9. organic farming sources By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor Agriculture University Peshawar
Medicinal plants , some steps towards sustainable agriculture Livelihood Land Degradation By Mr...
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A new approach to rural development
ByAllah Dad Khan
The Farmer Field School (FFS) is a group-based learning process that has been used by a number of governments, NGOs and international agencies to promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
By the end of the 1980s, a new approach to farmer training emerged in Indonesia called the 'Farmer Field School' (FFS). The broad problem which these field schools were designed to address was a lack of knowledge among Asian farmers relating to agroecology, particularly the relationship between insect pests and beneficial insects
Prophylactic, calendar- based spraying
Heavy subsidy on pesticides (80%)
History of Farmer Field SchoolOutbreak of BPH during 1970-1980s
The first IPM Farmer Field Schools were designed and managed in 1989 by experts working for the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in Indonesia. This was not, however, the first attempt made by FAO to extend IPM techniques to farmers in South East Asia.
FFS is is a group extension method based on adult education program that utilizes discovery learning and participatory techniques.
Composed of groups of 25-30 farmers who meet regularly during the course of the growing seasons.
FFS aims to increase the capacity of groups of farmers to carry out experiments in their own fields.
The facilitator is called a field leader (FL). The FLs are trained in both technology and facilitation skill in a program called a Training of Trainers (TOT).
History Farmer Field SchoolWhat is a Farmer Field School
Farmer Field School is a school without walls. Farmers and extension workers are students. The Farmers Field is the class room and the plant is the teacher. As the plant grows the students gain knowledge in the light of their observations. The get together at a fixed time every week once and make their own decisions based on observations and data analysis for the health of the plants.
1. Skill Development
2. Empowerment
3. Will power
4. Capacity of Decision Making
Grow a healthy cropo Resistant varieties, proper fertilzers, water and
soil management, etc o Healthy crop can resist diseases and compensate
for damage Observe fields regularly
o To assess crop development, diseases, insect pest population, and natural enemies.
Conserve natural enemies of crop pestso Abundance of natural enemies in the field Avoid the use of pesticides that kill natural
enemies Farmers understand ecology and become experts in
their own field Make decisions based on observations and
analysis of the field situation
The Target Group- FarmersResource deficient, Illiterate, Traditional,
inward looking Objectives
Poverty alleviation. Enhanced Productivity Reduced Costs
Social Organization Group formation (pressure Groups) Conflict Resolution (Debate and consensus building)
Empowerment and removing dependencySetting Research AgendasTo do own research
•Natural Resource Management
•Freshwater use•Soil Conservation•Environment protection
•Health consciousness
•Livelihood improvement through Technology Use.
Putting it in Perspective
Products vs Knowledge based Technologies Knowledge vs Skill Development
Learning by doing vs by seeing Discovery based learning Decision making vs following advice Situation based vs Technology based development Participatory vs Empty barrel approach
Basic Philosophy
Role of Farmers
Role of Facilitators
Perception by Farmers
Approach
Instructions
Consume New Knowledge
Teach
Free Service
Top Down
Discovery
Decide
Facilitate
Invest time and farm facilities
Bottom-up
Features T & V FFS
What is IPM for a Farmer ?
Integrated Pest Managementor
Increased Profit Margins
Only farmer can make the “right” Farm Management decision based on his own perceptions of economics and technologies.
So farmer should be trained in decision-making There are too many farms (5.00 mill) and too few extension workers
to be able to service them all. A self multiplying training programme for farmers need to be established.
Each farmer field is different in pest, beneficial fauna, soil and other eco-system elements and cannot be treated on a generalized technology package message.
Technologies requiring decision-making and management need skill transfer training.
IPM cannot be implemented simply by demonstration, field days, TV Ads, radio, publications etc.
TOF
25 Facilitators
10 FFS
3 days TOF per week
2 days FFS per week
Innovations•Partial residence•Single district participants
Pakistan Model
Non-Formal education Specialist/
Facilitators
Researchers/ Subject matter
SpecialistsToF 25
Facilitators
Facilitators are furtherdivided into 5 groups
each group comprises of 5 facilitators
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS FFS
Training of Facilitators
TOF: Training of Facilitators Activity guided by a facilitator who has been trained before hand CHARACTERISTICS
One complete growing season Learning by doing Growing own crop (regular observations on
plant development) Carry out FFS Group dynamics (serve as preparation for
trainees to conduct FFSs themselves and to gain facilitation skills)
Fostering corporate identity (provides joint spirit which is crucial factor for the success)
FFS: Farmer Field School•Non formal adult education
•CHARACTERISTICS
One complete growing season Discovery based learning in the field Conducting experiments (insect zoo, herbivore- predator trials in cages, defoliation experiments etc) Working in groups•Horizontal learning by fellow farmers
TYPICAL SEQUENCE OF FFS Field observations Agro-eco-system analysis drawing (observations are assembled in large drawings showing plant, pests on one side and beneficial insects on the other side) presentation discussion crop management decision Group dynamics•Special/Interesting topics or observations
Drawing Each subgroup presents
their observations and analysis in drawing.o planto weathero disease symptomo pestso natural enemieso water level
Process of Farmer Field SchoolAgroecosystem Analysis
Agro-Ecosystem Training
Cucumber Cropping CalendarIsmailia, Winter Season
October November December January FebruaryPreplant Seedling Growth Flower Fruit-Set Harvest
Climate protect young plantsfrom strong winds
preferred temperature: day 24o/night19o
rH should not sink below 40-50%preferred temperature: day 20o/night16o
rH should not sink below 40-50%preferred temperature:
day 27o/night27°keep tunnels closed for
germination onlyventilate tunnels, particularly after sunrise to avoid water on the leaves at any time
keep tunnels closed at nightSoil use fine-structured, well
aerated organic soils use 20-40m3 manure to
increase organic matter add 50-100 kg sulfur to
lower alkalinity
plant 2-3 cm deep keep soil warm to assist
germination
remove weeds
Water use well drained soilswith high water holdingcapacity
irrigate lightly and regularly, preferably in the morning hoursavoid water logging and periods of water stress
NutrientsN 50 kg Ammon. Sulfate
P 100 kg Super Phosphate
KCa 50 kg Calcium Nitrate
MicroelementsProtection Favorable Conditions: Control Measures:
Downy Mildew 20-25oC90-95% rH
Protective:Cu-oxichlorideCurative: systemic
Powd. Mildew 20-25oC75-85% rH Micronized Sulfur/water
Spider Mites warm and dryMicronized Sulfur
Aphids K-soap
CulturalPractices
do not grow cucumberrepeatedly in the samefield to avoid nematodes
use 1.5 kg seeds/fd6-8000plants/fd1-2 plants/m2
clip tips to encourageside shoots
cut out old, diseasedleaves
50 kg Potassium Sulfate 50 kg Potassium Sulfate50-100 kg Super Phosphate
Use TX6 Nozzles for best coverage
Crop Calendar
Water
Beneficials
Cultural Practices
Nutrients
PestsWeather
Soil
Plant
Ecosystem Analysis
TOF/FFS Crop Cycle Activity ChartTOF/FFS Crop Cycle Activity Chart
L
Land Preparation/ Group formation
AESAInsect ZooSpecial topic
AESAInsect ZooGroup Dynamics
AESAInsect ZooGroup DynamicsS Topic
AESAInsect ZooGroup DynamicsData Analysis
Agronomic DataWeekly
Plant Height# of leaves/plant# of flowers/plants# of fruits/plantsWeight of harvested fruits
Plant Protection
Data
Weekly
Counting insect pests
Counting natural enemies
Diseases incidence
General Data
WeeklyVarietyDays after plantingWeather conditionsSoil conditions
Agro-ecosystem Analysis Agro-ecosystem Analysis (AESA)(AESA)
Presentation and Discussion Each subgroup presents their
analysis Group discussion Decision about pest control
measure is made Facilitator will facilitate the
discussion
Process of Farmer Field School
IPM validation trials
IPM Practices vs Farmer Practices Conducted on 1000 m2 plot, each 500 m2
Process of Farmer Field School
Field cageso To demonstrate how
natural enemies keep pest population under control
Process of Farmer Field SchoolSupporting IPM Field Studies
Crop compensation
oTo demonstrate that crop plants can compensate for some damage by producing new leaves or shoots
Process of Farmer Field SchoolSupporting IPM Field Studies
Plastic baggingo To demonstrate how enclosing cacao pod with the pastic bag can prevent attack from pod borer
Process of Farmer Field SchoolSupporting IPM Field Studies
Use of insect trapso Farmers learn how to
monitor insect population using traps
Process of Farmer Field SchoolSupporting IPM Field Studies
Insect zooo To study life cycle of insectso To study feeding behavior of
insectso To study predator and parasitoids
Process of Farmer Field SchoolSupporting IPM Field Studies
A variety of team building
games and exercises employed
during the training
Process of Farmer Field SchoolGroup Dynamics
To foster cooperation and togetherness within the group To sharpen farmer
communication and organizing skills
FFS starts with a ballot-box pretest of knowledge and ends with a posttest A simple tool to measure the level of a farmer’s knowledge on an agroecosystem Questions focus on:
recognition of pests, natural enemies, diseases recognition of damage from pests and diseases management of pests and diseases etc
Process of Farmer Field SchoolBallot Box
At the end of FFS season
To show the results of FFS to other farmers, agricultural staff, local government officials.
o IPM plot vs Farmer Practice ploto Other field experimentso Insect zoo (pests and natural enemies)
Process of Farmer Field SchoolField Day
One-week training is conducted for farmer trainers prior to organize farmer-led FFS;
Curriculum of TOT includes facilitation and management skills for organizing an FFS, and review and discuss background of FFS topics, e.g. agro-ecosystem analysis.
Farmer-to-Farmer FFS are implemented in the same way, except the trainers are farmers.
Key elements in the development of IPM over large areas.
Follow-up Activities
Farmer IPM Field Studies
To develop farmer’s own knowledge and technologies;
To develop a capacity to find an answer/proof or to test a method;
To develop farmer’s capacity on research and its networking with research-related institutions.
Follow-up Activities
Making plant extracts for botanical pesticides and testing the effectiveness
Farmer IPM Field Studies
Study on effects of plastic mulch Study on effects of bamboo staking in potatoes
Follow-up Activities
Farmer IPM Field Studies
Production and application of Trichoderma
Follow-up Activities
FFS - IPM Food crops Palawija crops Vegetable crops Fruit crops Industrial crops
• FFS-ICM Rice Soybean Maize Fand V Fruits
• FFS – GAP• FFS - Climate
Funding Sources Self financed FFS District government Pronvincial government Central government World Bank USAID ADB ACIAR etc
• Modified to train farmers of other crops• The training methodology was not changed.
Development of FFS
Farm
er F
ield
Sc
hool
s Give a man a fish…...and feed him for a day
Teach him how to fish…..and feed him for life
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