Meeting the Solid Wood Needs of the Furniture and Cabinetwood furniture versus kitchen cabinets, for...

Meeting the Solid Wood NeedsNortheastern Forest of the Furniture and CabinetExperiment Station Industries: Standard-sizeForest Service

Research Hardwood BlanksPaper NE-494

by Philip A. Araman1982 Charles J. Gatchell

Hugh W. Reynolds

United States Department of Agriculture

The AuthorsPhilip A. Araman received a

B.S. degree in wood science andtechnology from North CarolinaState University in 1968 and an M.S.degree in forest products from Vir-ginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity in 1975. A research forestproducts technologist at the North-eastern Forest Experiment Station’sForestry Sciences Laboratory atPrinceton j West Virginia, he is cur-rently engaged in research on utili-zation of low-grade hardwoods.

Charles J. Gatchell received aB.S. degree in forestry from the Uni-versity of Massachusetts in 1955and an M.S. degree in wood-products engineering from the NewYork State College of Forestry atSyracuse University in 1961. From1961 to 1965 he was a project sci-entist in the product and processdevelopment project at the ForestProducts Laboratory in Madison,Wisconsin. He is now project leaderof the Research Work Unit for Utili-zation of Low-Grade Hardwoods atthe Northeastern Forest ExperimentStation’s Forestry Sciences Labora-tory at Princeton, West Virginia.

Hugh W. Reynolds received aB.S. degree in electrical engineeringfrom the University of Minnesota in1950. His engineering experience in-cludes work in mining, heavy equip-ment manufacturing, and design ofspecialized research equipment. Hedid research work in drying of soft-woods on the West Coast beforejoining the drying group at the For-est Products Laboratory in Madison,Wisconsin. For the past 16 years he has been working at the North-

AbstractStandard-size, kiln-dried hard-

wood blanks (panels) of specifiedlengths, widths, thicknesses, andqualities can be used instead oflumber to produce rough dimensionfurniture parts. Standard sizes weredetermined by analyzing thousandsof part requirements from 20furniture and 12 kitchen cabinetcompanies. The International Wood-working Machinery and FurnitureSupply Fair-USA collected the dataand supported the analysis. Recom-mended blank sizes and examplesof rough dimension parts for furni-ture and cabinets made from blanksare included.

Manuscript received forpublication 24 April 1981

eastern Forest Experiment Station's Forestry Sciences Laboratory at Princeton, West Virginia

Introduction

The actual needs for parts bythe furniture and kitchen cabinet in-dustries have never been completelyknown. The multiplicity of productswithin and among firms has madestrict definition impossible. Eachfirm believes it is unique, but dif-ferent pieces of similar furniturehave about the same sizes andshapes. Knowing the qualities andquantities, sizes and shapes, of theparts used to make these similarpieces would allow more efficientuse of wood resources.

To determine the overall needsof the industry, we worked with datacompiled from a sample of majorfurniture and kitchen cabinet com-panies by the International Wood-working Machinery and FurnitureSupply Fair-USA (The LouisvilleFair). Twenty furniture makers and12 kitchen cabinet makers provideddata for the analysis. Parts informa-tion was collected for (1) solid furni-ture, (2) veneered furniture, (3) up-holstered furniture, (4) recliners, and(5) kitchen cabinets.

Thousands of individual partsizes were analyzed and grouped bylength, width, thickness, and quali-ty. We used this information to de-velop a new “standard blank” con-cept. Kiln-dried blanks of standardsizes can be manufactured fromlow-grade lumber and small-diameter low-grade logs. Thesestandard blanks can then be pro-cessed into the individual parts de-sired by any manufacturer with onlysmall end-trim losses. There may beother uses for the data, but simpleknowledge of what is needed willmake processing more efficient allthe way back to the tree.

Determining Product PartRequirements

Parts requirements survey

For data collection, we dividedour cooperators along major prod-uct lines: (1) furniture or case goods(solid and veneered); (2) upholsteredfurniture and recliners; and (3)

kitchen cabinets. Because of thelarge number of different items in afurniture style grouping (beds,dressers, tables, chairs, etc. madewith the same primary species andone basic style) and the large num-ber of different styles made by asingle company, data were collectedonly on those styles that were ingreatest demand. The furniture com-panies provided specific informationon rough parts requirements for themost frequently produced pieces ofbedroom, dining room, and livingroom furniture. Along with lengthand width data, the manufacturersprovided information on lumberthickness, parts grade or quality,and number of rough pieces per ar-ticle. On the average, 37 pieces offurniture were reported on per group(or suite) by 13 companies. Datawere collected on 25 groups offurniture.

In similar fashion, five manu-facturers of upholstered furnituresupplied data on an average of 22different pieces each. Three manu-facturers of recliners provided in-formation on about 20 reclinerframes each.

The 12 kitchen cabinet makerswere able to provide almost totalinformation on their lines. informa-tion included the rough size andquality for each part as well as thepart type (such as parts for doors,drawers, or frames).

Method of analysis

Because the sizes of the dif-ferent segments of the furniture in-dustry are not precisely known, datawere separated by product type:solid wood furniture, veneered furni-ture, upholstered furniture, re-cliners, and kitchen cabinets. Withinproduct type classifications,’ partswere separated according to theirquality and dimensions (length,width, and thickness).

The names given grades ofparts sometimes differ among dif-ferent product types. We used thegrade definitions developed by theHardwood Dimension Manu-

facturer’s Association (1961) withone exception: Cl F and C2F (clearone face and clear two faces) werecombined into a single clear grade.The breakdown between Cl F andC2F can be made available upon re-quest.

The sound frame grade of theupholstered furniture and reclinermanufacturers is the same as thesound interior grade of the casegoods and cabinet makers. For con-venience, we have included bothterms.

The grades and their definitionsare as follows:

C/ear–Cl F and C2F.

CIF (clear one face) —This materialshall be clear on one face, bothedges, and both ends, and shallotherwise comply with the clear-two-faces quality, except that the re-verse face may contain defects ofsound quality.

C2F (clear two faces) —This materialshall be clear on both faces, theedges, and the ends, except thatsapwood, slight streaks, and smallburls or swirls and light stain shallbe permitted.

Core —This material shall be soundon both faces admitting tight soundknots, small worm holes, slight sur-face checks, or their equivalent.

Sound interior— This material maycontain any defects that will not ma-terially impair the strength of the in-dividual piece for the use intended.

Sound frame— Same as sound in-terior.

A major question was how tosort the data into meaningful lengthand width groups that reflected theactual needs of the industry. Com-puter analysis showed that therewas a greater demand for certainnominal lengths than for others.Grouping by arbitrary equal-lengthincrements would not reflect thisdemand. Further, a great percentageof the needed parts were less than36 inches long.

1

Consequently, we decided tolet the needs of the industries dic-tate the length groupings thus: iffrom within a length classification,say 33.01 to 38 inches long, we wereto manufacture all the neededlengths from stock that was 38inches long, there would be a cer-tain amount of end-trim loss. Thelength categories in this report re-flect an average end-trim loss of nomore than 10 percent. That is, allparts for each thickness and qualityclassification could be made fromstock of the maximum length ineach length grouping with no morethan an average 10 percent end-trimloss. To this 10 percent rule weadded the constraint that lengthgroups had to be at least 2 inchesapart. And we hoped each groupwould contain around 10 percent ofthe part needs.

Two comments need to bemade about the actual lengthgroupings shown in the resultssection. First, the upper limit of alength group such as 22.01 to 26inches (Table 2) is generallyselected because most of thepieces are near 26 inches in length.Second, within a product typeclassification, the length groupingsvary from one thickness and qualityto another. But regardless ofproduct type, all parts of the samethickness and quality have the samelength groupings. We did this tofacilitate application of thisinformation; it will be discussedmore thoroughly in the sectiondealing with standard-size blanks.

Results by product type

The rough dimension partrequirements for solid, veneered,and upholstered furniture, recliners,and kitchen cabinets are listed inTables 1 through 36. Tables 1 (solidfurniture), 8 (veneered furniture), 17(upholstered furniture), 25(recliners), and 32 (kitchen cabinets)summarize the tables that follow.Each shows the distribution of totalparts requirements by nominalthickness and part quality,expressed as a percentage of thetotal surface area. For example,

about 80 percent of the area ofparts in solid wood furniture (Table1) are in thicknesses of 5/4 orthinner, and at least 80 percent of itis in the clear grades.

The veneered wood furnituresummary (Table 8) shows a greatervariability in part quality than thatfor solid wood furniture (Table 1).Core grade makes up almost 30percent of the total; sound gradeanother 10 percent. Most of theremaining 60 percent is in the cleargrades. Clear grades comprise atleast 80 percent of the needs in thesolid wood product, and at least 57percent of the veneer woodfurniture requirements. The cleargrade percentage for veneer woodfurniture should increase as moreand more composite panels areused for cores.

For upholstered furniture (Table17), most (87 percent) of the partsrequirements are in the sound framequality category. This is notsurprising, as these frame parts willbe covered with fabric and theirmain. purpose is strength. About 80percent of the total need forupholstered furniture is for 5/4 orthinner parts.

Almost all of the wood used bymanufacturers of recliners is usedfor frames (Table 25). Only 5.6percent is clear (Cl F and C2F).Eighty percent of all the frame partsneeded are 5/4 or thinner.

Kitchen cabinet partsrequirements (Table 32) are quitedifferent. The nominal thickness is5/4 or thinner for more than 98percent of all cabinet parts. Ninety-five percent of all parts are in theclear grades.

Tables of length-width distributions for each product typefollow the overview tables. Thereare tables for each combination ofpart thickness and quality. The totalarea of parts for each length-widthgrouping in a table is given as apercentage of the total surface areaneeded in that particular partthickness and quality.

It is important to understandhow these data can and cannot beused. They provide an accuratepicture of the demands for partswithin a segment of the industry(solid wood furniture, for example).However, determining the relativesizes of various segments (solidwood furniture versus kitchencabinets, for example) is beyond thescope of this study. Therefore,requirements cannot be summedacross segments.

The information in Tables 1through 36 can help suppliersdecide whether their particularcircumstances make supplyingmore than one product typemanufacturer desirable. Forexample, a supplier whose rawmaterial mix contains a lot of low-grade lumber might well want tosupply parts to upholsteredfurniture and recliner manufacturersas well as to solid or veneered woodmakers. In this way, he could usemore of his raw material moreefficiently than if he were to supplyclear parts only. Anothermanufacturer may decide, becauseof factors such as equipment andraw material availability, toconcentrate on supplying parts thatare 5/4 or thinner. In any event, forthe first time, the needs of thevarious wood-using industries areclearly presented.

The Standard Blank Concept

Development of standard-sizeblanks

Tables 1 through 36 show anenormous number of different partswhen length, width, thickness, partquality, and product type areseparately considered. From asupply point of view, this number isimpractically high. One solution isto reduce the number of differentsizes; another solution is tocombine the needs of the variousproduct types; and yet another is todescribe the most commonlyneeded parts regardless of producttype. We have combined all of these

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solutions in creating the concept ofstandard blanks.

“Standard blanks” are definedas pieces of solid wood (which maybe of edge-glued construction) of apredetermined size and quality (Fig.1). From these standard sizes,manufacturers can cut the piecesfor their own products (Fig. 2).Standard-size blanks in no wayimply standardized furniture.

The success of any plan forstandardizing blank sizes dependson the choice of the blank lengthsand widths. We based our lengthspecifications on the most-neededparts, allowing an additional 1/2inch or so for trim.

Standard Blanks

While all intermediate lengthsbetween two specified lengths mustbe resawed from the longest length,

Rough dimension material withspecific:

LengthsWidthsThicknessesQualities

Figure 1.—Standard blanks—rough kiln-dried dimension material with specificlength, width, thickness, and quality.

waste is controlled by the use ofthe 10 percent rule. Simply put, thespecified or target blank lengthswere acceptable if the production ofall needed parts for a givencombination of part thickness andpart quality could be achieved withno more than an average 10 percentend-trim loss. As a result, lengthclasses sometimes differ for partsof the same quality but differentthicknesses.

Eleven width groupings wereused in the analysis of parts ofTables 1 through 36. Because themost frequently needed parts werenarrower than 4 inches, a 1/2 inchwidth increment was used for partsbetween 1-1/2 inch and 4 inches

Figure 2.—The standard blank concept—standard-size blanks are processed torough dimension parts that are used tomake furniture and cabinets.

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wide; from 4 to 6 inches, a l-inch neered furniture (Table 40), and up-increment was used. Width holstered furniture (Table 41).increments of 6 inches or morewere used above that. In each example:

We chose one width of blank foreach quality for all product types.The width was equal to the largestpart width needed.1 All other widthscan be produced by ripping thewide blank to narrower pieces. Oddpieces left over can be reglued andripped again. Our recommendedblank widths are:Clear quality 26 inches wideCore quality 26 inches wideSound frame quality(upholstered) 20 inches wideSound interior quality(case goods) 20 inches wideAlthough other widths can be used,the widths given will provide allneeded parts and have significantproduction and inventory advan-tages.

The recommended standardsizes for furniture and cabinetmanufacturers are given in Table 37.Nominal part thicknesses are usual-ly 1/4 inch or more thicker than theintended thickness of the finishedproduct. Our experience in manufac-turing standard blanks for subse-quent processing by major furnituremakers shows that actual blankthickness needs to be only 1/8 inchover finished part requirement. Allthree thicknesses are listed in Table37.

Examples of Standard-Size BlankUse

The overall value of standardblanks to manufacturers will dependmainly on how efficiently theneeded parts can be ripped fromthese panels. We have included anillustration for each of four majorproduct types: kitchen cabinets (Ta-ble 38), solid furniture (Table 39), ve-

1 A few solid wood dining room tableswere found to require parts wider than 26inches, but these were produced in suchlimited quantities that the parts data forthese tables were removed from theanalysis.

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● The product chosen wasconsidered representative of thatproduct type.

● The rough part needs weregrouped by species, thickness,and quality.

● The proper standard-size blankswere selected from Table 37. Insome cases, to improve the yield,parts were made in doublelengths.

● The number of blanks needed perstandard length was determinedby calculating the best rippingcombinations to satisfy part re-quirements and minimize edgetrim. A l/8-inch ripping kerf wasused in the calculations.

● Strips left over after ripping, 1inch in width or wider, were re-glued.

● The yield from the blanks (per-centage used), the amount of re-usable strips (percentage reglu-able), and the amount of wastewere calculated. Waste includedstrips less than 1 inch wide, sawkerfs, and end trimmings.

Blanks to provide front frame,door insert, door frame, and drawerfront parts for 50 sets of typicalkitchen cabinets are given in Table38. Choice of blank sizes werestraightforward except for the 12-3/8- and 9-7/8-inch-long parts, whichwere cut double length to increasethe material utilization. The overallyield of parts from the blanks was90 percent. Leftover material thatcould be reglued and reused was 3percent.

The blanks to produce the partsfor 100 solid dining room serversare shown in Table 39. Clear quality4/4 and 5/4 red oak, sound interior4/4 yellow-poplar, and core quality4/4 yellow-poplar blanks wereneeded. Yield of parts from theblanks was 82 percent, with 12 per-

cent left over in 1 inch or wider ma-terial for regluing and reuse. Six per-cent was lost.

Blanks to satisfy part require-ments for 100 veneered tables and400 chairs are listed in Table 40.Clear quality 6/4 and 8/4 oak blanksand 4/4 core quality yellow-poplarblanks are needed. Yield of partsfrom the blanks was 87 percent; 4percent was leftover material suita-ble for regluing and reuse.

Standard-size blank require-ments to produce 50 sets of frameparts for an upholstered love seatare shown in Table 41. Sound frame-grade 4/4 mixed hardwood blankswere needed for the parts. Two 8-inch-long parts were double cutfrom 17-inch-long blanks to increasematerial utilization. Overall, 86 per-cent of the blank material was usedwith 6 percent left over for regluingand reuse. Eight percent waswasted.

The overall yield in parts for thefour examples ranged from 82 to 90percent. Yield in regluable pieces tomake additional blanks for subse-quent use ranged from 3 to 12 per-cent. Although percent waste foreach blank size ranged from 3 to 14percent, the total waste for eachproduct was under 10 percent. Mostof the waste occurred as end trimand saw kerf.

Eight manufacturers have usedstandard-size blanks successfully intrial runs. The blanks were madefrom small diameter, low-grade redoak, white oak, and black cherrybolts harvested on National Forests.A report on these trial runs is beingprepared. Other tests are in theplanning stages.

Literature Cited

Hardwood Dimension ManufacturersAssociation. Rules for measure-ment and inspection of hardwooddimension parts, hardwood in-terior trim and moldings, hard-wood stair treads and risers. 5thed. Nashville: Hardwood Dimen-sion Manufacturers Association;1961:6-8.

Table 1.—Overview of rough partrequirements for solid wood furniture

Nominalthickness(inches)

Partquality

Percent ofrequirement a

5/84/44/45/46/48/4

All othercombinations

Clear(C1F and C2F) 5.5Clear (C1F and C2F) 44.5Sound interior 14.9Clear (C1F and C2F) 16.0Clear(C1F and C2F) 6.7Clear (C1F and C2F) 6.7

5.7100.0

a Percentage of total surface area of required rough parts.

Table 2.— Length/width distribution’ (in percent) of 5/8 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for solid wood furniture

Width groupings (inches)Length Percent

groupings(inches) 0 - 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01-

of14.01- 20.01 - total

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

Percentof total 0.4 0.1 0.5 -- 0.4 12.2 5.6 24.9 55.9 -- -- 100.0

a Percentage of total surface area of required rough parts,

5

Table 3.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 4/4 nominal thickness,clear (Cl F and C2F) quality rough parts for solid wood furniture


groupings(inches) 0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 -

Of

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.() 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0total

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2525.01-2929.01-3333.01-3838.01-4545.01-5050.01-6060.01-7575.01-100

0.2.3.4.2.3.1.1.1.1--.1.1

0.71.1

.5

.4

.3

.6

.4

.4

.1

.4

.4

.1

0.71.0

.5

.9

.2

.2

.2

.2

.2

.1

.3.1

0.3.4.4.4.3.2.2.4

0.2.4.2.3--

.1

.2

.1--

.1

.2.1

0.2.2.1.1.1.3.2.1.1--

.1

.2

0.3.5.3.2.1.3.3.1.1--

.2--

0.3.1.3.2.1.2.3

1.1 1.81.6 3.12.1 3.51.7 4.41.6 5.62.7 5.02.5 4.51.4 7.8.5 1.4

2.0 2.9.5 3.6

1.8 --

0.51.11.61.11.2

.8

2.7.2

1.2.9

2.1

6.39.79.89.89.7

10.49.9

13.42.77.26.54.6

- -.1.1.1.1

- -.4.2--

Percentof total 2.0 5.4 4.4 3.2 2.0 1.6 2.3 1.7 19.4 43.5 14.5 100.0


Table 4.—Length/width distribution a (in percent) of 4/4 nominal thickness,sound interior quality rough parts for solid wood furniture


groupings(inches) 0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01 - 3.51- 4.01- 5.01 - 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - of

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0 total

Percentof total 10.6 22.1 18.7 5.7 5.0 1.0 1.1 0.2 2.5 29.0 4.1 100.0


6

Table 5.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 5/4 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for solid wood furniture


groupings(inches)

of0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01 - 3.51 - 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01- total1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

Percentof total

aPercentage of total surface area of required rough parts.

Table 6.— Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 6/4 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for solid wood furniture


groupings0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- Of

(inches) 3.51 - 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01-1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0 total

Percentof total 2.9 3.2 2.7 8.3 4.3 1.6 5.5 3.8 16.6 23.3 27.8 100.0


7

Table 7.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 8/4 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for solid wood furniture


groupings of(inches) 0- 1.51 - 2.01 - 2.51- 3.01 - 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - total

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0

Percentof total . . 25.4 7.5 7.4 1.9 4.6 5.5 1.7 4.8 34.6 6.6 100.0


Table 8.—Overview of rough part requirementsfor veneered wood furniture


Partquality

Percent ofrequirements a

5/84/44/44/45/45/46/48/4


Clear (C1F and C2F)Clear (C1F and C2F)CoreSound interiorClear (C1F and C2F)CoreClear (C1F and C2F)Clear (C1F and C2F)

10.114.323.810.914.7

4.89.57.94.0

100.0


8

Table 9.— Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 5/8 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for veneered wood furniture



of

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0total

14.0 20.0 26.0

Percentof total 0.2 0.5 0.4 1.4 3.1 1.9 9.8 17.2 65.5 -- -- 100.0


Table 10.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 4/4 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for veneered wood furniture


groupings(inches) 0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - of

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0 total

Percentof total 13.4 14.8 15.5 10.8 6.3 4.8 6.4 3.7 15.6 5.4 3.3 100.0


9

Table 11. —Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 4/4 nominal thickness,core quality rough parts for veneered wood furniture



of1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

total

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2323.01-2626.01-29 .5 2.1 3.129.01-3434.01-40 4.7 2.940.01-5050.01-60 3.8 3.660.01-7070.01-95

Percentof total -- 2.7 0.1 0.8 2.7 0.6 0.9 0.2 10.3 45.2 36.5 100.0


Table 12.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 4/4 nominal thickness,sound interior quality rough parts for veneered wood furniture


ofgroupings(inches) 0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - total

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1515.01-1818.01-2-121.01-2525.01-2929.01-3434.01-4040.01-5050.01-6060.01-7070.01-95

Percentof total 18.1 57.3 8.7 6.7 1.9 2.7 3.3 0.6 0.1 -- 0.4 100.0


10

Table 13.— Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 5/4 nominal thickness,clear (ClF and C2F) quality rough parts for veneered wood furniture


groupings0- 1.51- 2.01 - 2.51- of

(inches) 3.01 - 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01-1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

total

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2525.01-2929.01-3333.01-3838.01-4545.01-5050.01-6060.01-7575.01-100

Percentof total 7.0 5.9 15.3 11.3 18.0 5.7 10.7 4.9 7.0 11.2 3.0 100.0


Table 14.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 5/4 nominal thickness,core quality rough parts for veneered wood furniture


groupings0- 1.51 - 2.01 - 2.51- 3.01- 3.51-

Of(inches) 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01-

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0total

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2323.01-2626.01-2929.01-3434.01-40 40.01-5050.01-6060.01-7070.01-85

Percentof total 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.6 4.4 0.4 1.1 -- 14.7 40.8 36.3 100.0


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groupings of(inches) 0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01- total

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2525.01-2828.01-3232.01-3535.01-4040.01-4545.01-5050.01-6060.01-7070.01-85

Percentof total 7.2 7.0 10.5 22.8 13.2 9.3 6.6 5.0 8.6 9.2 0.6 100.0




groupings0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51-

of(inches) 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - total

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2525.01-2828.01-3232.01-3535.01-4040.01-4545.01-5050.01-6060.01-7070.01-90

Percentof total 2.0 13.8 13.1 9.5 11.1 13,7 12.1 3.2 3.7 15.5 2.3 100.0


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Table 17.—Overview of rough part requirements forupholstered furniture


Partquality


4/4 Clear(C1F and C2F)4/4 Sound frame5/4 Sound frame6/4 Clear (C1F and C2F)6/4 Sound frame8/4 Clear (C1F and C2F)8/4 Sound frame


3.258.621.5

4.93.03.24.11.5

100.0


Table 18.— Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 4/4 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for upholstered furniture


groupings0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01 - 3.51-

of(inches) 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - total

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2525.01-2929.01-3333.01-3838.01-4545.01-5050.01-6060.01-7575.01-100

Percentof total -- -- 2.6 -- 9.8 10.7 62.8 -- -- 14.1 -- 100.0


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Table 19.— Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 4/4 nominal thickness,sound frame quality rough parts for upholstered furniture


groupings0- 1.51- 2.01 - 2.51- 3.01- 3.51-

of(inches) 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - total

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14,0 20.0 26.0

0-1313.01-1717.01-1919.01-2222.01-2424.01-2727.01-2929.01-3333.01-4444.01-5454.01-7070.01-8080.01-100

Percentof total 7.3 23.0 7.5 20.0 5.7 13.1 9.4 1.7 4.3 2.7 5.3 100.0


Table 20.— Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 5/4 nominal thickness,sound frame quality rough parts for upholstered furniture


groupings of(inches) 0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - total

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 20.0

0-1515.01-1818.01-2020.01-2323.01-2525.01-2828.01-3333.01-4545.01-5555.01-6565.01-8080.01-9090.01-100

Percentof total 2.3 8.5 6.1 16.1 17.5 2.6 8.7 6.6 19.2 0.2 12.2 100.0


14

Table 21.— Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 6/4 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for upholstered furniture

LengthWidth groupings (inches)

Percentgroupings

0-of

(inches) 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01 - 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - total1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2525.01-2828.01-3232.01-3535.01-4040.01-4545.01-5050.01-6060.01-7070.01-85

Percentof total -- -- -- 16.6 11.4 38.2 7.8 -- -- 13.1 12.9 100.0


Table 22.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 6/4 nominal thickness,sound frame quality rough parts for upholstered furniture

LengthWidth groupings (inches)

Percentgroupings

0- 1.51- 2.01-of

(inches) 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - total1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0- 1414.01-1818.01-2121.01-2424.01-2828.01-3131.01-3434.01-40

Percentof total 3.7 21.8 23.1 15.5 9.2 3.8 3.5 -- 5.7 -- 13.7 100.0


15

Table 23.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 8/4 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for upholstered furniture


ofgroupings0- 1.51 - 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 -(inches) total1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2525.01-2828.01-3232.01-3535.01-4040.01-4545.01-5050.01-6060.01-7070.01-90

Percentof total 22.2 -- 6.2 21.1 4.3 13.3 0.7 5.8 12.0 14.4 100.0--


Table 24.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 8/4 nominal thickness,sound frame quality rough parts for upholstered furniture


groupings of(inches) 0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - total

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1212.01-1616.01-1919.01-2121.01-2424.01-2828.01-3030.01-34

Percentof total 1.6 33.6 11.0 13.3 8.3 12.6 3.2 3.7 9.4 -- 3.3 100.0


16

Table 25.—Overview of rough part requirementsfor recliners


Partquality


4/4 Sound frame5/4 Clear (C1F and C2F)5/4 Sound frame6/4 Sound frame8/4 Clear (C1F and C2F)8/4 Sound frame


52.73.6

28.01.92.08.13.7

100.0


Table 26.— Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 4/4 nominal thickness,sound frame quality rough parts for recliners

Width groupings (inches)PercentLength

groupings(inches) 0-

of1.51 - 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - total

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1313.01-1717.01-1919.01-2222.01-2424.01-2727.01-2929.01-3333.01-4444,01-5454.01-7070.01-8080.01-100

Percentof total 9.0 12.2 11.5 7.5 4.6 5.6 2.4 6.0 6.2 12.9 22.1 100.0


17

Table 27.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 5/4 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for recliners


groupings of(inches) 0- 1.51 - 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01 - total

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2525.01-2929.01-3333.01-3838.01-4545.01-5050.01-6060.01-7575.01-100

Percentof total -- 14.7 4.9 3.7 -- 1.4 -- -- 10.1 43.9 21.3 100.0


Table 28.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 5/4 nominal thickness,sound frame quality rough parts for recliners

Width groupings (inches)Length Percent.


1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1515.01-1818.01-2020.01-2323.01-2525.01-2828.01-3333.01-4545.01-5555.01-6565.01-8080.01-9090.01-100

Percentof total 14.4 9.9 19.0 2.8 7.2 1.5 1.0 -- 5.3 7.0 31.9 100.0


18

Table 29.— Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 6/4 nominal thickness,sound frame quality rough parts for recliners

Width groupings (inches)Percent

0-of

1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01- total1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 20.0 26.0

Lengthgroupings

(inches)

0-1414.01-1818.01-2121.01-2424.01-2828.01-3131.01-3434.01-40

Percentof total 4.2 45.9 6.5 11.9 20.4 11.1 -- -- -- -- -- 100.0


Table 30.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 8/4 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for recliners


groupings of(inches)

0- 1.51 - 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01- total1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2525.01-2828.01-3232.01-3535.01-4040.01-4545.01-5050.01-6060.01-7070.01-90

Percentof total -- 5.1 -- 17.8 4.9 -- 8.8 -- 21.3 19.3 22.8 100.0


19

Table 31. —Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 8/4 nominal thickness,sound frame quality rough parts for recliners

Width groupings (inches)Length

groupings(inches) 0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01-

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

Percentof

total

0-1212.01-1616.01-1919.01-2121.01-2424.01-2828.01-3030.01-34

Percentof total 9.0 53.4 13.0 2.8 3.1 1.4 3.3 -- 1.2 2.5 10.3 100.0


Table 32.—Overview of rough part requirementsfor kitchen cabinets


Partquality


3/4 Clear (C1F and C2F) 18.94/4 Clear (C1F and C2F) 70.04/4 Sound interior 4.75/4 Clear (Cl and C2F) 4.8

All other 1.6combinations 100.0


20

Table 33.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 3/4 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for kitchen cabinets.


groupings 0- 1.51 - 2.01 - 2.51- 3.01- of(inches) 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01-

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0total

0-1414.01-1717.01-1919.01-2222.01-2525.01-2929.01-3131.01-3535.01-4141.01-4747.01-5858.01-86

Percentof total 10.5 20.3 21.0 8.9 7.9 4.3 6.1 3.2 14.0 3.9 -- 100.0


Table 34.—Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 4/4 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for kitchen cabinets


groupings0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01-

of(inches) 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01-

1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0total

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2525.01-2929.01-3333.01-3838.01-4545.01-5050.01-6060.01-7575.01-100

Percentof total 3.4 20.5 10.1 15.4 11.2 5.2 6.5 3.7 11.4 4.3 8.3 100.0


21

Table 35.— Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 4/4 nominal thickness,sound interior quality rough parts for kitchen cabinets



1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2525.01-2929.01-3434.01-4040.01-5050.01-6060.01-7070.01-95

Percentof total 21.6 27.8 47.1 1.3 -- 1.4 -- 0.8 -- -- -- 100.0


Table 36.— Length/width distributiona (in percent) of 5/4 nominal thickness,clear (C1F and C2F) quality rough parts for kitchen cabinets


ofgroupings 0- 1.51- 2.01- 2.51- 3.01- 3.51- 4.01- 5.01- 6.01- 14.01- 20.01- total(inches)1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0 6.0 14.0 20.0 26.0

0-1515.01-1818.01-2121.01-2525.01-2929.01-3333.01-3838.01-4545.01-5050.01-6060.01-7575.01-100

Percentof total 4.5 48.2 2.7 3.1 3.9 -- 12.4 -- 13.2 11.0 0.9 100.0


22

Table 37.— Recommended hardwood blank standard sizes for furnitureand cabinet manufacturers (inches)

IntendedNominal Actualproduct

thickness finish blank

thickness thicknessBlank lengths

Clear Quality/26-inch Wide Blanks

Core Quality/26-inch Wide Blanks

1 3/4 7/8 15 18 21 23 26 29 34 40 50 60 70 951-1/4 1 1-1/8 15 18 21 23 26 29 34 40 50 60 70 85

Sound Frame Quality (for upholstered frames)/20-inchWide Blanks

1 3/4 7/8 13 17 19 22 24 27 29 33 44 54 70 80 1001-1/4 1 1-1/8 15 18 20 23 25 28 33 45 55 65 80 90 1001-1/2 1-1/4 1-3/8 14 18 21 24 28 31 34 402 1 -5/8 1 -3/4 12 16 19 21 24 28 30 34

Sound Interior Quality (for case goods)/20-inch Wide Blanks

1 3/4 7/8 15 18 21 25 29 34 40 50 60 70 95

23

Table 38.—Using blanks to satisfy kitchen cabinet part requirements for front frame,door and drawer parts for 50 sets of 9 cabinetsa

Material Blanks to partsRough part informationspecies/lumber Standard-size blanks required conversion results

thickness Quality Size No. Quality Size No. % % reglu- %

T X L x W needed T x L x W needed used able waste

Red oak 4/4 C1FC2FC2FC1FC2FC2FC1FC1FC1FC2FC1FC2FC2FC1FC2FC2FC1FC1FC2FC2FC2FC1F

7/8 X 31-1/2 X 1-7/87/8 X 28-5/8 X 3-3/47/8 X 28-1/4 X 2-1/47/8 X 27-3/4 X 1 X 3/47/8 X 24-3/4 X 8-7/87/8 X 24-3/4 X 5-7/87/8 X 22-1/2 X 2-1/47/8 X 12-3/8 X 1 -3/47/8 X 12-1/4 X 5-1/47/8 X 21 X 4-1/27/8 X 20-1/2 X 2-1/47/8 X 20 X 8-7/87/8 X 18-3/4 X 8-7/87/8 X 9-7/8 X 1 -3/47/8 X 15 X 7-5/87/8 X 15 X 5-1/47/8 X 15 X 1-7/87/8 X 15 X 1-3/47/8 X 14-1/2 X 57/8 X 14-1/2 X 2-1/47/8 X 13-3/8 X 3-3/47/8 X 13 X 2-1/4

100 Clear 7/8 x 33 x 26200 7/8 X 29 X 26700500200 7/8 X 25 X 26150400

50200150 7/8 X 21 X 26350

50200100100 7/8 X 15 X 26100800350

257550

200

8 86 4 10133 90 2 8

172 89 5 5

151 90

179 91

1 9

1 7

Total 5050 643 90 3 7

aParts are ripped from blanks with a 1/8-inch kerf ripsaw blade.

Table 39.—Using blanks to satisfy solid furniture part requirements for 100 serversa

Material Rough part information Standard-size blanks required Blanks to parts

species/lumberconversion results

thickness Quality Size No. Quality Size No. % % reglu- %T x L x W needed T x L x W needed used able waste

Red oak 5/4 C2FC1FC1FC1FC1FC1FC1FC2FC1FC1FC1FC1FC1FC1FC2FC2FC2FC2FC2F

Yellow-poplar 4/4 Soundinterior

1-1/8 X 43 X 5-1/81-1/8 X 43-1/2 X 1-3/81-1/8 X 20-1/2 X 1-3/81-1/8 X 18 X 1-7/81-1/8 X 17-1/2 X 5-1/81-1/8 X 8-1/2 X 1-7/81-1/8 X 7-1/4 X 1-7/8

7/8 X 43-1/2 X 197/8 X 39-3/4 X 2-1/87/8 X 31-1/2 X 16-3/87/8 X 31-1/2 X 2-3/47/8 X 12-1/4 X 11-1/87/8 X 8-1/8 X 8-1/27/8 X 5 X 1-7/87/8 X 18 X 3-3/87/8 X 17 X 1-7/87/8 X 17-3/4 X 1-1/47/8 X 14-1/2 X 10-1/27/8 X 14-1/2 X 3-3/87/8 X 39-3/4 X 2-1/47/8 X 37-1/4 X 1-7/87/8 X 17-1/2 X 1-1/47/8 X 14-3/4 X 2-3/87/8 X 38-7/8 X 8-1/2

200200200400200100400100200200100200200200400200100200200300100200200100

Clear 1-1/8 x 45 x 26 53 90 b 10

1-1/8 X 21 X 261-1/8 X 18 X 26

1277

8692

23

126

1-1/8 X 15 X 26Clear 7/8 X 45 X 26

16100

8785

49

96Red oak 4/4

7/8 X 33 X 26 200 65 31 4

7/8 X 25 X 26 73 87 10 3

7/8 X 21 X 267/8 X 18 X 26

8694

4b

106

475

7/8 X 15 X 26 115 90 5 5

Sound 7/8 X 40 X 20interior

7/8 X 18 X 207/8 X 15 X 20

Core 7/8 X 40 X 26

48 88 5 7

819393

5. .2

1475Yellow-poplar 4/4 Core

Total 4900 847 82 12 6

a Parts are ripped from blanks with a 1/8-inch kerf ripsaw blade.b Less than 1/2 percent.

Table 40.—Using blanks to satisfy veneered dining room furniture part requirements for 100 tables and 400 chairsa

Material Blanks to partsRough part information Standard-size blanks required

species/lumber conversion results

thickness Quality Size No. Quality Size No. % % reglu-needed

%T x L x W T x L x W needed used able waste

Ash 8/4 C2FC2FC2FC2F

Ash 6/4 C2FC2FC2FC2FC2F

Yellow-poplar 4/4 CoreCoreCore

1 -3/4 X 43-3/4 X 1 -7/81-3/4 X 30-1/2 X 3-3/81 -3/4 x 21 x 1-1/41-3/4 x 1 7 x 21 -3/8 X 43-1/2 X 3-3/41 -3/8 X 42-3/4 X 3-3/41-3/8 X 21 X 3-1/21-3/8 X 21 x 2-1/21-3/8 X 17-1/4 X 2-1/21-3/8 X 16-1/2 X 2-1/21 -3/8 X 1 6 x 2

7/8 X 4 0 x 27/8 X 37-112 X 27/8 X 21 x 2-1/27/8 X 20 X 2-3/8

800 Clear 1-3/4 X 45 X 26800 1-3/4 X 32 X 26200 1-3/4 X 21 X 26800 1-3/4 X 18 X 26200 Clear 1-3/8 X 45 X 26400400 1-3/8 X 21 X 26200400 1-3/8 X 18 X 26800400400 Core 7/8 X 40 X 26200534 7/8 X 21 X 26200

62 90115 8611 8767 87

100 83

80 91

156 86

50 90

80 86

164b

10

3

b

. .

8

989

137

5

14

10

6

Total 6734 721 87 4 9

a Parts are ripped from blanks with a 1/8-inch kerf ripsaw blade.b Less than 1/2 percent.

Table 41 .—Using blanks to satisfy upholstered love seat frame part requirements for 50 framesa

MaterialRough part information Blanks to partsStandard-size blanks requiredspecies/lumber conversion results

thickness Quality Size No. Quality Size No. % % reglu- %T x L x W needed T X L X W needed used able wasteMixed hardwoods Sound 7/8 X 65 X 2-1/2 50 Sound4/4 7/8 X 70 X 20 8 73 18 9frame frame

7 / 8 x 5 2 x 4 50 7/8 X 54 X 207 / 8 x 5 2 x 3 25 87

50 3 107 / 8 x 5 2 x 2 507/8 X 33 X 3-1/2 100 7/8 X 33 X 207/8 X 32 X 7/8 24 91

100. . 9

7 / 8 x 2 9 x 3 100 7/8 X 29 X 207 / 8 x 2 9 x 2 34 88

1505 7

7/8 X 22 X 5-1/2 100 7/8 X 22 X 20 61 90 77/8 X 22 X 4-1/2 100 47 / 8 x 1 8 x 2 507 / 8 x 1 7 x 27 / 8 x 1 6 x 2

100100

7/8 X 17 X 20 28 84 3 13

7 / 8 x 8 x 2 507/8 X 8 X 1-1/2 507 / 8 x 1 2 x 3 50 7/8 X 13 X 20 9 77 13 10

Total 1250 189 86 6 8aParts are ripped from blanks with a 1/8-inch kerf ripsaw blade.

Araman, Philip A., Charles J. Gatchell, and Hugh W. Reynolds.Meeting the solid wood needs of the furniture and cabinet in-dustries: standard-size hardwood blanks, Broomall, PA:Northeast. For. Exp. Stn.; 1982; USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. NE-494. 27p.

Standard-size, kiln-dried hardwood blanks (panels) of specifiedlengths, widths, thicknesses, and qualities can be used insteadof Iumber to produce rough dimension furniture parts. Standardsizes were determined by analyzing thousands of part require-ments from 20 furniture and 12 kitchen cabinet companies. TheInternational Woodworking Machinery and Furniture SupplyFair-USA collected the data and supported the analysis. Recom-mended blank sizes and examples of rough dimension parts forfurniture and cabinets made from blanks are included.

836.1 ; 854.1; 854.2

Keywords: Hardwood dimension; panels; standard sizes

Headquarters of the Northeastern Forest Experiment Station are inBroomall, Pa. Field laboratories are maintained at:

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Amherst, Massachusetts, in cooperation with the University ofMassachusetts.Berea, Kentucky, in cooperation with Berea College.Burlington, Vermont, in cooperation with the University ofVermont.

Delaware, Ohio.Durham, New Hampshire, in cooperation with the University ofNew Hampshire.Hamden, Connecticut, in cooperation with Yale University.

Morgantown, West Virginia, in cooperation with West VirginiaUniversity, Morgantown.Orono, Maine, in cooperation with the University of Maine,Orono.Parsons, West Virginia.Princeton, West Virginia.Syracuse, New York, in cooperation with the State University ofNew York College of Environmental Sciences and Forestry at

Syracuse University, Syracuse.University Park, Pennsylvania, in cooperation with thePennsylvania State University.Warren, Pennsylvania.

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