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Medium Access Control Protocol Design for Vehicle-Vehicle Safety
Messages
Presented by: Amal Alhosban October 28 2009
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The Authors
Qing Xu Tony Mak Jeff Ko Raja Sengupta
University of California, Berkely
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Content Abstract Introduction Problem formulation Literature review and related technologies Mac extension design Mathematical analysis Simulation development Optimizing design Conclusion References
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Content Abstract Introduction Problem formulation Literature review and related technologies Mac extension design Mathematical analysis Simulation development Optimizing design Conclusion References
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Abstract
Proposed Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol designed for vehicle
Safety messages V-V Developed a QoS model for safety
messages Each message has :
Range Lifetime
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Abstract
The protocol design based on rebroadcasting each message multiple times within its lifetime
Proposed Six different design variation Derived equations, developed simulation
tool to assess the performance of the design
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Performance depend on:
Number of rebroadcast Power Modulation Coding Traffic
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Content Abstract Introduction Problem formulation Literature review and related technologies Mac extension design Mathematical analysis Simulation development Optimizing design Conclusion References
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Introduction
Main purpose for this paper: Design wireless networks to enable
vehicle safety systems
The engineers have been designing vehicle system to
protect crash sec or less before warn the driver control the vehicle
Active safety system
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Active safety systems Provide forward collision warning Awareness about vehicles in blind spot Conflicts at intersections
But they share common needs: The locations Motions of its neighboring V
We know the state using sensorsRadar, laserCollision thread come from different directions radar looking forward, rear, right and left lane.
The state of the V
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CASS (authors 04)
Cooperative Active Safety SystemEnabling active safety system by learning the state of neighbors V using GPS and Wi-Fi
Why GPS & Wi-Fi?
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Safety
Academic response: VANET vehicular ad hoc networks
Government & industry FCC federal communication commission safety
messages will have priority access IEEE create IEEE 802.11p, built priority
for safety
And others…
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A Snapshot of Vehicle Neighborhood Map
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A Snapshot of Vehicle Neighborhood Map
3 cars Periodically transmit its GPS position,
speed and heading (motion state) Each car receive information and plot Arrow in the middle the car Arrowhead for direction
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Network design
The evaluation: Driving on 4-8 lane freeway 802.11a radio 20 MHz channel
To evaluate design we need to estimate :1. The amount of data traffic 2. Pick QoS measures
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Content Abstract Introduction Problem formulation Literature review and related technologies Mac extension design Mathematical analysis Simulation development Optimizing design Conclusion References
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Problem formulation
Bound the amount of data that could be generated by CASS
Describe the QoS model
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Problem formulation
Bound the amount of data that could be generated by CASS
Describe the QoS model
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CASS traffic bound
Message rate interval (message/msec)
1/50 – 1/500
Packet size (byte) 100 - 400
Message range (meter) 50 - 300
Average inter vehicle distance(meters/vehicle)
10 jammed30 max
Lane number 4, 8
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When we Expect safety message?
Position Speed Heading Turn signal Break lights
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The load depend on:
Safety message rate Message size Traffic density Distance Because its wireless
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CASS message rate
Safety message rate (1 – 10 Hz) The vehicle transmits its motion state every
50 msec and the receiving vehicle can track smoothly
Moves 2 meter in 50 msec When broadcast 1/500 too slow, driver
reaction time every 500 msec If the information delayed 500 msec the
driver will see the threat before the system In the system between 1/50 -1/500
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CASS
Producing messages are independent But may not true (example brakes)
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CASS paket size
SAE J1746 encode vehicle location using 2 bytes
NTCIP using 5 bytes CASS 100 – 400
80 network protocol header 100 header and data compression 170 location and motion
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CASS broadcast When V broadcast safety message its
inform oncoming V about state of motion, the V far away should be told when it closer
How we determine near and far?
By having critical range (CR) for the message the V should receive the message before reach
this range (stopped car in free way) CR Depend on the content of message and its
range
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Problem formulation
Bound the amount of data that could be generated by CASS
Describe the QoS model
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Describe the QoS model CASS will not be fully designed and
the levels of data traffic generated will not be known
Two QoS measures suitable when using CASS
(PRF) the probability of reception or reception failure (loss)
Channel busy time
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PRF
The probability a randomly chosen receiver at message range fails to receive a message within lifetime
Lifetime = inverse of the rate (to reduce the number of dimensions 5 in the table)
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Channel busy time (CBT)If two protocols deliver messages with same PRF but CBT of one lower than the other, we consider one with lower CBT
T safety : total length of time period within TT : time period
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Content Abstract Introduction Problem formulation Literature review and related technologies Mac extension design Mathematical analysis Simulation development Optimizing design Conclusion References
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In this paper They didn’t use TDMA, FDMA or CDMA
because difficult to allocate slot, codes and channels without centralized control
The design based on ALOHA and CSMA MACA, MACAW, FAMA all uses (RTS/CTS)
cannot use them for broadcast Replaced in one ref by (RTB/CTB)
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Content
Abstract Introduction Problem formulation Literature review and related technologies Mac extension design Mathematical analysis Simulation development Optimizing design Conclusion References
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Mac extension design
To maximize the probability (min PRF) Care when repeat message (collision)
6 variation on the reapeatetion
synchronous and asynchronous design repetition with and without carrier sensing fixed number and p-persistent repetition
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The concept of repetitive transmission
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The proposed protocol
Designed between logical link layer and MAC layer
Its role is to generate and remove repetitions
Implemented using NS2
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MAC Extension Layer State Machine
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Proposed protocol
1. Asynchronous Fixed Repetition (AFR) the number of repetitions k
2. Asynchronous p-persistent Repetition (APR) the number of repetitions k/n for n slots
3. Synchronous Fixed Repetition (SFR)4. Synchronous p-persistent Repetition (SPR)5. Asynchronous p-persistent Repetition with
Carrier Sensing (APR-CS)6. Asynchronous Fixed Repetition with Carrier
Sensing (AFR-CS)
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MAC Layer State Machine of the AFR-CS protocol
Check channel status if busy
Pass to physical layer
Check
integrity
If corrupted
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Content Abstract Introduction Problem formulation Literature review and related technologies Mac extension design Mathematical analysis Simulation development Optimizing design Conclusion References
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Notation in protocol analysis
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Total number of Interference nodes
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Content Abstract Introduction Problem formulation Literature review and related technologies Mac extension design Mathematical analysis Simulation development Optimizing design Conclusion References
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Simulation development
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A Typical Traffic Screen-shot of SHIFT
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Improvement on the Scalability
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Content Abstract Introduction Problem formulation Literature review and related technologies Mac extension design Mathematical analysis Simulation development Optimizing design Conclusion References
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Performance of AFR-CS Protocol as a Function of Interferer Number
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Optimizing PRF by Repetition Number
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PRF of SFR Protocol at Various Data Rates in the Nominal Setting: Analytical
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Channel Busy Time for Fixed Repetition Protocols
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Content Abstract Introduction Problem formulation Literature review and related technologies Mac extension design Mathematical analysis Simulation development Optimizing design Conclusion References
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Feasibility Regions for < 0.01 Probability of Reception Failure and < 50% CBT
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Conclusion
A PRF of 1/100 is a higher loss rate than accepted in many networks. Since CASS is a safety application research is needed to verify such a loss rate is not unacceptably high.
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Content Abstract Introduction Problem formulation Literature review and related technologies Mac extension design Mathematical analysis Simulation development Optimizing design Conclusion References
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