Medieval summary
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Transcript of Medieval summary
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By: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua,
NY Adapted by Mrs. Orozco
By: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua,
NY Adapted by Mrs. Orozco
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Medieval EuropeMedieval EuropePeriodizationPeriodization
Medieval EuropeMedieval EuropePeriodizationPeriodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000
High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250
Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500
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Review Bridge Review Bridge
• Roman context to birth and growth of Roman context to birth and growth of Christian ChurchChristian Church
• Growth, leadership, persecution, Growth, leadership, persecution, government, worship practices and government, worship practices and doctrinal developments of the Church doctrinal developments of the Church during the 1during the 1stst, 2, 2ndnd, 3, 3rdrd and 4 and 4thth century. century.
• Positive and Negative consequences for Positive and Negative consequences for Constantine’s adoption of ChristianityConstantine’s adoption of Christianity
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I. Religion: Early Church to I. Religion: Early Church to Medieval ChurchMedieval Church
• ““There are two powers by which this world is There are two powers by which this world is chiefly ruled : the sacred authority of the chiefly ruled : the sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of kings.” priesthood and the authority of kings.”
Pope Gelasius IPope Gelasius I• Tensions: Church and StateTensions: Church and State
– Developments under Constantine, potential problems for the Developments under Constantine, potential problems for the future?future?
• Augustine- HippoAugustine- Hippo– City of GodCity of God
• Monastic MovementMonastic Movement• Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope- triggers Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope- triggers
long held tensionslong held tensions
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II. What caused the fall of the Roman EmpireII. What caused the fall of the Roman Empirein the West Reviewin the West Review
• Marcus Aurelius- last of Pax RomanaMarcus Aurelius- last of Pax Romana
• Evidence of internal declineEvidence of internal decline
• Evidence of external declineEvidence of external decline
• Diocletian’s political reformDiocletian’s political reform
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The Roman Empire Divided in 294
The Roman Empire Divided in 294
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Constantine’s City-- Constantinopolis
Constantine’s City-- Constantinopolis
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Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire
Barbarian Invasions of the Roman Empire
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Fall of the Roman Empire in the Fall of the Roman Empire in the WestWest
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Atilla the HunAtilla the Hun“The Scourage of God”“The Scourage of God”
• 452 Clashed with Romans in the West452 Clashed with Romans in the West
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III. What were the effects of III. What were the effects of Germanic InvasionsGermanic Invasions
• Visigoths sack Rome in 410Visigoths sack Rome in 410• Last Roman Emperor ousted by Visigoths in 476Last Roman Emperor ousted by Visigoths in 476• Effects-Western Empire falls, overrun by Germanic tribesEffects-Western Empire falls, overrun by Germanic tribes
– 1. Economic disruption-business failures1. Economic disruption-business failures– 2. Downfall of cities- no longer centers of trade and gov’t2. Downfall of cities- no longer centers of trade and gov’t– 3. Decline of learning- Invaders did not read or write, no written 3. Decline of learning- Invaders did not read or write, no written
language, sharp decline in literacylanguage, sharp decline in literacy– 4. Loss of common language4. Loss of common language– 5. Concept of gov’t- Germanic stress on personal ties5. Concept of gov’t- Germanic stress on personal ties
• Church survives fall of empire- source of literacy and provides order Church survives fall of empire- source of literacy and provides order and securityand security
• Eastern half flourished- Byzantine EmpireEastern half flourished- Byzantine Empire
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Europe in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6cEurope in the 6c
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IVIV. . Trace the spread of Christianity among Germanic Trace the spread of Christianity among Germanic
peoplepeople
• Politics and Christianity:Politics and Christianity:– 496 Conversion of Clovis (King of the Franks). 496 Conversion of Clovis (King of the Franks).
• Church supports military campaignsChurch supports military campaigns• 511 Franks united under one kingdom511 Franks united under one kingdom• Similar missionary and church supported efforts by Similar missionary and church supported efforts by
Frankish rulersFrankish rulers
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IV. Trace the spread of Christianity among Germanic people
The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church
IV. Trace the spread of Christianity among Germanic people
The Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Churchfilled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world.
monasticism:
St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
provided schools for the children of the upper class.
inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war.
libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]
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The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch
The Power of the Medieval The Power of the Medieval ChurchChurch
bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system.
the church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.
tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat.
curb heresies crusades; Inquisition
tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.
Peter’s Pence 1 penny per person [paid by the peasants].
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A Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s DayA Medieval Monk’s Day
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A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium
A Medieval Monastery: The A Medieval Monastery: The ScriptoriumScriptorium
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Illuminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated ManuscriptsIlluminated Manuscripts
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Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural Style of MonastariesStyle of Monastaries
Romanesque Architectural Romanesque Architectural Style of MonastariesStyle of Monastaries Rounded Arches.
Barrel vaults.
Thick walls.
Darker, simplistic interiors.
Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.
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IV. Trace the spread of Christianity among Germanic IV. Trace the spread of Christianity among Germanic peoplepeopleThe Medieval Catholic ChurchThe Medieval Catholic Church
• Pope Gregory I expands papal powerPope Gregory I expands papal power– Spiritual and political concerns under the Spiritual and political concerns under the
authority of the churchauthority of the church– Idea of a “churchly kingdom”Idea of a “churchly kingdom”
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V. Trace Charlemagne’s rise to power, reforms and decline V. Trace Charlemagne’s rise to power, reforms and decline of the Empireof the Empire
• Background- Background- – Charles Martel- Battle of Tours in 732Charles Martel- Battle of Tours in 732
• Secured Christianity over Muslim faith in the westSecured Christianity over Muslim faith in the west
– Son Pepin the Short helped the Pope to Son Pepin the Short helped the Pope to defeat the Lombardsdefeat the Lombards
– Crowned King in return- start of Carolingian Crowned King in return- start of Carolingian dynastydynasty
– His son- Charlemagne (AKA Charles the His son- Charlemagne (AKA Charles the Great)Great)
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Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814Charlemagne: 742 to 814
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Charlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s EmpireCharlemagne’s Empire
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Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.
25, 80025, 800
Pope Crowned CharlemagnePope Crowned CharlemagneHoly Roman Emperor: Dec. Holy Roman Emperor: Dec.
25, 80025, 800
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The Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian RenaissanceThe Carolingian Renaissance
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Carolingian MinisculeCarolingian MinisculeCarolingian MinisculeCarolingian Miniscule
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Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843
Charlemagne’s Empire Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses:Collapses:
Treaty of Verdun, 843Treaty of Verdun, 843Ineffective rule
leads to decentralization
of power:
Louis the PiousLeft empire to
three sons who divided thus
weakening the empire- turn
towards feudalism
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VI. Feudalism- explain VI. Feudalism- explain the structure of this the structure of this
order and the role of the order and the role of the manor system in society?manor system in society?
• Why people turned to feudalism?Why people turned to feudalism?
• Period of invasions=great instabilityPeriod of invasions=great instability
• Lacked trust in far away rulersLacked trust in far away rulers
• Looked to local lords for security, landLooked to local lords for security, land– EX. Vikings strike terror: Eric Bloodaxe & EX. Vikings strike terror: Eric Bloodaxe &
Thorfinn SkullsplitterThorfinn Skullsplitter– 911 Northmen’s land (now Normandy) 911 Northmen’s land (now Normandy)
granted to Rollo in exchange for loyalty to granted to Rollo in exchange for loyalty to King Charles the SimpleKing Charles the Simple
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VI. Feudalism- explain the VI. Feudalism- explain the structure of this order and structure of this order and
the role of the manor the role of the manor system in society?system in society?
VI. Feudalism- explain the VI. Feudalism- explain the structure of this order and structure of this order and
the role of the manor the role of the manor system in society?system in society?
A political, economic, and social system based on mutual obligations, personal loyalty and military service.
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Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle
Carcassonne: A Medieval Carcassonne: A Medieval CastleCastle
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Parts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval CastleParts of a Medieval Castle
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The Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval ManorThe Medieval Manor
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Life on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval ManorLife on the Medieval Manor
SerfsSerfs at work at work
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ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior
ChivalryChivalry:: A Code of Honor and A Code of Honor and BehaviorBehavior
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The Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to KnighthoodThe Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT
SQUIRE
PAGE
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TroubadoursTroubadours
• Eleanor of Aquitaine- married King Henry Eleanor of Aquitaine- married King Henry of England. Mother to Richard the Lion-of England. Mother to Richard the Lion-
Hearted and John Hearted and John
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EpicsEpics
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VII. Identify tensions between VII. Identify tensions between Popes and German EmperorsPopes and German Emperors
• The power of the medieval churchThe power of the medieval church– A. Structure- Episcopate model of gov’tA. Structure- Episcopate model of gov’t
• Pope in Rome the central figurePope in Rome the central figure
– B. Religion as a unifying forceB. Religion as a unifying force– C. Law of the church- Canon LawC. Law of the church- Canon Law
• Violators subject to excommunicationViolators subject to excommunication
– D. Tension: Pope used power of D. Tension: Pope used power of excommunication or interdict to threaten excommunication or interdict to threaten EmperorsEmperors
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VII. Identify tensions between VII. Identify tensions between Popes and German EmperorsPopes and German Emperors
• Western empire in smaller kingdoms, Otto seeks Western empire in smaller kingdoms, Otto seeks to reunite with help of the church.to reunite with help of the church.
• 936 Otto I establishes the Holy Roman Empire936 Otto I establishes the Holy Roman Empire• 1076 Pope Gregory I banned lay investiture (kings 1076 Pope Gregory I banned lay investiture (kings
appointed church officials)appointed church officials)• King Henry calls for Pope’s removalKing Henry calls for Pope’s removal• Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry who Pope Gregory excommunicated Henry who
begged for forgivenessbegged for forgiveness• 1122 Concordat of Worms- church alone can 1122 Concordat of Worms- church alone can
appointappoint
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William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066
(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)
William the Conqueror:William the Conqueror:Battle of Hastings, 1066Battle of Hastings, 1066
(Bayeaux Tapestry)(Bayeaux Tapestry)
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Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System
Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System
Henry I:
William’s son.
set up a court system.
Exchequer dept. of royal finances.
Henry II:
established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.
grand jury.
trial by jury.
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Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System
Evolution of England’s Evolution of England’s Political SystemPolitical System
Henry I:
William’s son.
set up a court system.
Exchequer dept. of royal finances.
Henry II:
established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.
grand jury.
trial by jury.
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Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215
King John IKing John I
Runnymeade
“Great Charter”
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.
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The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament
The Beginnings of the British The Beginnings of the British ParliamentParliament
Great Council:
middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.
eventually called Parliament.
by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons knights and burgesses.
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The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:
France France
The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:
France France
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Gothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural StyleGothic Architectural Style
Pointed arches.
High, narrow vaults.
Thinner walls.
Flying buttresses.
Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
Stained-glass windows.
“Flying” Buttresses
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Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Pope Urban II: Preaching a CrusadeCrusade
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Setting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on CrusadeSetting Out on Crusade
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Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest
Christian Crusades: East and Christian Crusades: East and WestWest
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Medieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval UniversitiesMedieval Universities
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Oxford UniversityOxford UniversityOxford UniversityOxford University
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Late Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town DwellingsLate Medieval Town Dwellings
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Medieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval TradeMedieval Trade
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Medieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval GuildsMedieval Guilds
Guild Guild HallHall
Guild Guild HallHall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices
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Medieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s ShopMedieval Guilds: A Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s ShopGoldsmith’s Shop
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Crest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s GuildCrest of a Cooper’s Guild
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The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:
England England
The Rise of European The Rise of European Monarchies:Monarchies:
England England