Medicine and Environmental Health

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Medicine and Environmental Health Three major areas of human endeavor contribute significantly to the reduction of disease and promotion of health. These may be categorized as curative medicine preventive medicine and environmental health. CURATIVE MEDICINE PREVENTIVE MEDICINE ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH Common bases in both pure and derivative arts and science are shared by environmental health, curative medicine and preventive medicine: however there are important differences in their professional thrusts.

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Medicine and Environmental Health Three major areas of human endeavor contribute significantly to the reduction of disease and promotion of health. These may be categorized as curative medicine 、 preventive medicine 、 and environmental health. CURATIVE MEDICINE. PREVENTIVE MEDICINE. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Medicine and Environmental Health

Page 1: Medicine and Environmental Health

Medicine and Environmental Health

Three major areas of human endeavor contribute significantly to the reduction of disease and promotion of health. These may be categorized as curative medicine 、 preventive medicine 、 and environmental health.

CURATIVEMEDICINE

PREVENTIVEMEDICINE

ENVIRONMENTALHEALTH

OCCUPATIONALHEALTH

Common bases in both pure and derivative arts and science are shared by environmental health, curative medicine and preventive medicine: however there are important differences in their professional thrusts.

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Environmental factors or stresses in working area

may cause →sickness 、 impaired health 、 significant discomfort 、 inefficiency

Chemical hazards: mists 、 vapors 、 gases 、 dusts 、 fumes

Physical hazards: eletromagnetic radiations 、 ionizing radiations 、 noise 、 vibration 、 extremes of temperature 、 extremes of pressure

Biological hazards: insects 、 molds 、 fungi 、 bacterial 、 sanitation 、 houskeeping

Ergonomic hazards: improperly designed tools or work areas improper lifting or reaching poor visual conditions repeated motions in an awkward position

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惡性腫瘤疾病

疾病名稱 職業 / 行業 致病因鼻腔惡性贅瘤 木匠、櫥櫃、家具製造者、鞋 ( 靴 ) 業、

鐳化學家及製造者、錶面著色工、鉻生產者、加工者、使用者、鎳熔鍊及精鍊作業者

硬木粉塵未知鐳鉻酸鹽鎳

喉惡性贅瘤 石綿工業及石綿使用者 石綿氣管、支氣管及肺惡性贅瘤

石綿工業及石綿使用者煉焦爐上端之工人鈾及氟石礦工鉻生產者、加工者、使用者熔鍊工芥子氣生產工離子交換樹脂製造工、化學家

石綿煉焦爐排放物氡鉻酸鹽鎳砷芥子氣二氯甲醚 (BCME)氯甲基甲基醚 (CMME)

間皮細胞瘤 ( 腹膜、胸膜 )

石綿工業及石綿使用者 石綿

骨惡性贅瘤 錶面著色作業、鐳化學家及製造者 鐳

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惡性腫瘤疾病

疾病名稱 職業 / 行業 致病因

陰囊惡性贅瘤 自動車床操作員、製金屬品之工人、煉焦爐工人、石油精製者、焦油蒸餾者

礦物 / 切削油煤煙及焦油、焦油蒸餾液

膀胱惡性贅瘤 橡皮及染料工作者 對二胺基聯苯α- 萘胺、 β- 萘胺β-naphthylamine 、奧黃、苯胺紅、 4- 胺基聯苯、 4-硝基苯

腎惡性贅瘤、其他及未特定之泌尿器官

煉焦爐工人 煉焦爐排放物

急性淋巴性白血病 橡膠工業放射線研究者

未知離子化輻射

急性骨髓性白血病 暴露於苯的職業放射線研究者

苯離子化輻射

紅血球性白血病 暴露於苯的職業 苯肝血管肉瘤 氯乙烯聚合工業、釀葡萄酒工人 氯乙烯單體、含砷殺蟲劑

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污染源 ( 致病因 ) 疾病名稱刺激物 ( 如切削油、溶劑、酚、酸、鹼、清潔劑等 ) ,過敏物 ( 鎳、鉻、甲醛、染料、橡皮製品

接觸性及過敏皮膚炎

各種原因 外因性過敏性肺泡炎白金、異氰酸、鉻級鈷、鋁焊著劑、對苯二甲酐、甲醛、阿拉伯樹脂、 NiSO4 、麵粉、 trimellitic anhydride 、紅杉及其他木屑、粉塵、細菌衍生性外酵素

外因性氣喘

煤屑粉塵 煤礦工人塵肺症石綿 石綿沉著症矽土 矽末沉著症滑石 滑石沉著症鈹 慢性鈹肺症

常見工業污染導致之疾病

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常見工業污染導致之疾病

污染源 ( 致病因 ) 疾病名稱棉花、亞麻、木麻、及人造棉花粉塵 棉屑沉著症氨、氯、氮氧化物、二氧受硫、鎘、 CS2 、 triocresyl 、 phosphaate 、無機鉛、無機汞、有機汞、丙烯酸胺

急性支氣管炎、肺炎及肺水腫 ( 因薰煙及蒸氣所引起 )

微波、 TNT 、離子化輻射、紅外線輻射、苯、二硝基酚、 dinitro-o-cresol

白內障

過度噪音、全身或部分體節振動、氯乙烯單體

內耳的噪音影響電諾氏現象 (續發性 )

二硫化碳、二氯甲烷、 glycerol 、 nitrate ester( 如硝化甘油 )

缺血性心臟病

硫酸銅、砷化氫、 trimellitic 、 anhydride 、苯

溶血性貧血 (非自動免疫 )

TNT 、苯、離子化輻射 再生不良性貧血苯、磷、無機砷 粒性白血球缺乏症或嗜中性白血球減少症芳香胺基或硝基化合物 ( 如苯胺、 TNT 、硝化甘油 )

變性血紅素血症

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常見工業污染導致之疾病

污染源 ( 致病因 ) 疾病名稱鉛、有機及無機汞 中毒性腦炎錳、 CO 巴金森氏病 (續發性 )

甲苯、有機汞 小腦性失調症砷及砷化合物、己烷、甲基正丁酮、 TNT 化膿及中毒性神經病變硬木粉塵、未知、鐳、鉻酸鹽、鎳 鼻腔惡性贅瘤石綿 喉惡性贅瘤石綿、煉焦爐排放物、氧、鉻酸鹽、鎳、砷、芥子氣、二氯甲醚 (BCME) 、氯甲基甲醚(CMME)

氣管、支氣管及肺惡性贅瘤

石綿 間皮細胞瘤 ( 腹膜、胸膜 )

鐳 骨惡性贅瘤

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污染源 ( 致病因 ) 疾病名稱礦物 / 切卸油、煤煙及焦油、焦油蒸餾液 陰囊惡性贅瘤對二胺基聯苯、 α- 苯胺、 β- 苯胺、 β-maphthylamine 奧黃、苯胺紅、 4- 胺基聯苯、 4- 硝基苯

膀胱惡性贅瘤

煉焦爐排放物 腎惡性贅瘤、其他及未特定之泌尿器官未知離子化輻射 急性淋巴性白血病苯、離子化輻射 急性骨髓性白血病苯 紅血球性白血病四氯化碳、氯仿、四氯乙烷、三氯乙烯、磷、 TNT 、氯苯、二苯胺甲烷、二溴乙烷、甲酚

中毒性肝炎

無機鉛、砷、無機汞、四氯化碳、乙二醇 急性或慢性腎衰竭Kepone 、 KBCP(dibromoch-loropropane) 男性不孕症

常見工業污染導致之疾病

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生物性疾病肺結核 醫師、醫療工作人員、醫學實驗工作者 結核桿菌矽末沉著性結核病 採石工人、噴砂工人、矽作業人員、採礦業金屬鑄造、陶業 SiO2

結核桿菌鼠疫 牧羊人、農夫、農場工人、狩獵者、田野地質學家 yersinia

pestis

兔熱病 狩獵者、毛皮處理工、羊毛業工作者、廚師獸醫、農場工人、獸醫病理學者

francisella

tularensis

炭疽熱 牧羊人、農夫、屠夫、進口獸皮、纖維處理工、獸醫、獸醫病理學者、紡織工

炭疽桿菌

布魯氏菌病 農夫、牧羊人、獸醫、實驗室工作者、屠宰場工作人員 流產桿菌豬流產桿菌

破傷風 農夫、農場工人 破傷風桿菌風疹 (德國麻疹 ) 醫療工作人員、加護照顧人員 風疹病毒A型肝炎 日間照護中心的工作人員、孤兒院及智能不足機構內之工作

人員、醫療工作人員A型肝炎病毒

B型肝炎 護士及看護、麻醉人員、孤兒院及精神病院之工作人員、醫學實驗工作者、一般牙醫師口腔外科醫師、醫師

B型肝炎病毒

非 A非 B型肝炎 同 A型及 B型肝炎 未知狂犬病 獸醫、動物管理員、實驗室研究人員、農夫農場工人、捕獸

者狂犬病毒

飼鳥病 飼養鸚鵡者、寵物商店之工作人員、飼養家禽者、獸醫、動物園內之工作人員

chlamydia

psittaci

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Ergonomics

§ Definition

the application of the human biological sciences in

conjunction with the engineering sciences to achieve the

optimum mutual adjustment of man and his work , the

benefits being measured in terms of human efficiency and

well-being

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§ Contents

1.Work physiology

capacity for physical work

— capacity of the respiratory and cardiovascular

systems to deliver oxygen to the working muscles

Energy cost of work

— average metabolic energy cost Kcal/hr

Work/rest cycles

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* Fatigue

sources of fatigue

monotony

environmental factor

manual or mental work intensity

psychological factors

illness , pain , and eating habits

Clinical or chronic fatigue

Increased irritability

Tendency to depression

General weakness in drive and dislike for work

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2. Biomechanics

the study of the structure and function of the

body in relation to dynamics of man-machine

systems

— Anthropometry

— Assessment of human static strength

— lifting , pushing , pulling , carring

— hand tools3. Work place design — standing vs. sitting — posture

4. Human factors/Behavior

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GENERALIZED DIAGRAM OF METHODS OF CONTROL

SOURCE AIR PATH RECEIVER 1.SUBSTITUTION WITH A 1.HOUSEKEEPING 1.TRAINING&EDUCATION LESS HARMFUL MATERIAL (IMMEDIATE CLEANUP) (MOST IMPORTANT) (WATER IN PLACE OF ORGANIC SOLVENT ) 2.GENERAL EXHAUST 2.ROTATION OF WORKERS VENTILATION (SPLIT UP DOSE)2. CHANGE OF PROCESS (ROOF FANS) (AIRLESS PAINT SPRAYING) 3.ENCLOSURE OF WORKER 3.DILUTION VENTILATION (AIR CONDITIONED3.ENCLOSURE OF PROCESS (SUPPLIED AIR) CRANE CABS) (GLOVE-BOX)

4.INCREASE DISTANCE 4.PERSONAL MONITORING

4.ISOLATION OF PROCESS BETWEEN SOURCE AND DEVICES (DOSIMETERS) (SPACE OR TIME) RECEIVER (SEMI-AUTOMATIC OR REMOTE CONTROL) 5.PERSONAL PROTECTIVE5.WET METHODS DEVICES (PESPIRATORS)

(HYDRO BLAST) 5.CONTINUOUS AREA MONITORING (PRE-SET 6.ADEOUATE MAINTENANC

E 6.LOCAL EXHAUST ALARMS) PROGRAM

VENTILATION (CAPTURE AT SOURCE) 6.ADEOUATE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM 7.ADEOUATE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM