LAND LIQUEFACTION HOW DID EARTHQUAKES AFFECT THE LAND RECLAMATIONS?
Mega Reclamations - CEDA conferences
Transcript of Mega Reclamations - CEDA conferences
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Mega Reclamations Opportunities and Challenges
By: Jan Schaart Van Oord Dredging & Marine Contractors
CEDA Conference on Dredging and Reclamation6th-7th May 2008
Doha Exhibition Centre, Doha, Qatar
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Subjects
• Reclamation records
• Developments
• Where will we live in 2050?
• Reclamation pays
• Conclusions
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1. Reclamation records
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Reclamation records
• First in countries:
– with a high population density
– with a strong economic growth
– where coastal land was scarce
– where reclamation was technically feasible
– with long term ‘vision’
• Examples: The Netherlands, Singapore, Hong Kong, Japan, USA
and recently Dubai
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Reclamation records, the Netherlands
• More than 10 centuries of sea defence history
• At first reclamations for flood protection and flood control
• Since 17th century the construction of Polders
• In recent history reclamation with the use of marine fill
• Reclamation for agriculture, housing, industry and infrastructure
• A total of 2270 km2 added (7% of total land area)
• Extension Port of Rotterdam, Maasvlakte 2, will add another 10
km2
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If there were no sea defences
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Reclamation records, Singapore
• Started in 1965 and never stopped
• For (air)ports, housing, industry and recreation
• Total 97 km2 (18% of total land area)
• First landfill, later marine
• In total 2 billion m3
• Still 1.0 billion m3 marine fill to go
• Most famous projects Changi, Jurong, TUAS
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Singapore land reclamations
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Reclamation records, Hong Kong
• Demand for space for housing, industry and infrastructure
• Total 60 km2 (6% of total land area) added
• Before 1980, landfill
• Later marine fill
• Most famous CT 8 and 9, Penny’s Bay and Chek Lap Kok airport
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Reclamation records, Dubai
• Development of a sustainable economy
• Based on vision of Ruler Sheik Mohammed of Dubai
• Major land reclamations started in 2001 (first Palm Jumeirah)
• Space for housing, industry and infrastructure and leisure
• Reclamation at a unprecedented scale and speed
• A total of 27 km2 has been added already
• An additional 65 km2 will be reclaimed (current projects)
• New mega developments on drawing board
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Reclamations in Dubai
• Palm Jumeirah• Logo Islands • The World• Dubai Beaches
• Port Rashid• Palm Deira• Deira Islands• Rock transport
Van Oord projects
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Palm Jumeirah
Sand volume: 110 mln. m3Start: late 2001Completed: late 2004
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The World
Total area : 9 X 7 kmIsland size : 1.6 – 5.4 haSand volume : 325 mln. m3Rock volume : 32 mln. tonsLength breakwater : 25 kms
Area : 7 x 9 kmSand volume : 325 mln. m3Rock volume : 32 mln. tonsStart : Sept. 2003Completed : End 2007
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Dubai Maritime City – Port Rashid
2 km2 island for marine industrySand: 32,5 mln. m3Start: April 2003Completed: Nov. 2006
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Palm Deira, the largest ever
Afmeting : 8 X 13 kmOppervlakte : 25 km2Zandvolume : 700 mln. m3Steenvolume : 110 mln. tonProjectduur : 8 jaarWaarde : 2.5 miljard €
Sand volume :1200 mln m3
Rock volume :150 mln tons
Area : 9 x 13 kms
Start : 2006
Completion : 2014
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2. Developments of the world dredging market
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World dredging market in 2007
• World dredging market ± 12 billion Euro
• Including dredging market related activities
• Only 65% of world market is ‘open’
• Market share Van Oord 20% (of open market)
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Dredging market ‘drivers’
Demand for maritime
infrastructure
Demand for maritime
infrastructure
DemographyDemography
EconomyEconomy Climate change Climate change
EnergyEnergyTourismTourism
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Results long term market analyses
• LT market analyses show rising demand for:
– New or larger and deeper ports
– New, reclaimed land for living, working and recreation
– Cruise terminals and beaches
– Airports (in sea)
– Oil and gas projects, LNG terminals
– Coastal and river defence
• All drivers contribute to growth dredging and marine
construction market
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3. Where will we live in 2050?
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Where will we live in 2050?
• World population has grown from 2.5 billion in 1950 to 6.5
billion today
• It will rise to 9 billion in 2050
• Migration from rural to urban will continue
• People love living next to water
• 80% of large cities are in coastal zones
• In 2050 twice as many people will live, work and recreate in
coastal areas (100 km strip)
• Coastal land will become more scarce
• Therefore land prices in coastal cities are expected to rise
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World wide migration from rural to urban
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Effects of climate change
• A change of climate cannot be longer denied
• Sea levels will rise for sure
• Low lying areas will be at risk if not properly protected
• Puts further pressure on coastal areas
• It is time to act
• The dredging world is there to help
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4. Reclamation pays
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The cost of reclamation
Cost of reclamation depends on:
• Removal unsuitable mud layers
• Sailing distance to disposal area’s
• Sailing distances to sand borrow areas
• Costs of dredging licences / permits
• Depth of the area to be filled
• Quality of fill material
• Wave and wind climate
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But also on,..
• Available construction time
• The availability of modern dredging equipment
• The production capacity of dredging equipment
• The quality of the contractor
• The level of partnering with the client
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Ever increasing productions / week
0250000500000750000
10000001250000150000017500002000000225000025000002750000300000032500003500000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Year
Av.
Pro
d. p
er w
k..
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Economy of scale (volume versus m3 costs)
Large reclamation projects, costs of fill / m2
€40
€80
€120
€160
€200
€240
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550Volume in million m3 sand/gravel fill
Size of bubble: project volume in million m3 marine fill
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The cost of reclamation
• Larger, more efficient dredging equipment makes mega projects
possible
• Size (of reclamations) really matters
• Historic dredging fill costs ‘always’ below € 140 per m2 !!
• Add ± 40% for seawall / rock protection
• Add ± 10% for soil improvement / compacting
• Total reclamation costs usually below € 250 per m2 !!
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Current seafront land prices per m2
City Range of land prices (2006) in € / m2
Hong Kong 19,500 – 31,400
Singapore 4,600 – 6,200
Dubai 1,785 – 4,150
Tokyo 1250 (average)
Rotterdam 485 – 625
Cost of reclaimed land < 250 (incl. revetment and compacting)
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5. Conclusions
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Conclusions
• Reclamation are getting - economically and technically - more and
more feasible
• Due to larger dredging equipment and innovations prices of
reclamation has gone down
• Very high productions can be achieved (up to 3 million m3 per week)
• Reclamation can be designed for sea level rising
• Early ‘partnering’ with dredging contractor will help client / developer
to optimize design and execution
• Therefore: ‘reclamation pays’
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Van Oord: a sea of opportunity
Thank you for your attention