Medieval Age

8/20/2019 Medieval Age

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Chapter Two MedievalChapter Two Medieval

PeriodPeriod

Geofrey Chaucer Geofrey Chaucer

Pre-Elizabethan age: ThomasPre-Elizabethan age: Thomas

MoreMore A Brief Introduction to A Brief Introduction to

Elizabethan ageElizabethan age


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ContentsContents

The Middle (Medieval)English periodThe Middle (Medieval)English period1.1. Historical bacgroundHistorical bacground

!.!. The literar" scene of the #eriodThe literar" scene of the #eriod

$.$. The formation of Middle EnglishThe formation of Middle English Geofrey Chaucer Geofrey Chaucer 1.1. %ife eerience%ife eerience

!.!. His literar" careerHis literar" career

$.$. His ma'or (orsHis ma'or (ors).). His contributions to English language and #oetr"His contributions to English language and #oetr"

*.*. Anal"sis and a##reciation of Anal"sis and a##reciation of the General Prologuethe General Prologuein his master#iecein his master#iece The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales


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Medieval Period(1066Medieval Period(1066

1!00)1!00)

"istorical #ac$groud"istorical #ac$groud +P,-+P,- /orman con0uest: In 1223 4rench-s#eeing/orman con0uest: In 1223 4rench-s#eeing

/ormans came under 5illiam the 6on0ueror./ormans came under 5illiam the 6on0ueror.

7The establishment of the feudal s"stem7The establishment of the feudal s"stem

7The 1$1 #easant u#rising7The 1$1 #easant u#rising

7The com#letion of the7The com#letion of the Doomsday Book Doomsday Book《末日《末日审判书》审判书》

**The launching of the 6rusadeThe launching of the 6rusade7The siging of the Magna 6harter7The siging of the Magna 6harter《大宪章》《大宪章》

**The (ar (ith 4rance or the 1-"ear8s (arThe (ar (ith 4rance or the 1-"ear8s (ar+1$$,-1)*$+1$$,-1)*$


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The literary scene o% the periodThe literary scene o% the period There (ere mainl" t(o forms of literar"There (ere mainl" t(o forms of literar"

(ritings3(ritings3 religious (riting and romancereligious (riting and romance.. The %or&ation o% Middle EnglishThe %or&ation o% Middle English

1.1. 4or about $oo "ears after 1223 languages4or about $oo "ears after 1223 languagess#oen in England (ere confusion. Theres#oen in England (ere confusion. There(ere 9ld English3 4rench and %atin.(ere 9ld English3 4rench and %atin.

!.!. 4or about $oo "ears after 1223 languages4or about $oo "ears after 1223 languagess#oen in England (ere confusion. There (ass#oen in England (ere confusion. There (as9ld English3 descended from Anglo-a&ons39ld English3 descended from Anglo-a&ons3

'' The 100years war with *ranceThe 100years war with *rance (as an(as ana(aening of national consciousness ina(aening of national consciousness inEngland.England.

).). The 4rench language (as graduall" re#lacedThe 4rench language (as graduall" re#lacedb" the nati;e tongue. The English languageb" the nati;e tongue. The English languagegained absolute su#remac".gained absolute su#remac".


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*.*.Thousands of (ords and eressionsThousands of (ords and eressions(ere borro(ed from 4rench3 %atin3(ere borro(ed from 4rench3 %atin3


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+epresentatives in this period+epresentatives in this period

1.1. ,ohn -yclife (1'.0 / 1'!) ,ohn -yclife (1'.0 / 1'!) an 9&fordan 9&ford

scholar3 the >rst to translate thescholar3 the >rst to translate the Bible Bible from %atinfrom %atinto Middle English +though not accurate3 theto Middle English +though not accurate3 the#ioneer in the >eld of translating the#ioneer in the >eld of translating the Bible. Bible.

!.!. -illia& 2angland (1''. / 1!003) -illia& 2angland (1''. / 1!003) HisHismaster#iece ismaster#iece is Vision of Piers the plowman,Vision of Piers the plowman,

(ritten in the form of a dream allegor" and in(ritten in the form of a dream allegor" and inMiddle EnglishMiddle English..7+A term An allegor"7+A term An allegor" is a stor" or descri#tion inis a stor" or descri#tion in

(hich the characters and e;ents s"mbolize some(hich the characters and e;ents s"mbolize somedee#er underl"ing meaning3 and ser;e to s#readdee#er underl"ing meaning3 and ser;e to s#read

moral teaching. It has double meaning: i3 e.3 amoral teaching. It has double meaning: i3 e.3 a#rimar" meaning3 or a surface meaning3 and a#rimar" meaning3 or a surface meaning3 and asecondar" meaning3 or underl"ing meaning. Insecondar" meaning3 or underl"ing meaning. Inan allegor"3 abstract 0ualities or ideas such asan allegor"3 abstract 0ualities or ideas such as#atience3 #urit"3 or truth3 are #ersoni>ed as#atience3 #urit"3 or truth3 are #ersoni>ed as

characters in the stor".characters in the stor".


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http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dwilliam%2Blangland%2Bpiers%2Bplowman%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501&w=225&h=331&imgurl=www.upenn.edu%2Fpennpress%2Fimg%2Fcovers%2F536.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upenn.edu%2Fpennpress%2Fbook%2F536.html&size=31k&name=536+jpg&p=william+langland+piers+plowman&oid=b08e08939530478c&fr2=&no=5&tt=31&sigr=11cdme0lb&sigi=11arhqp54&sigb=133lp871fhttp://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dwilliam%2Blangland%2Bpiers%2Bplowman%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501&w=301&h=475&imgurl=www.eng.fju.edu.tw%2Fiacd_99F%2Fmedieval_lit%2Fdata%2Fpiers_plowman.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eng.fju.edu.tw%2Fiacd_99F%2Fmedieval_lit%2Fdata%2Fpiers_plowman.html&size=40k&name=piers+plowman+jp...&p=william+langland+piers+plowman&oid=b95e86d4ded503c0&fr2=&no=3&tt=31&sigr=1272gpim7&sigi=11vmdkmua&sigb=133lp871fhttp://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dwilliam%2Blangland%2Bpiers%2Bplowman%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-501&w=400&h=621&imgurl=www.uni-duisburg-essen.de%2FSHE%2FLangland_%28Piers_Plowman%29.gif&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-duisburg-essen.de%2FSHE%2FBook_Covers_3_%28History%29.htm&size=135k&name=Langland+Piers+P...&p=william+langland+piers+plowman&oid=7ae5e8fcfe8f7532&fr2=&no=2&tt=31&sigr=1200oigev&sigi=11qbsqdm4&sigb=133lp871f


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Geofrey Chaucer (1'!0 /Geofrey Chaucer (1'!0 /

1!00)1!00)

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2i%e e4perience2i%e e4perience

1$) 6haucer (as born in %ondon3 in the ?intr".1$) 6haucer (as born in %ondon3 in the ?intr". 1$*, Page to the 6ountess of @lster.1$*, Page to the 6ountess of @lster. 1$* Taen ca#ti;e (hile on a militar" eedition1$* Taen ca#ti;e (hile on a militar" eedition

to 4rance.to 4rance. 1$2 eleased on ransom and returned to1$2 eleased on ransom and returned to

England.England. 1$22 Married Phili##a oet3 a %ad" in (aiting to1$22 Married Phili##a oet3 a %ad" in (aiting to

the 0ueen.the 0ueen. 1$2, er;ed Ed(ard III as a ?alet1$2, er;ed Ed(ard III as a ?alet

1$2 5ent abroad as a Ci#lomat.1$2 5ent abroad as a Ci#lomat. 1$2 ent to Ital" to negotiate a commercial1$2 ent to Ital" to negotiate a commercialtreat".treat".

1$,) Becomes 6ontroller of 6ustoms at the Port of1$,) Becomes 6ontroller of 6ustoms at the Port of%ondon.%ondon.

1$, ent to Ital" as a di#lomat.1$, ent to Ital" as a di#lomat.


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1$, Became 6ontroller of Pett" 6ustoms31$, Became 6ontroller of Pett" 6ustoms3%ondon.%ondon.

1$ Became Dustice of Peace for ent.1$ Became Dustice of Peace for ent. 1$1 Became night of the hire for ent.1$1 Became night of the hire for ent. 1$! 6haucer8s (ife Phili##a oet died.1$! 6haucer8s (ife Phili##a oet died. 1$) tarted recei;ing #ension from ichard1$) tarted recei;ing #ension from ichard

II due to strained >nancial conditions.II due to strained >nancial conditions. 1$*


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"is literary career "is literary career "is education"is education:: %ittle is no(n about his%ittle is no(n about his

education. But he is good at %atin3 4rench3education. But he is good at %atin3 4rench3and Italian.and Italian.

Three periodsThree periods:: F

1$2s-about 1$,!G1$2s-about 1$,!G*rench period*rench period aatranslator translator ++The oman!e of ose"The oman!e of ose" andand anani&itator i&itator ++The Book of Du!hess"The Book of Du!hess"

F 1$,! -1$2G1$,! -1$2G5talian period a orrower5talian period a orrower((Troilus and Cryseyde"Troilus and Cryseyde" borro(ed theme3borro(ed theme3

characters from Baccassio8scharacters from Baccassio8s #ilastrato. #ilastrato. F the last 1* "ears of his lifeGthe last 1* "ears of his lifeGEnglishEnglish

(Maturity) period a creator(Maturity) period a creator ++TheTheCanterbury TalesCanterbury Tales-his o(n theme3 choice of-his o(n theme3 choice of(ords3 characters and #lot.(ords3 characters and #lot.

i i# i"i i# i


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"is contri#utions to"is contri#utions to

English language andEnglish language and

poetry poetry "is contri#utions to English language"is contri#utions to English language 7 6haucer8s language is no( called7 6haucer8s language is no( called

Middle6urrent languageMiddle6urrent language7 He established English as the literar" language7 He established English as the literar" language

of England. He (rote in the %ondon dialect ofof England. He (rote in the %ondon dialect ofhis da".his da".

7 He did much in maing the %ondon dialect the7 He did much in maing the %ondon dialect thefoundation for the modern English #eech.foundation for the modern English #eech.

"is contri#utions to English poetry "is contri#utions to English poetry 7 He introduced from 4rance the rh"med stanza7 He introduced from 4rance the rh"med stanza

of ;arious t"#es3 es#. the rh"med cou#let ofof ;arious t"#es3 es#. the rh"med cou#let ofiambic #entameter or Heroic 6ou#let intoiambic #entameter or Heroic 6ou#let intoEnglish #oetr"3 instead of the old Anglo-a&onEnglish #oetr"3 instead of the old Anglo-a&on

alliterati;e ;erse.alliterati;e ;erse.


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E4planations o% the 2iteraryE4planations o% the 2iterary

ter&ster&s 5a5a a meter #attern com#osed of aa meter #attern com#osed of a

#air of s"llables3 (ith the >rst one#air of s"llables3 (ith the >rst oneunaccented and the second stressed.unaccented and the second stressed.

Penta&eter linePenta&eter line A #oetr" line in (hich A #oetr" line in (hich

there are ten s"llables3 (ith t(o onesthere are ten s"llables3 (ith t(o onesmade u# of a foot3 >;e feet in all.made u# of a foot3 >;e feet in all.

5aic penta&eter5aic penta&eter It is a #oetr"It is a #oetr"meter. In each line3 there are tenmeter. In each line3 there are tens"llables (hich can be broen u# intos"llables (hich can be broen u# into>;e feet +#entameter of an unstressed>;e feet +#entameter of an unstresseds"llable follo(ed b" a stressed s"llables"llable follo(ed b" a stressed s"llable+iambic =hence iambic #entameter.+iambic =hence iambic #entameter.


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ythe 8rst . stan9as inthe 8rst . stan9as in thethe

General Prologue of hisGeneral Prologue of his

masterpiecemasterpiece 6ontents6ontents

1.1. Historical conte&tHistorical conte&t

!.!. Brief introductionBrief introduction

7the frame (or 7the frame (or

7the galler" of #ortrait of his7the galler" of #ortrait of hischaracterscharacters

7the (riting techni0ue7the (riting techni0ue


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'' 7nalysis and appreciation o% the 7nalysis and appreciation o% the

8rst . stan9as8rst . stan9as

7s"no#sis and understanding7s"no#sis and understanding 7anal"sis and a##reciation7anal"sis and a##reciation

7inter#retation of the #eculiarit" of7inter#retation of the #eculiarit" of

the >rst stanzathe >rst stanza7s"mbols and themes7s"mbols and themes

7diJerence from Bacassio8s7diJerence from Bacassio8s

De!ameron De!ameron


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The front co;er ofThe front co;er of Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales

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Canter#ury CathedralCanter#ury Cathedral

9@TICE I/ICE9@TICE I/ICE

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"istorical conte4t"istorical conte4t The time of the (riting ofThe time of the (riting of The CanterburyThe Canterbury

TalesTales (as a turbulent time in English histor".(as a turbulent time in English histor".7The 6atholic 6hurch (as in the midst of7The 6atholic 6hurch (as in the midst of thethe

c incident in;ol;ing#ardoners +(ho gathered mone" in e&change#ardoners +(ho gathered mone" in e&change

for absolution from sin (ho nefariousl"for absolution from sin (ho nefariousl"claimed to be collecting for t. Mar"claimed to be collecting for t. Mar"ounces;al hos#ital in England.ounces;al hos#ital in England.


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7The 6anterbur" Tales is among the >rst7The 6anterbur" Tales is among the >rstEnglish literar" (ors to mentionEnglish literar" (ors to mention #a#er#a#er3 a3 arelati;el" ne( in;ention (hich allo(edrelati;el" ne( in;ention (hich allo(eddissemination of the (ritten (ord ne;erdissemination of the (ritten (ord ne;erbefore seen in England.before seen in England.

77 Political clashes3Political clashes3 such as thesuch as the 1$11$1

PeasantKs e;olt and clashes ending in thePeasantKs e;olt and clashes ending in thede#osing of ing ichard IIde#osing of ing ichard II3 further re;eal3 further re;ealthe com#le& turmoil surrounding 6haucerthe com#le& turmoil surrounding 6haucerin the time of the TalesK (riting.in the time of the TalesK (riting.

7Man" of7Man" of his close friendshis close friends (ere e&ecuted and(ere e&ecuted andhe himself (as forced to mo;e to ent inhe himself (as forced to mo;e to ent inorder to get a(a" from e;ents in %ondon.order to get a(a" from e;ents in %ondon.


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rie% introductionrie% introduction

TheThe 6anterbur"6anterbur" TalesTales is one of the landmarsis one of the landmarsof English literature3 #erha#s the greatestof English literature3 #erha#s the greatest(or #roduced in Middle English and(or #roduced in Middle English andcertainl" among the most ambitious. 6haucercertainl" among the most ambitious. 6haucerdid not com#lete the entiredid not com#lete the entire Canterbury Canterbury TalesTales as he designed it. There are altogether $as he designed it. There are altogether $tra;elers on the #ilgrimage to 6anterbur".tra;elers on the #ilgrimage to 6anterbur".He structured the tales so that each #ilgrimHe structured the tales so that each #ilgrim(ould tell four tales on the (a" there and(ould tell four tales on the (a" there and

bac3 and that (ould bring the total u# tobac3 and that (ould bring the total u# to1!. Ho(e;er3 6haucer onl" com#leted !1!. Ho(e;er3 6haucer onl" com#leted !com#lete stories and ) fragmentscom#lete stories and ) fragments:: not e;ennot e;encom#leting one tale for each #ilgrim.com#leting one tale for each #ilgrim.


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The %ra&e wor$The %ra&e wor$ This long #oemThis long #oemconsists of three #arts: The


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"is writing techni;ue"is writing techni;ue

1.#lainl"1.#lainl" narrati;enarrati;e

!. e;er"thing is!. e;er"thing is based on realit"based on realit". The. ThePrologue su##lies a miniature of thePrologue su##lies a miniature of theEnglish societ" at that time. 6haucerEnglish societ" at that time. 6haucer

lied to use the realisticall" (riting silllied to use the realisticall" (riting sillto re#resent the realit".to re#resent the realit".

$. That is (h" he is called$. That is (h" he is called the &aster o% realis&LL HeHea##lies to the (or a strong sense ofa##lies to the (or a strong sense ofhumor and an in>nite sense of humanit"humor and an in>nite sense of humanit"


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?ynopsis?ynopsis In A#ril the #leasant sho(ers of rain had #ierced theIn A#ril the #leasant sho(ers of rain had #ierced the

drought of March to the ;er" root and bathed e;er" #lantdrought of March to the ;er" root and bathed e;er" #lant(ith life-gi;ing moisture. The refreshing (est (ind had(ith life-gi;ing moisture. The refreshing (est (ind had0uicened the "oung shoots in e;er" (ood and >eld. The0uicened the "oung shoots in e;er" (ood and >eld. The "oung sun had com#leted its second half course in the "oung sun had com#leted its second half course in thezodiac sign of the Aries3 and the small birds encouragedzodiac sign of the Aries3 and the small birds encouragedb" nature sang melodiousl". Peo#le longed to go onb" nature sang melodiousl". Peo#le longed to go on

#ilgrimages and see strange shores in this re'u;enating#ilgrimages and see strange shores in this re'u;enatingmonth. Peo#le from e;er" corner of England (ent tomonth. Peo#le from e;er" corner of England (ent to6anterbur" to see the hol" blessings at the shrine of6anterbur" to see the hol" blessings at the shrine ofaint Thomas Becet.aint Thomas Becet.9ne s#ring da" at the Tabard Inn in outh(ar3 (hile9ne s#ring da" at the Tabard Inn in outh(ar3 (hile

the narrator +6haucer (as (aiting for the ne&t da" to gothe narrator +6haucer (as (aiting for the ne&t da" to go

on his #ilgrimage to 6anterbur"3 a grou# of t(ent"-nineon his #ilgrimage to 6anterbur"3 a grou# of t(ent"-nine#ilgrims arri;ed at the inn. The narrator (as acce#ted#ilgrims arri;ed at the inn. The narrator (as acce#tedinto their com#an" and the" decided to rise earl" ne&tinto their com#an" and the" decided to rise earl" ne&tmorning and carr" on their 'ourne". The narratormorning and carr" on their 'ourne". The narratordescribes each of these #ilgrims and tells the readerdescribes each of these #ilgrims and tells the readerabout their rans and the ind of clothes the" (ore.about their rans and the ind of clothes the" (ore.


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7nslysis and appreciation 7nslysis and appreciation

divine to theanthropo&orphic>sacredanthropo&orphic>sacred Me&ori9e these 1Me&ori9e these 1lineslinesBB


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As a tradition3 As a tradition3 in Middle ages3 if a #oet beganin Middle ages3 if a #oet beganhis #oem (ith s#ring3 the reader (ould learnhis #oem (ith s#ring3 the reader (ould learnthat the #oet (ould tell a lo;e stor".that the #oet (ould tell a lo;e stor". TheThe

General PrologueGeneral Prologue begins (ith the descri#tionbegins (ith the descri#tionof #ring characteristic of dream ;isions ofof #ring characteristic of dream ;isions ofsecular lo;e3 the same tone3 e;en some of thesecular lo;e3 the same tone3 e;en some of thesame details in hissame details in his $e oman de la rose. $e oman de la rose. HisHisaudience ma" (ell ha;e thought the" (ereaudience ma" (ell ha;e thought the" (ere

about to hear another elegant #oem onabout to hear another elegant #oem onaristocratic lo;e. Ho(e;er3aristocratic lo;e. Ho(e;er3 the" hear instead:the" hear instead:

Then longen folk to gon on pilgrimages.Then longen folk to gon on pilgrimages. TheThefocus changes from secular lo;e to religion3focus changes from secular lo;e to religion3to a #ilgrimage3 and the te&ture shifts fromto a #ilgrimage3 and the te&ture shifts fromthe elegant abstractions and allegoricalthe elegant abstractions and allegorical#ersonages to a ;er" real %ondon in the#ersonages to a ;er" real %ondon in thefourteenth centur".fourteenth centur".


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A #ilgrimage is a religious 'ourne" A #ilgrimage is a religious 'ourne"undertaen for #enance and grace. Itundertaen for #enance and grace. It(as ;er" #o#ular in fourteenth-centur"(as ;er" #o#ular in fourteenth-centur"England3 as the narrator mentions.England3 as the narrator mentions.Pilgrims tra;eled toPilgrims tra;eled to ;isit the remains ;isit the remainsof aint Thomas Becet3 archbisho# ofof aint Thomas Becet3 archbisho# of6anterbur"6anterbur"3 (ho (as murdered in3 (ho (as murdered in11, b" nights of ing Henr" II. oon11, b" nights of ing Henr" II. oonafter his death3 he became the mostafter his death3 he became the most#o#ular saint in England. The#o#ular saint in England. The#ilgrimage in The 6anterbur" Tales#ilgrimage in The 6anterbur" Talesshould not be thought of as an entirel"should not be thought of as an entirel"solemn occasion3 because it alsosolemn occasion3 because it alsooJered the #ilgrims an o##ortunit" tooJered the #ilgrims an o##ortunit" toabandon (or and tae a ;acation.abandon (or and tae a ;acation.


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At line !3 the narrator abandons his At line !3 the narrator abandons hisunfocused3 all-no(ing #oint of ;ie(3unfocused3 all-no(ing #oint of ;ie(3identif"ing himself as an actual #ersonidentif"ing himself as an actual #ersonfor the >rst time b" inserting the >rstfor the >rst time b" inserting the >rst#ersonNIOas he relates ho( he met#ersonNIOas he relates ho( he metthe grou# of #ilgrims (hile sta"ing atthe grou# of #ilgrims (hile sta"ing atthe Tabard Inn. He em#hasizes thatthe Tabard Inn. He em#hasizes thatthis grou#3 (hich he encountered b"this grou#3 (hich he encountered b"accident3 (as itself formed 0uite b"accident3 (as itself formed 0uite b"chance +!*=!2. He then shifts intochance +!*=!2. He then shifts intothe >rst-#erson #lural3 referring to thethe >rst-#erson #lural3 referring to the#ilgrims as N(eO beginning in line !3#ilgrims as N(eO beginning in line !3asserting his status as a member ofasserting his status as a member ofthe grou#.the grou#.


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This is a sudden shift. 5e readers >ndThis is a sudden shift. 5e readers >ndoursel;es hearing Bifel3 I3 b"oursel;es hearing Bifel3 I3 b"a;enture -- and (eKre in the realm ofa;enture -- and (eKre in the realm ofchance3 oJhandedness3 sub'ecti;it"3chance3 oJhandedness3 sub'ecti;it"3#ersonal s#eci>cit"3 randomness3 the#ersonal s#eci>cit"3 randomness3 thecasual.casual.

A distinction is no( re0uired bet(een A distinction is no( re0uired bet(een6haucer-#oet and 6haucer-#ilgrim.6haucer-#oet and 6haucer-#ilgrim.ItKs the #ilgrim gi;ing us the #rologue.ItKs the #ilgrim gi;ing us the #rologue.Point-of-;ie( is through this #u##etKsPoint-of-;ie( is through this #u##etKs

e"es. o the often ironic #oet is usinge"es. o the often ironic #oet is usinga narrator3 a #ersona3 through (hicha narrator3 a #ersona3 through (hichto s#ea -- a #rett" fau&-6haucer.to s#ea -- a #rett" fau&-6haucer.


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The narrator ends the introductor" #ortionThe narrator ends the introductor" #ortionof his #rologue b" noting that he has Nt"meof his #rologue b" noting that he has Nt"meand s#aceO to tell his narrati;e. Hisand s#aceO to tell his narrati;e. His

comments underscore the fact that he iscomments underscore the fact that he is(riting some time after the e;ents of his(riting some time after the e;ents of hisstor"3 and that he is describing thestor"3 and that he is describing thecharacters from memor". He has s#oencharacters from memor". He has s#oen

and met (ith these #eo#leand met (ith these #eo#le as also aas also apilgri&pilgri&3 but he has (aited a certain length3 but he has (aited a certain lengthof time before sitting do(n and describingof time before sitting do(n and describingthemthem as a #oetas a #oet. He #ositions himself as a. He #ositions himself as amediator bet(een t(o grou#s: the grou# ofmediator bet(een t(o grou#s: the grou# of

#ilgrims of (hich he (as a member of the#ilgrims of (hich he (as a member of the#ilgrims and#ilgrims and usus3 the audience3 (hom the3 the audience3 (hom thenarrator elicitl" addresses asnarrator elicitl" addresses as N"ouON"ouO ininlines $) and $.lines $) and $.


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9n the other hand3 the narratorKs9n the other hand3 the narratorKs

declaration that he (ill tell usdeclaration that he (ill tell usabout the Ncondicioun3O Ndegree3Oabout the Ncondicioun3O Ndegree3Oand Narra"O +dress of each of theand Narra"O +dress of each of the

#ilgrims suggests that his#ilgrims suggests that his#ortraits (ill be based on#ortraits (ill be based onob'ecti;e facts as (ell as his o(nob'ecti;e facts as (ell as his o(no#inions.o#inions. +EA%IM+EA%IM

5nterpretation o% the5nterpretation o% the


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5nterpretation o% the5nterpretation o% the

peculiarity o% the openingpeculiarity o% the opening

partpart The o#ening #art ofThe o#ening #art of the General Prologuethe General Prologue mi&es the s#iritual (ith the secular andmi&es the s#iritual (ith the secular andmo;es bet(een each form (ith relati;e ease.mo;es bet(een each form (ith relati;e ease.

It sets u# imager" of s#ring and regeneration.It sets u# imager" of s#ring and regeneration. It does not conform to the clich tradition inIt does not conform to the clich tradition in

s#ringtime a "oung manKs fanc" turns tos#ringtime a "oung manKs fanc" turns tolo;e3 but ;eers into more s#iritual territor".lo;e3 but ;eers into more s#iritual territor".In s#ringtime these tra;elers mae a religiousIn s#ringtime these tra;elers mae a religious

#ilgrimage to 6anterbur".#ilgrimage to 6anterbur". It sets the tone and mood of the tales: ga"It sets the tone and mood of the tales: ga"

and ironic.and ironic.


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?yols?yols

(7 literary(7 literary termterm"mbols are ob'ects3"mbols are ob'ects3characters3 >gures3 or colors used tocharacters3 >gures3 or colors used tore#resent abstract ideas or conce#ts.re#resent abstract ideas or conce#ts.

#ringtime#ringtime

The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales o#ens in A#ril3 at theo#ens in A#ril3 at theheight of s#ring.height of s#ring.

7The s#ringtime7The s#ringtime syoli9es re#irth andsyoli9es re#irth and%resh #eginnings%resh #eginnings3 and is thus a##ro#riate for3 and is thus a##ro#riate forthe beginning of 6haucerKs te&t.the beginning of 6haucerKs te&t.

7#ringtime also7#ringtime also evo$es erotic love:evo$es erotic love: forfore&am#le3 the 0uire is com#ared to thee&am#le3 the 0uire is com#ared to thefreshness of the month of Ma"3 in his de;otionfreshness of the month of Ma"3 in his de;otionto courtl" lo;e.to courtl" lo;e.


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The&esThe&es

+A literar" term+A literar" termThe&esThe&es are theare thefundamental and often uni;ersal ideasfundamental and often uni;ersal ideaselored in a literar" (or.elored in a literar" (or.

%The Canterbury Tales%%The Canterbury Tales% has se;eralhas se;eral

o;erla##ing themes3 (hich not onl"o;erla##ing themes3 (hich not onl"enrich the boo8s te&ture but also lendenrich the boo8s te&ture but also lendit some ind of coherence and unit".it some ind of coherence and unit".Most of these themes are abstract andMost of these themes are abstract and

cannot be stated as singularcannot be stated as singular#ro#ositions. /earl" all the sub'ects of#ro#ositions. /earl" all the sub'ects of6haucer8s most serious contem#lation6haucer8s most serious contem#lationcan be found in his magni>cent e#ic.can be found in his magni>cent e#ic.


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The &aor the&es areThe &aor the&es are::

77criti0ue of the churchcriti0ue of the church

7themes of the inherent corru#tness7themes of the inherent corru#tnessof human nature and decline ofof human nature and decline ofmoral ;aluesmoral ;alues

7the #roblem of the #osition of7the #roblem of the #osition of(omen and marriage relationshi#s(omen and marriage relationshi#s

7themes of honor and truth7themes of honor and truth

7themes of 6hristian ;irtue and7themes of 6hristian ;irtue andchi;alr".chi;alr".


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Diference %ro& accassiosDiference %ro& accassios

Decameron Decameron The structure ofThe structure of The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales isis

indebted to BoccaccioKsindebted to BoccaccioKs De!ameron De!ameron33 in (hichin (hichten nobles from 4lorence3 to esca#e theten nobles from 4lorence3 to esca#e the#lague3 sta" in a countr" ;illa and amuse each#lague3 sta" in a countr" ;illa and amuse each

other b" each telling tales. Boccaccio had aother b" each telling tales. Boccaccio had asigni>cant inQuence on 6haucer. The nightKssigni>cant inQuence on 6haucer. The nightKsTale (as an English ;ersion of a tale b"Tale (as an English ;ersion of a tale b"Boccaccio3 (hile si& of 6haucerKs tales ha;eBoccaccio3 (hile si& of 6haucerKs tales ha;e#ossible sources in the#ossible sources in the Decameron Decameron:: thetheMillerKs Tale3 the ee;eKs3 the 6lerKs3 theMillerKs Tale3 the ee;eKs3 the 6lerKs3 theMerchantKs3 the 4ranlinKs3 and the hi#manKs.MerchantKs3 the 4ranlinKs3 and the hi#manKs.Ho(e;er3 6haucerKs #ilgrims to 6anterbur"Ho(e;er3 6haucerKs #ilgrims to 6anterbur"form a (ider range of societ" com#ared toform a (ider range of societ" com#ared toBoccaccioKs elite stor"tellers.BoccaccioKs elite stor"tellers.


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The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales diJers fromdiJers fromBoccaccioKsBoccaccioKs Decameron Decameron the s#eaersthe s#eaersare not from a single social class3 butare not from a single social class3 but

dra(n from a broad range of societ"3 fromdra(n from a broad range of societ"3 fromthe noble night to the drunen rascal ofthe noble night to the drunen rascal ofa Miller and the im#o;erished Parson.a Miller and the im#o;erished Parson.6hoosing a #ilgrimage as the ;ehicle for6hoosing a #ilgrimage as the ;ehicle for

the tales (as a brilliant mo;e -- athe tales (as a brilliant mo;e -- a#ilgrimage (as the one occasion in#ilgrimage (as the one occasion inmedie;al life (hen so (ide a range ofmedie;al life (hen so (ide a range ofmembers of societ" could #lausibl" 'oinmembers of societ" could #lausibl" 'oin

together on relati;el" e0ual terms3together on relati;el" e0ual terms3allo(ing for greater diJerences in toneallo(ing for greater diJerences in toneand substanceand substance..


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5t is hot: let &e %eel the5t is hot: let &e %eel the

cool snowcool snow 6oJee3#lease.6oJee3#lease.


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The PreEli9a#ethan 7geThe PreEli9a#ethan 7ge Tho&asTho&as

MoreMore 69/TE/T69/TE/T A brief introduction of the A brief introduction of the

historical bacgroundhistorical bacground %iterar" re#resentati;es in #re-%iterar" re#resentati;es in #re-

Elizabethan ageElizabethan age

Thomas MoreThomas More


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He declared the brea (ith ome. ThisHe declared the brea (ith ome. Thisis the Protestant eformation3 (hich inis the Protestant eformation3 (hich inessence a #olitical mo;ement in aessence a #olitical mo;ement in areligious disguise3 a #art of struggle ofreligious disguise3 a #art of struggle ofthe ne(l" rising class for #o(er.the ne(l" rising class for #o(er.

).). The Counterre%or&ationThe Counterre%or&ation TheThe

reformation (as closel" follo(ed b" thereformation (as closel" follo(ed b" the6ounter =reformation during the reign of6ounter =reformation during the reign ofRueen Mar" +Rueen Mar" +1**$ = 1**1**$ = 1**3 Henr" ?III8s3 Henr" ?III8sdaughter. he (as a de;out 6atholic. odaughter. he (as a de;out 6atholic. o

man" Protestants (ere burned asman" Protestants (ere burned asheretic. This religious #ersecution didheretic. This religious #ersecution didnot sto# until Rueen Elizabethan Age.not sto# until Rueen Elizabethan Age.

h l d


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The Enclosure &ove&entThe Enclosure &ove&ent andandintroduction ofintroduction of the printingthe printing

In England the mo;ement forIn England the mo;ement forenclosure began in the 1!th centur"enclosure began in the 1!th centur"and #roceeded ra#idl" in the #eriodand #roceeded ra#idl" in the #eriod1)*=12)3 (hen the #ur#ose (as1)*=12)3 (hen the #ur#ose (asmainl" to increase the amount ofmainl" to increase the amount offull-time #asturage a;ailable tofull-time #asturage a;ailable tomanorial lords. Much enclosure alsomanorial lords. Much enclosure alsooccurred in the #eriod from 1,* tooccurred in the #eriod from 1,* to

123 (hen it (as done for the sae123 (hen it (as done for the saeof agricultural eJicienc". B" the endof agricultural eJicienc". B" the endof the 1th centur" the #rocess ofof the 1th centur" the #rocess ofthe enclosure of common lands inthe enclosure of common lands in

England (as ;irtuall" com#lete.England (as ;irtuall" com#lete.


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2. The religious eformation in Euro#e2. The religious eformation in Euro#e

The termThe term eformation eformation refers in general to therefers in general to the

ma'or religious changes that s(e#t acrossma'or religious changes that s(e#t acrossEuro#e during the 1*s3 transforming (orshi#3Euro#e during the 1*s3 transforming (orshi#3#olitics3 societ"3 and basic cultural #atterns.#olitics3 societ"3 and basic cultural #atterns.9ne e" dimension (as the Protestant9ne e" dimension (as the Protestant

eformation3 the mo;ement that began in 1*1,eformation3 the mo;ement that began in 1*1,(ith Martin %utherKs criti0ue of doctrinal(ith Martin %utherKs criti0ue of doctrinal#rinci#les and church actions in


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FF +enaissance and "u&anis& (literary+enaissance and "u&anis& (literaryter&s)ter&s)

+enaissance+enaissance It is a mo;ement of theIt is a mo;ement of the

humanistic re;i;al of classical art3humanistic re;i;al of classical art3architecture3 literature3 and learning thatarchitecture3 literature3 and learning thatoriginated in Ital" in the 1)th centur" andoriginated in Ital" in the 1)th centur" andlater s#read throughout Euro#e3 maring thelater s#read throughout Euro#e3 maring the

transition from medie;al to modern times.transition from medie;al to modern times."u&anis&"u&anis&:: A cultural and intellectual A cultural and intellectualmo;ement of the enaissance +1)th centur"mo;ement of the enaissance +1)th centur"to 1,th centur" that em#hasized secularto 1,th centur" that em#hasized secularconcerns3 re'ecting religious beliefs andconcerns3 re'ecting religious beliefs and

centers on humans and their ;alues3centers on humans and their ;alues3ca#acities3 and (orth3 as a result of the re-ca#acities3 and (orth3 as a result of the re-disco;er" and stud" of the literature3 art3 anddisco;er" and stud" of the literature3 art3 andci;ilization of ancient


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Humanists argued that man should be gi;en all freedom toHumanists argued that man should be gi;en all freedom toenrich their intellectual and emotional life. In religionenrich their intellectual and emotional life. In religionthe" demanded the reformation of the church. In artthe" demanded the reformation of the church. In artliterature3 instead of singing #raise to


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+epresentative in pre+epresentative in pre

Eli9a#ethan ageEli9a#ethan age Tho&as More and his &asterwor$Tho&as More and his &asterwor$ UtopiaUtopia

?ir Tho&as More?ir Tho&as More +, 4ebruar" 1), = 2 Dul"+, 4ebruar" 1), = 2 Dul"1*$*3 also no(n as1*$*3 also no(n as ?aint Tho&as More?aint Tho&as More3 (as3 (asan Englishan English la("erla("er3 author3 and statesman (ho3 author3 and statesman (hoin his lifetime gained a re#utation as a leadingin his lifetime gained a re#utation as a leadingenaissance humanistenaissance humanist scholar3 and occu#iedscholar3 and occu#iedman" #ublic oJices3 includingman" #ublic oJices3 including %ord 6hancellor%ord 6hancellor +1*!=1*$!. More coined the (ord +1*!=1*$!. More coined the (ord uto#iauto#ia3 a3 aname he ga;e to the ideal3 imaginar" islandname he ga;e to the ideal3 imaginar" islandnation (hose #olitical s"stem he described innation (hose #olitical s"stem he described in

&topia&topia3 #ublished in 1*12. He (as beheaded in3 #ublished in 1*12. He (as beheaded in1*$* (hen he refused to sign the1*$* (hen he refused to sign the Act of u#remac" Act of u#remac" that declared ingthat declared ing Henr" ? IIIHenr" ? III u#reme Head of theu#reme Head of the 6hurch of England6hurch of England..

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Supremacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Supremacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIIIhttp://affiliates.allposters.com/link/redirect.asp?aid=87007&item=832848http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIIIhttp://affiliates.allposters.com/link/redirect.asp?aid=87007&item=832848http://affiliates.allposters.com/link/redirect.asp?aid=87007&item=832848http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Englandhttp://affiliates.allposters.com/link/redirect.asp?aid=87007&item=832848http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Supremacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_(book)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer


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The Eli9a#ethan ageThe Eli9a#ethan age

/o( came the Elizabethan Age in 1**./o( came the Elizabethan Age in 1**.In this age3 the literature can be di;idedIn this age3 the literature can be di;idedinto $ #hase +ead P$* -)L And thereinto $ #hase +ead P$* -)L And there

a##eared the most famousa##eared the most famous the @ni;ersit"the @ni;ersit"5its5its +P$, -$. Curing her rein3 England+P$, -$. Curing her rein3 England(as not onl" #ros#erous in inner(as not onl" #ros#erous in innereconomics3 #o(erful in eansion abroadeconomics3 #o(erful in eansion abroad

and ocean3 but also Qourised in cultureand ocean3 but also Qourised in cultureand thoughts3 es#3 in literature3 such asand thoughts3 es#3 in literature3 such as#oetr" +sonnets3 #rose and drama.#oetr" +sonnets3 #rose and drama.

h h # i d iTh h # i d i


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The three su#periods inThe three su#periods in

literatureliterature

1st period 1F1FI1st period 1F1FI7The #ublication of Edmund #enser8s7The #ublication of Edmund #enser8s TheThe

'hepheardes Calendar 'hepheardes Calendar

7Thomas 5"att introduced the sonnet into7Thomas 5"att introduced the sonnet into

EnglandEngland7Henr" Ho(ard3 Earl of urr" brought the the7Henr" Ho(ard3 Earl of urr" brought the theblan ;erse into Englandblan ;erse into England

+A literar" term Blan ;erse: It is h"me-less+A literar" term Blan ;erse: It is h"me-less

iambic #entameter or a line of ten s"llables iniambic #entameter or a line of ten s"llables in>;e iambs3 a rh"themic unit of t(o s"llables>;e iambs3 a rh"themic unit of t(o s"llables(ith the unstressed follo(ed b" the stressed(ith the unstressed follo(ed b" the stresseds"llable.+Milton is the master of thiss"llable.+Milton is the master of this


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!nd #eriod: 1*-1*!nd #eriod: 1*-1*7In #oetr"3 #erser contibuted his7In #oetr"3 #erser contibuted his The #aerieThe #aerie

(ueene(ueeneLL

The e#ic #oem came out un>nished (ith onl" theThe e#ic #oem came out un>nished (ith onl" the>rst si& boos in 1*23 (hich (as dedicated to>rst si& boos in 1*23 (hich (as dedicated toElizabeth. The e&cellence of it lies in theElizabeth. The e&cellence of it lies in thecom#le&it" and de#th ofcom#le&it" and de#th of #enser8s moral ;ision#enser8s moral ;ision and inand in the #enserian tanzathe #enserian tanza3 (hich #enser3 (hich #enser

in;ented for his master#iece.in;ented for his master#iece. The &ain ideasThe &ain ideas in this poe&in this poe& /ATI9/A%IM/ATI9/A%IM+celebration of Rueen ElizabethL+celebration of Rueen ElizabethL H@MA/IMH@MA/IM +sho(s strong o##osition to oman 6atholicismL+sho(s strong o##osition to oman 6atholicismLP@ITA/IMP@ITA/IM +sho(s moral teaching+sho(s moral teaching

#enserian tanza +a literar" term:#enserian tanza +a literar" term: It is aIt is a nine-linenine-linestanza of lines in iambic #entameter #lus anstanza of lines in iambic #entameter #lus aniambic he&ameter+si&-foot line. The rh"meiambic he&ameter+si&-foot line. The rh"mescheme is abab bcbc c. It is created b" #enserscheme is abab bcbc c. It is created b" #enserin hisin his The #aerie (ueene,The #aerie (ueene, thus named after him.thus named after him.

Phili# idne"8s sonnetPhili# idne"8s sonnet )strophel and 'tella)strophel and 'tella TheThe


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Phili# idne"8s sonnetPhili# idne" s sonnet )strophel and 'tella )strophel and 'tella The Thetheme,theme, hea+enly and earthly lo+ehea+enly and earthly lo+e is reQected.is reQected.

haes#eare8s sonnets.haes#eare8s sonnets.

7In #rose3 idne"8s7In #rose3 idne"8s

)pologie for Poetry )pologie for Poetry

7In #astoral omance3 here8s idne"8s7In #astoral omance3 here8s idne"8s )r!ardia. t is )r!ardia. t ispastoral.pastoral.

Pastoral #oetr" +a literar" term:Pastoral #oetr" +a literar" term: Poetr" that #ortra"sPoetr" that #ortra"sor e;oes rural life3 usuall" in an idealized (a".or e;oes rural life3 usuall" in an idealized (a".

In essa"s3 4rancis Bacon #ublished some of his essa"s.In essa"s3 4rancis Bacon #ublished some of his essa"s.** Another contribution from Dohn %"l" is his Another contribution from Dohn %"l" is his -upheus -upheus..

**In drama3 there (ereIn drama3 there (ere Nthe @ni;ersit" 5itsONthe @ni;ersit" 5itsO >rst3>rst3including 6hristo#her Marlo(e3 Bobert


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The $rd #eriod:1*-12!*The $rd #eriod:1*-12!*

F haes#eare >nished all his later #la"shaes#eare >nished all his later #la"s

F Ben Donson did almost the (hole of hisBen Donson did almost the (hole of his(or (or

F 4rancis bacon did his best (or in this4rancis bacon did his best (or in this#eriod3dominated English #rose#eriod3dominated English #roseliterarture for decades.literarture for decades.

F The )uthoried BibleThe )uthoried Bible,, also namedalso named /ing /ing 0ames Bible 0ames Bible came into being in 1211.came into being in 1211.

It is still the best of its ind toda"3It is still the best of its ind toda"3une0ualed in #recision3 beaut" andune0ualed in #recision3 beaut" and#o(er.#o(er.


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7ssign&ents 7ssign&ents

5ritten (or 5ritten (or 1.1. Ce>ne the terms: iambic #entameter3 s"mbols3Ce>ne the terms: iambic #entameter3 s"mbols3

themes3 anaissance3 humanism3 blan ;erse3themes3 anaissance3 humanism3 blan ;erse3#enserian tanza and #astoral #oetr".#enserian tanza and #astoral #oetr".

!.!. 5hat are 6haucer8s contribution to English5hat are 6haucer8s contribution to English

#oetr" and languageS#oetr" and languageS$.$. 5hat are #eculiar in the o#ening #art of5hat are #eculiar in the o#ening #art of thethe

General PrologueGeneral Prologue inin Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales b"b"6haucerS6haucerS

).). 5hat is the s"mbol in5hat is the s"mbol in the General Prologuethe General PrologueSS5hat does it s"mbolizeS5hat does it s"mbolizeS

*.*. 5ho are Nthe @ni;ersit" 5itsOS5ho are Nthe @ni;ersit" 5itsOS

2.2. 5hat is Edmund #enser8s master#ieceS 5hat5hat is Edmund #enser8s master#ieceS 5hat

are the main ideas reQected in itSare the main ideas reQected in itS


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To#ics for discussionTo#ics for discussion

1.1. Ho( to de>ne 6haucer8s literar" careerS 5h"SHo( to de>ne 6haucer8s literar" careerS 5h"S

!.!. 5hat inds of #eo#le are included in the galler" of his5hat inds of #eo#le are included in the galler" of his

character #ortrait incharacter #ortrait in Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales b" 6haucerSb" 6haucerS$.$. 5h" 6haucer is called Nfather of realismOS5h" 6haucer is called Nfather of realismOS

).). Ho( to undrestand the identit" of 6haucer as both aHo( to undrestand the identit" of 6haucer as both a#oet and a #ilgrimS#oet and a #ilgrimS

*.*. 6om#are Baccassio8s Cecameron and 6haucer8s6om#are Baccassio8s Cecameron and 6haucer8s

6anterbur" Tales to >nd the diJerence bet(een them.6anterbur" Tales to >nd the diJerence bet(een them.2.2. 5h" did literature Qourish in Elizabethan ageS5h" did literature Qourish in Elizabethan ageS

,.,. The formation of English #eo#le and 9ld EnglishThe formation of English #eo#le and 9ld Englishlanguagelanguage

.. The formation of the Middle English %anguageThe formation of the Middle English %anguage

79ral (or:79ral (or:

Memorize the >rst 1 lines in the rst 1 lines in the


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#ring is coming. %et8s go on#ring is coming. %et8s go on#ilgrimage.#ilgrimage.
http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B4%BA%CC%EC%B5%C4%BE%B0%CF%F3&in=26786&cl=2&cm=1&sc=0&lm=-1&pn=6&rn=1&di=794562412&ln=470&fr=http://image.baidu.com/i?ct=503316480&z=0&tn=baiduimagedetail&word=%B4%BA%CC%EC%B5%C4%BE%B0%CF%F3&in=25032&cl=2&cm=1&sc=0&lm=-1&pn=15&rn=1&di=644063801&ln=470&fr=

Medieval Age

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