5” or “five”? If it’s “five”, do I

spell out 14,768?spell out 14,768? Most importantly: how do I cite my Most importantly: how do I cite my

sources?sources?

Style GuidesStyle Guides General interest:General interest: Chicago Manual of StyleChicago Manual of Style

Arts and Humanities:Arts and Humanities: MLA (Modern Language Association)MLA (Modern Language Association)

Chemistry: Chemistry: ACS (American Chemical Society)ACS (American Chemical Society)

Engineering: Engineering: IEEE (Institute of Electrical and IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Electronics Engineers)Engineers)

* Note: IEEE uses Chicago Manual of Style * Note: IEEE uses Chicago Manual of Style for all style for all style matters not explicitly outlined in matters not explicitly outlined in IEEE style guide.IEEE style guide.

Social Sciences: Social Sciences: APA (American Psychological Association)APA (American Psychological Association)

Note: Sociology, while also a Social Science, has its own style: Note: Sociology, while also a Social Science, has its own style: ASA (American ASA (American Sociological Association)Sociological Association)

Many, many others.Many, many others.

Simple, One-Author Book Simple, One-Author Book CitationCitation

Chicago : Last name, first name. Chicago : Last name, first name. Italicized Italicized TitleTitle. (Place of publication: publisher, date of . (Place of publication: publisher, date of publication).publication).

Kerouac, Jack. Kerouac, Jack. Atop an Underwood.Atop an Underwood. (New (New York: Penguin, 2000).York: Penguin, 2000).

APA: Last name, author’s initial (date of APA: Last name, author’s initial (date of publication). publication). Italicized Title.Italicized Title. Place of Place of publications, publisher.publications, publisher.

Kerouac, J. (2000). Kerouac, J. (2000). Atop an Underwood.Atop an Underwood. New New York: Penguin.York: Penguin.

Citing Electronic SourcesCiting Electronic Sources

Check your style guide for specifics.Check your style guide for specifics. Typically includes:Typically includes:

Name of the author (if given)Name of the author (if given) Site titleSite title Names of any editorsNames of any editors Date of publication or last updateDate of publication or last update Date of accessDate of access The URLThe URL

Examples:Examples: Peterson, Susan Lynn. Peterson, Susan Lynn. The Life of Martin The Life of Martin

LutherLuther, 1999, Accessed Jan 7, 2003. , 1999, Accessed Jan 7, 2003. http://pweb.netcom.com/~supeters/luther.htm

United States, Environmental Protection United States, Environmental Protection Agency. Agency. Values and Functions of WetlandsValues and Functions of Wetlands.., , May 25, 1999. Accessed March 24, 2001. May 25, 1999. Accessed March 24, 2001. http://www.epa.gov-owow/wetlands/facts/fact2.html

(Examples taken from (Examples taken from A Pocket Style Guide, A Pocket Style Guide, Fourth EditionFourth Edition, Diana Hacker 2004), Diana Hacker 2004)

Other forms of citation:Other forms of citation:

Citing interviewsCiting interviews Citing multiple or unknown authorsCiting multiple or unknown authors Citing a musical compositionCiting a musical composition Citing a pamphletCiting a pamphlet Citing a personal letterCiting a personal letter

Instructor’s note: if it’s a type of information Instructor’s note: if it’s a type of information source, you’re probably not the first one to source, you’re probably not the first one to discover it. discover it.

It’s faster to look it up than to invent your own mode of It’s faster to look it up than to invent your own mode of citation.citation.

Any questions?Any questions?