Global Journal of Pharmacology 8 (3): 316-327, 2014ISSN 1992-0075© IDOSI Publications, 2014DOI: 10.5829/idosi.gjp.2014.8.3.83194

Corresponding Author: P. Saranraj, Department of Microbiology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram-608 002., Tamil Nadu, India.

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Medicinal Plants and its Antimicrobial Properties: A Review

P. Saranraj and S. Sivasakthi

Department of Microbiology, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram-608 002, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract: The beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically result from the secondary productspresent in the plant although, it is usually not attributed to a single compound but a combination of themetabolites. The medicinal actions of plants are unique to a particular plant species or group, consistent withthe concept that the combination of secondary products in a particular plant is taxonomically distinct.The screening of plants usually involves several approach; ethno botanical approach is one of the commonmethods that are employed in choosing the plant for pharmacological study. In the present review paper,antimicrobial properties of various medicinal plants were reviewed. The present review deals with theantibacterial and antifungal activity of various medicinal plants.

Key words: Medicinal Plants Drug Resistance Antimicrobial Activity Antibacterial Activity andAntifungal Activity

INTRODUCTION In the modern world multiple drug resistance has

India has a rich heritage of knowledge on plant based indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugsdrugs both for use in preventive and curative medicine. commonly used in the treatment of infectious disease.A country like India is very much suited for development In addition to this problem, antibiotics are sometimesof drugs from medicinal plant. Because of its vase associated with adverse effects on the host includingand wide variations in soil and climate, the Indian hypersensitivity, immune-suppression and allergicsub-continent is suitable for cultivation of large number reactions. This situation forced scientists to search forof medicinal and aromatic plant which can be used as new antimicrobial substances. Given the alarmingraw materials for pharmaceutical, perfumery, cosmetics, incidence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria of medicalflavour and food and agrochemical industries. A large importance, there is a constant need for new andnumber of these plants grow wild and exploited especially effective therapeutic agents. Therefore, there is a need tofor use in indigenous pharmaceutical houses. Some of develop alternative antimicrobial drugs for the treatmentthese plants produce valuable drugs which have high of infectious diseases from medicinal plants [3, 4].export potential [1]. The antimicrobial drug resistance was also reviewed by

The use of plants and plant products as medicines Saranraj and Stella [5].could be traced as far back as the beginning of human Ali Rehman et al. [6] proposed that the aqueouscivilization. The earliest mention of medicinal use of plants and ethanolic extracts of Azadiracha indica havein Hindu culture is founds in “Rig veda”, which is said antimicrobial activity against Microsporum canis,to have been written between 4500-1600 B.C. and is Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Escherichiasupposed to be the oldest repository of human coli and Staphylococcus aureus by disc diffusionknowledge. It is Ayurveda, the foundation of medicinal method. There was no zone of inhibition of Acalyphascience of Hindu culture, in its eight division deals indica towards Aspergillus fumigatus and Candidawith specific properties of drugs and various aspects of albicans. The leaves and roots of the aqueous extract ofscience of life and the art of healing [2]. Azadiracha indica inhibit the growth of Microsporum

developed against many microbial infections due to the

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canis. There was no inhibition zone of inhibition of be more sensitive to crude extract when compared toethanol and aqueous extract of leaves, seeds roots and others.stem of Acalypha indica against Staphylococcus aureus Ayme Fernandez-Calienes Valdes et al. [11]and Escherichia coli. performed an extensive in vitro antimicrobial profiling for

Uma and Sasikumar [7] stated that different organic three medicinal plants, namely Simarouba glauca,and alcoholic extracts of Calotropis gigantia, Justica Melaleuca leucadendron and Artemisia absinthium.adhatoda, Moringa oleifera and Poper betle have Ethanol extracts were tested for their antiprotozoalantimicrobial activity against certain bacterial pathogens potential against Trypanosoma brucei, TrypanosomaEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cruzi, Leishmania infantum and Plasmodium falciparum.subtilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae and fungal strains of Antifungal activities were evaluated against MicrosporumAspergillus niger and Rhizopus sp. The plant extracts canis and Candida albicans whereas Escherichia coliexhibited broader and moderate activity against all the and Staphylococcus aureus were used as test organismsmicrobial pathogens at all 100mg/ml, 75mg/ml, 50mg/ml for antibacterial activity. Cytotoxicity was assessedand 25mg/ml concentration. against human MRC-5 cells. Only Melaleuca

Veeramuthu Duraipandiyan et al. [8] carried out the leucadendron extract showed selective activity againstantimicrobial activity of 18 ethanomedical plant extracts microorganisms tested. Although Simarouba glaucaagainst nine bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis, exhibited strong activity against all protozoa, it mustStaphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, be considered non-specific. Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Asha Devi and Deepak Ganjewala [12] evaluated thepneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Erwinia sp., antimicrobial activity of Acorus calamus rhizome andProteus vulgaris) and one fungal strain (Candida leaf extracts obtained with different solvents viz.,albicans). The results indicated that out of 18 plants, 10 petroleum ether, chloroform, hexane and ethyl acetate.plants exhibited antimicrobial at three different Extracts obtained with ethyl acetate among others wereconcentrations of 1.25, 2.5 and 5mg/disc. Among the found to be highly effective. Rhizomes and leaf ethylplants tested, Acalypha fruticosa, Peltophorum acetate extracts exhibited pronounced antifungal activitypterocarpus and Pucinia granatum are effective against with diameter zone of inhibition ranged from 20-28 and 18-Candida albicans. 25 mm as well as antiyeast activity with diameter zone of

Leeja and Thoppil [9] tested the In vitro microbicidal inhibition ranged from 22-25 and 20-23 mm, respectively.activity of the methanol extract of Origanum majorana The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of theagainst seven fungi (Fusarium solani, Candida albicans, rhizome and leaf extracts for antifungal activity measuredAspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Rhizopus was 2-4mg/ml, except Penicillium chrysogenum whereasoryzae, Rhizoctonia oryzae and Alternaria brassicicola) against yeasts was relatively higher, 4-5 and 6-8 mg/ml.and six bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, MIC value for antibacterial activity was comparativelyEscherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas very high 16 - 42 mg/ml.aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus). The methanol Erturk [13] tested the antibacterial and antifungalextract of Origanum majorana can be used as an effective activities of crude ethanolic extracts of 41 traditionalherbal protectant against different pathogenic bacteria medicinal plant species belonging to 26 families againstand fungi. High toxicity against the growth of Aspergillus four bacteria and two fungi: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichianiger was diagnosed. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Ravi Kumar Patil et al. [10] tested the antimicrobial Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Of the 41 plantsactivity of ethanol extract obtained from Thevetia tested, 39 showed antimicrobial activity against one orperuviana against bacterial species of Escherichia coli, more species of microorganisms. The crude extracts fromStreptococcus lactis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Nigellea arvensis did not show antimicrobial activityAlcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus against the test microorganisms, Pistasia lentiscusvulgaris and fungal species of Fusarium oxysporum, showed only antifungal activity against AspergollusAlternaria helianthii, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus niger. The most active antimicrobial plants were Cuminumniger and Penicillium sp. Better antimicrobial activity was cyminum, Jasminium officinale, Thymus capitatus,observed with the extracts showed maximum activity Viscum album, Tanecetum sorbifolium, Pimpinellaagainst Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, anisum, Galega officinalis, Liguidamber orientalis, RhusAlcaligenes faecalis. Among different fungi tested coriaria, Alnus glutinosa, Pimental officinalis, AchilleaAspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. were found to coarctata and Cameli sinensis.

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Antibacterial Activity of Medicinal Plants: Antimicrobials Voravuthikunchai et al. [17] investigated the aqueousof plant origin have enormous therapeutic potential. and ethanolic extract of ten traditional Thai medicinalThey are effective in the treatment of infectious diseases plants for their ability to inhibit 35 hospital isolates ofwhile simultaneously mitigating many of the side effects MRSA. Nine medicinal plants displayed activity againstthat are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials. all isolates tested. Ethanolic extracts of GarciniaThe beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically mangostana, Pucinia granatum and Quercus infectoriaresult from the combinations of secondary products were more effective, with MICs for MRSA isolates of 0.05present in the plant. In plants, these compounds are -0.4, 0.2-0.4 and 0.2-0.4 mg/ml and for Staphylococcusmostly secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, steroids, aureus of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.1mg/ml. MBCs for MRSA isolatestannins and phenol compounds, flavonoids, steroids, were 0.1-0.4, 1.6-3.2 and 0.4-1.6 mg/ml for Staphylococcusresins fatty acids gums which are capable of producing aureus were 0.4, 3.2 and 1.6 mg/ml.definite physiological action on body. Compounds Astal et al. [18] tested the aqueous extracts of sageextracted from different parts of the plants can be used to and thyme had action against microorganisms. Phenoliccure diarrhea, dysentery, cough, cold, cholera, fever, extract of sage and thyme showed antibacterial activitybronchitis, etc. against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp.

Dagmar Janovyska et al. [14] tested the antimicrobial Escherichia coli was more affected by the ethanolicactivity of crude ethanolic extracts of 10 medicinal plants extract of parsley. While, that extract does not elicitused in traditional medicine against five species of pronounce effect on the tested Gram positive organisms.microorganisms: Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, The results of commercial oils of sage, thyme and parsleyStaphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and displayed no antimicrobial activity against EscherichiaCandida albicans. Of the 10 plants tested, 5 showed coli, Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella typhi. The dataantimicrobial activity against one or more species of obtained revealed that, among the 10 testedmicroorganisms. The most active antimicrobial plants were microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus was the mostChelidonium majus, Sanguisorba officinalis and susceptible microbe to most extracts of the three plants.Tussilago farfara. Kabir et al. [19] stated that both water and ethanol

Nair et al. [15] screened nine plants for potential extracts of Terminalia avicennioides, Phyllanthusantibacterial activity. The plants screened were discoideus, Ocimum gratissimum and AcalyphaSapindus emarginatus, Hibiscus rosasinensis, Mirabilis wilkesiana were effective on MRSA. The MIC and MBCjalapa, Rheo discolor, Nyctanthes arbortristis, of the ethanol extract of these plants range from 18.2 toColocasia esculenta, Gracilaria corticata, Dictyota sp. 24.0mcg/ml were recorded for ethanol and water extractsand Pulicaria wightiana. Antibacterial activity was of Bridella ferriginea and Ageratum conyzoides. Highertested against 6 bacterial strains, Pseudomonas MBC values were obtained for the two plants. All the fourtestosteroni, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Klebsiella active plants contained at least trace amounts ofpneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus morganii and Anthraquinones.Micrococcus flavus. Two methods, Agar disc diffusion Poonkothai et al. [20] pointed out that petroleumand Agar disc diffusion, were used to study the ether, benzene ethyl acetate and acetone extract ofantibacterial activity of all these plants. Pseudomonas Galinisoga ciliate leaves displays higher activity againsttestosteroni and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus andmost resistant bacterial strains. Sapindus emarginatus Bacillus subtilis) rather than Gram the negative bacteriashowed strong activity against the tested bacterial (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli).strains. The toxicity against microorganisms may be done to the

Ramasamy and Charles Manoharan [16] found the high amount of phenolic compounds present.antibacterial activity of valuable compounds from various Deshpande et al. [21] isolated that petroleum ether,solvent extracts of Anosomeles indica, Blumea lacera acetone and methanol extracts of Abrus precatorius,and Melia azadirachta against Escherichia coli, Boswellia serrata, Careya arborea, Emblica officinalis,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia maraceseuns and Syzygium cumini, Wood Fordia fruticosa andStaphylococcus aureus by tube diffusion method. Sphaeranthus indicus shows appreciable antibacterialAcetone and methanol extracts of all plants showed activity against Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcusstrong antibacterial effect, where as petroleum ether and aureus and Bacillus cereus) and Gram negative bacteriaaqueous did not exhibit any effect. Pseudomonas (Escheriuchia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonasaeruginosa and Serratia marcesenes were relatively more aeruginosa). Extracts of some other plants were activesensitive. only against Gram positive bacteria.

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According to Tambekatr and Kharate [22] Ocimum bacteria as revealed by in vitro agar well diffusionsanctum showed inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli, method. The ethyl acetate leaf extract of Mentha piperitaStaphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirablis, Salmonella showed pronounced inhibition than chloroform,typhi, Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa petroleum ether and water, leaf extracts being more onand Yersinia enterocolitica. The leaves extract of various Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa thanplants such as Tulsi, Pudina and Beetle showed Streptococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aureus and Serratiaantimicrobial activity of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus marcescens.aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio Mohammad Ahanjan et al. [27] tested ethanol,cholerae, Proteus mirablis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methanol, chloroform, petroleum ether and aqueousYersinia enterolitica while piper betel showed resistance extracts of leaves of Parrotia persica for antibacterialto Streptococcus pneumoniae. activity. The zone of inhibition varied from 13 mm to 22

Panthi and Chaudhary [23] tested eighteen plant mm. The highest inhibition was obtained with methanolspecies used in folklore medicine for their antibacterial and ethanol. Chloroform and petroleum ether extracts didactivity by the disk diffusion method. The bacteria not show any activity. The MIC value of the methanolemployed were Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) extract for the test bacteria ranged between 3.12 mg/mland Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas and 6.25 mg/ml and that of ethanol extract ranged betweenaeruginosa and Shigella boydii). Extracts of eight plants 6.25 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml. The results scientificallyshowed encouraging result against three strains of validate the use of this plant in the traditional medicine.bacteria, while other showed activity against one or two Priscila Ikeda Ushimaru et al. [28] evaluated the instrains. vitro antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts of some

Balakrishnan et al. [24] performed antibacterial medicinal plants against Escherichia coli, Salmonellaactivity of Mimosa pudica, Angle marmelos and Sida typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcuscordifolia against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus sp. The methanolic extract of Caryophyllus aromaticusaureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas presented the highest anti-Staphylococcus aureusaeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. activity and was effective against all bacterial strainsThe maximum inhibitory zone of inhibition Sida tested.coxdifolia was against Bacillus subtilis (35 mm) and Sumathi and Pushpa [28] tested ten bacterial isolatesSalmonella typhi (26 mm). Minosa pudica and Aegle for their sensitivity against standard antibiotics, aqueousmarmelos were found to be active against all the and alcoholic extracts of five plant samples and themicroorganisms tested and the maximum activity was mixture. Only the growth of Escherichia coli wasnoted against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella inhibited by the aqueous extracts of Acalypha indica.typhi. Mollungo latoides was found to be effective in inhibiting

Attar Singh Chauhan et al. [25] screened Sea the growth of Escherichia coli at a concentration ofbuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) seeds aqueous 12.5mg/ml and 6.25mg/ml. The MIC of alcoholic extracts ofextract for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Nelumbo nucifera was found to be 0.390 mg/ml forThe antioxidant activities (Reducing power, DPPH and Klebsiella pneumoniae. All the plants extracts showedliposome model system) showed a good antioxidant promising antibacterial properties.activity. The extract was also found to possess Rupanjali Shan et al. [29] tested the antibacterialantibacterial activity with a MIC values with respect to activity of different solvent extracts of the air dried barkListeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica of Parkia javanica, against five antibiotic resistantfound to be 750 ppm and 1000 ppm respectively. bacteria viz, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus,The antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the extract Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus luteus andimplicate its potential for natural preservation. Escherichia coli by cup-plate diffusion method. MIC

Bupesh et al. [26] evaluated the antibacterial activity values of each active extract were determined. The resultsin the leaf extracts of Mentha piperita against pathogenic showed dose dependent positive activity against all thebacteria like Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aureus, bacteria except Escherichia coli.Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens and Vimala et al. [30] carried out the antimicrobial activityStreptococcus aureus. The aqueous as well as organic of Ipomea kentrochulous leaf extracts against severalextracts of the leaves were found to posses strong pathogenic microorganisms and microbial isolates by discantibacterial activity against a range of pathogenic diffusion method. The crude, cold methanol, distillate and

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residual extracts of Ipomea kentrochulos were tried on disc-diffusion method. Six mm discs were impregnatedvarious microorganisms. The crude extract showed zones with 5 and 10 µl of undiluted essential oil and seededof inhibition ranging from 0.0 to 21mm, with maximum over the plates aseptically having test microorganisms.activity against isolated Rhizopus sp. and least activity The zones of inhibition were measured after 24 hours atagainst Serratia marcense, Yersinia sp. and Salmonella 378°C. The essential oil exhibited significant antibacterialtyphimurium. The zone of inhibition to cold methanol, activity against all the test pathogens, with maximum zoneresidual extract and distillate ranged between 6-18 mm and of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (20.0 mm and9-19 mm suggesting that the distillate was more effective 41.5 mm) and minimum against Escherichia coli (10.2 mmthan the crude, cold and residual extracts of Ipomea and 17.8 mm) for 5 and 10 µl of essential oil, respectively.kentrochulous leaf extract against various pathogens and Similarly, the inhibition zones recorded in Proteusmicrobial isolates. mirabilis were 15.1 mm and 26.0 mm, in Pseudomonas

Kumar et al. [31] evaluated the antimicrobial activities aeruginosa 10.2 mm and 20.0 mm, in Klebsiella sp. 11.1of some Indian medicinal plants against these etiologic mm and 19.4 mm for two given concentrations of essentialagents of Acne vulgaris. Ethanolic extracts of oil.Hemidesmus indicus (Roots), Eclipta alba (Fruits), Cock [34] reported the antimicrobial activity ofCoscinium fenestratum (Stems), Curcubito pepo (Seeds), Ocimum sanctum leaves against bacteria and yeast.Tephrosia purpurea (Roots), Mentha piperita (Leaves), The diameter of inhibition zone recorded inPongamia pinnata (Seeds), Symplocos racemosa (Barks), Escherichia coli was 18 mm for 22 µl of oil. TheseEuphorbia hirta (Roots), Tinospora cordyfolia (Roots), differences may be attributed due to presence ofThespesia populnea (Roots) and Jasminum officinale antibacterial component in high concentration in local(Flowers) for antimicrobial activities by disc diffusion and variety enhancing the medicinal importance of indigenousbroth dilution methods. The results from the disc essential oil. diffusion method showed that 07 medicinal plants could Hadi Mehrgan et al. [35] collected the aerial parts ofinhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. Among the plant from Alvand mountainside. The air-dried plantthose Hemidesmus indicus, Coscinium fenestratum, materials were ground to fine powder and then extractedTephrosia purpurea, Euphorbia hirta, Symplocos by Soxhelet apparatus using methanol. The extract wasracemosa, Curcubito pepo and Eclipta alba had strong tested at a concentration of 100 mg/ml against a panel ofinhibitory effects. Based on a broth dilution method, the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using the diskCoscinium fenestratum extract had the greatest diffusion technique. This methanolic extract demonstratedantimicrobial effect. The MIC values were the same (0.049 antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteriamg/ml) for both bacterial species and the MBC values including Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin resistantwere 0.049 and 0.165 mg/ml against Propionibacterium Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcusacnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Vancomycin - resistant

Bin Shah et al. [32] investigated the in vitro Enterococcus faecalis and Micrococcus luteus andantibacterial activities of a total of 46 extracts from dietary produced inhibition zones with 8-16 mm diameters. Itspices and medicinal herbs agar-well diffusion method showed no activity against Gram negative bacteria, suchagainst five food borne bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Listeria as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa andmonocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia Salmonella spp. Minimum concentrations (MC) of thecoli and Salmonella anatum). Many herb and spice extract forming a clear zone were determined againstextracts contained high levels of phenolics and exhibited susceptible bacteria.antibacterial activity against food borne pathogens. Roopashree et al. [36] studied the antibacterialGram-positive bacteria were generally more sensitive to activity with respect to their traditional use as antithe tested extracts than Gram negative ones. psoriatic agents. The herbs were subjected to successiveStaphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive, while extraction using different solvents and the extracts wereEscherichia coli were the most resistant. subjected to antibacterial evaluation against both Gram

Khalid Mahmood et al. [33] evaluated the positive and Gram negative organisms by Cup plateantibacterial activity of Ocimum sanctum essential oil technique. Among the various extracts, aqueous extractsagainst five human pathogenic bacterial species were found to be more effective against all the bacteria.Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus was more susceptible to thePseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus by aqueous extracts among the tested organisms.

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Koshy Philip et al. [37] screened 32 extracts from method. Tannins exhibited antibacterial activities againsteight selected medicinal plants, namely Pereskia bleo, all the tested microorganisms. Staphylococcus aureusPereskia grandifolia, Curcuma aeruginosa, Curcuma was the most resistant to tannins isolated from the plantzedoria, Curcuma mangga, Curcuma inodora, Zingiber material followed by Streptococcus pyrogens, Salmonellaofficinale and Zingiber officinale for their antimicrobial typhi, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris andactivity against both Gram-positive bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum inhibitoryGram-negative bacteria using agar disc diffusion assay. concentration of the tannins ranged between 1.0 and 2.0The efficacy of the extracts was compared to the mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentrationcommercially prepared antibiotic diffusion discs. No ranged between 1.5 and 2.0 mg/ml.inhibition was observed with the water fractions. None of Sukanya et al. [41] examined the ethnobotanicalthe plants tested showed inhibition against Escherichia efficacy of Indian medicinal plants; Achyranthes aspera,coli. Curcuma mangga showed some remarked inhibition Artemisia parviflora, Azadirachta indica, Calotropisagainst the bacteria. gigantean, Lawsonia inermis, Mimosa pudica, Ixora

Bishnu Joshi et al. [38] assessed the antibacterial coccinea, Parthenium hysterophorus and Chromolaenaproperties of selected medicinal plants viz. Ocimum odorata using agar disc diffusion method against clinicalsanctum (Tulsi), Origanum majorana (Ram Tulsi), bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus)Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Dalchini) and Xanthoxylum and phytopathogenic bacteria (Xanthomonas vesicatoriaarmatum (Timur), for potential antibacterial activity and Ralstonia solanacearum). Leaves were extractedagainst 10 medically important bacterial strains, Bacillus using different solvents such as methanol, ethanol, ethylsubtilis, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, acetate and chloroform. Among treatments, maximum inStaphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas sp, Proteus sp, vitro inhibition was scored in methanol extracts ofSalmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentriae, Chromolaena odorata which offered inhibition zoneKlebsiella pneumoniae. The antibacterial activity of of 10, 9, 12 and 12 mm against Escherichia coli,ethanol extracts was determined by agar well diffusion Staphylococcus aureus, Xanthomonas vesicatoria andmethod. The plant extracts were more active against Gram Ralstonia solanaccearum, followed by chloroform extractpositive bacteria than against Gram negative bacteria. of the same plant leaf with inhibition zone of 8, 4, 4 and 4The most susceptible bacteria were Bacillus subtilis, mm. A significant inhibition of Escherichia coli wasfollowed by Staphylococcus aureus, while the most found in aqueous and in all tested solvent extracts ofresistant bacteria were Escherichia coli, followed by Acalypha indica. In case of Staphylococcus aureus,Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and maximum inhibition of 8 mm was obtained in aqueousSalmonella typhi. Origanum majorana showed the best extracts of Acalypha indica and 6 mm from methanolantibacterial activity. The largest zone of inhibition was extract of Lawsonia inermis.obtained with Xanthoxylum armatum against Bacillus Swati Chauhan et al. [42] assessed the antibacterialsubtilis (23 mm). activity of standard routine antibiotics along with 23 plant

Warda et al. [39] tested four plants (Marrubium extracts by disc diffusion procedure (Bauer-Kirby method)vulgare, Thymus pallidus, Eryngium ilicifolium and against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from nasalLavandula stoechas) against Streptococcus pneumoniae samples of pneumonic Barbari goats. The isolate wasresponsible for pharyngitis, rhinitis, otitis and sinusitis characterized using biochemical methods and wasinfections. Aqueous and methanol extracts have been identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae. The organism wasprepared and tested on Streptococcus pneumoniae found to be resistant against Amoxicillin, Erythromycin,collected in four regions. A significant activity has been Cephadroxil, Cefaclor, Roxithromycin and Cephalexin.observed with methanol extracts of three plants; Terminalia catappa (Leaves), Punica granatum (Bark),Marrubium vulgare, Thymus pallidus and Lavandula Syzygium cumini (bark) and Azadirachta indica (leaves)stoechas. showed potential activity with MICs at 62.5 mg/ml, 31.2

Doss et al. [40] isolated compounds of mg/ml, 62.5 mg/ml and 125 mg/ml respectively.pharmacological interest (Tannins) from the plant species, Sheeba [43] detected the antibacterial activitySolanum trilobatum and assayed against the bacteria, against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp.,Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogens, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, PseudomonasSalmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae andvulgaris and Escherichia coli using agar diffusion Vibrio cholerae. The highest antibacterial activity was

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observed in 500 µg concentration of leaf extracts of all inhibition zone of 4 and 2 mm against Salmonellabacteria screened except Shigella dysenteriae. The typhimurium and Escherichia coli exhibited highestminimum zone of inhibition observed in 25 µg activity than the autoclaved samples and other plantconcentration of leaf extract except Pseudomonas sources tested independently or combined, showing thataeruginosa and Shigella dysenteriae. These results the combinations of the extract samples do not exhibitindicate that the extracts were bacteriostatic at higher synergistic effects. concentrations. Saranraj et al. [47] evaluated the antibacterial

Akinjogunla et al. [44] assessed the antibacterial potentiality of ethanol and ethyl acetate solvent extractsactivity of extracts of the root and leaf of Phyllanthus of mature leaves of Acalypha indica against nineamarus against extend spectrum lactamase (ESBL) pathogenic bacterial isolates viz., Staphylococcus aureus,producing Escherichia coli isolated from the stool Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli,samples of HIV sero-positive patients with or Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiellawithout diarrhoea using Bauer disc diffusion method. pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae and PseudomonasThe phenotypic confirmation of ESBL - Escherichia coli aeruginosa. The turbidity of the bacterial inoculums waswere done by Double Disc Synergistic Methods (DDST). compared with 0.5 Mc Farland standards and theThe phytochemical analysis of both root and leaf antibacterial potential of Acalypha indica ethanolrevealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, extract was tested by using Agar well diffusion method.tannins, cardiac glycoside, terpenes and anthraquinones. The ethanol extract of Acalypha indica (100 mg/ml)The strains isolated from both HIV sero- positive patients showed maximum zone of inhibition (30 mm) againstwere susceptible to various concentrations of the extracts Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus(5 mg ml-1, 10 mg ml-1, 20 mg ml-1, 40 mg ml-1 and 80 mg subtilis. Staphylococcus aureus showed less zone ofml-1). inhibition (12 mm). The ethyl acetate extract of Acalypha

Adegoke et al. [45] investigated the phytochemical indica (100 mg/ml) showed maximum zone of inhibitionscreening and antimicrobial potentiality of Phyllanthus (23 mm) against Escherichia coli.amarus against multidrug resistant pathogens using Murugan and Saranraj [48] tested the herbal plantstandard microbiological techniques. The extracts were Acalypha indica for its antibacterial activity againsttested by agar well diffusion method for activity against Nosocomial infection causing bacteria. The AcalyphaStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas indica was shade dried and the antimicrobial principlesaeruginosa and Klebsiella sp. isolated from clinical were extracted with Methanol, Acetone, Chloroform,samples. The susceptibility patterns of the test isolates Petroleum Ether and Hexane. The antibacterial activity ofagainst the crude extract was determined at extract Acalypha indica was determined by Agar Well Diffusionconcentrations of 10 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 150 Method. It was found that 50mg/ml of methanolic extractmg/ml respectively. The results revealed that the extracts of the plant able to inhibit the growth of nosocomialdid not inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, infection causing bacteria when compared to otherPseudomonas sp. and Klebsiella sp. at 10mg/ml but the solvent extracts. From this it was concluded that thelargest zones of growth inhibition for the ethanolic extract solvent methanol able to leach out antimicrobial principlewas recorded with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia very effectively from the plant than the other solvents.coli and Klebsiella sp. with a mean zone diameter of 20 The phytochemicals present in the Acalypha indica wasmm concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentration tested and it conferred that the possible antibacterial(MIC) of the ethanolic plant extracts on Escherichia coli, principle resided in tannins and alkaloids.Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Siva Sakthi et al. [49] evaluated the antibacterialKlebsiella sp. were at 10 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml and potentiality of ethanol and ethyl acetate solvent extracts100 mg/ml while the MBC were at 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 of mature leaves of Datura metel against nine pathogenicmg/ml and 150 mg/ml respectively. bacterial isolates viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus

Ajayi and Akintola [46] screened the leave extracts subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonellafrom medicinal plants in vitro in the laboratory for their typhi, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrioantibacterial activity against two prominent enteric cholerae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The turbidity ofbacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium the bacterial inoculums was compared with 0.5 Mc Farlandusing the agar disc diffusion method. The tyndalized standards and the antibacterial potential of Datura metelleave extract of C. zambesicus showing antibacterial ethanol extract was tested by using Agar well diffusion

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method. The ethanol extract of Datura metel (100 mg/ml) were effective against the standard fungal culture ofshowed maximum zone of inhibition (26 mm) against Fusarium oxysporum and Alternaria alternate. All thePseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus plant extracts were found to be inhibitory for thesubtilis. Staphylococcus aureus showed less zone of growth of Fusarium oxysporum. The present inhibitioninhibition (8 mm). The ethyl acetate extract of Datura was maximum of Psoralea corylifolia followed bymetel (100 mg/ml) showed maximum zone of inhibition (19 Calunaregum spinosa. All the plant extracts exceptmm) against Escherichia coli. There was no zone of Syzygium cumini were found to be inhibitory for growthinhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. of Alternaria alternate. Present inhibition was maximum

Saranraj and Sivasakthivelan [50] tested the with Catunaregum spinosa and Solanum virginianumantibacterial activity of Phyllanthus amarus was tested extract.against Urinary tract infection causing bacterial isolates Sanjay Guleria and Ashok Kumar [53] investigatedviz., Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcescens, lipophilic (Dichloromethane) leaf extract of medicinalEscherichia coli, Enterobacter sp., Streptococcus plants used by Himalayan people. Alternaria alternatafaecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and and Curvularia lunata were used as test organism inPseudomonas aeruginosa. The Phyllanthus amarus was bioautography. The results indicated that five plantshade dried and the antimicrobial principles were extracted species, among the 12 investigated, showed antifungalwith methanol, acetone, chloroform, petroleum ether and activity. CH3OH (1:9, v/v) was used as a solvent tohexane. The antibacterial activity of Phyllanthus amarus develop silica gel TLC plates. Clear inhibition zoneswas determined by Agar Well Diffusion Method. It was were observed for lipophilic extracts of Vitex negundofound that methanol extract of Phyllanthus amarus (RF value 0.85), Ipomea carnea (RF value 0.86), Thujashowed more inhibitory activity against UTI causing orientalis (RF value 0.80) and Cinnamomum camphorabacterial pathogens when compared to other solvent (RF value 0.89). The best antifungal activity was shownextracts. by lipophilic leaf extract of Thuja orientalis.

Saranraj et al. [51] evaluated the bioactivity of Sonia Pereira Leite et al. [54] described variousMangifera indica ethanol extract against human organic and aqueous extracts of leaves of Indigoferapathogenic bacteria and fungi. The plant material was suffruticose (Fabaceae) 17 fungal strains by the agar solidcollected, shade dried and powdered. The powdered diffusion method. Most of the extracts were devoid ofmaterial was extracted using the organic solvent ethanol. antifungal, except the aqueous extract of leaves ofAntimicrobial activity of Mangifera indica ethanol extract Indigofera suffruticosa obtained by infusion. The MICwas determined by Disc diffusion method. The zone of value of Dermatophyle strains were 2500 mg ml againstinhibition of Mangifera indica ethanol extract against Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis.bacteria was maximum against Vibrio cholerae followed Anand et al. [55] tested the medicinal plant extractsby Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, of Curcuma longa, Acalypha indica and Anona sqamosaProteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and by Cold percolation method against DermatophyticEscherichia coli. The least zone of inhibition was isolates. Curcuma lounga showed antifungal effectrecorded against Salmonella typhi. The Minimum against Trichophyton rubrum and MicrosporumInhibitory Concentration (MIC) was ranged from 2 mg/ml gypseum. These two organisms were found to be resistantto 4 mg/ml. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration towards Acalypha indica and Anona sqamosa. The other(MBC) value ranged between 2mg/ml and 4mg/ml. dermatophytes were resistant to all medicinal plantsFor fungi, the zone of inhibition was maximum against tested.Candida albicans, followed by Aspergillus fumigatus, Kilani et al. [56] proposed that the antifungal activityAspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Candida tropicalis of a herbal decocation used by South western Nigeriaand Candida cruzei. The least zone of inhibition was traditional healers in the treatment of superficial mycosesrecorded against Penicillium sp. The MIC was 0.5 mg/ml and related infectious diseases are effective againstand the MFC value was 1 mg/ml. clinical isolates of Candida albicans, Trichophyton

Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Plants: Kharat et al. [52] highly susceptible, while Microsporum sp. were leastshowed that acetone extracts of five medicinal plants viz., susceptible. Qualitative detection of some antimicrobialCatunaregum spinosa, Psoralea corylifolia, Woodfordia phytochemicals may account for the antifungal efficacyfructicosa, Solanum virginianum and Syzygium cumini exhibited by the studied decoction.

-1

rubrum and Microsporium sp. Candida albicans were

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Padmalatha et al. [57] suggested that methanolic diffusion assay. Antifungal activity was found lost inextract of root parts of Achyranthes aspera shows many extracts after treatment with trypsin, which showseffect on aflatoxicosis rats at five dose levels. that the activity was due to proteins or peptides, but notAflatoxin intoxication in rats significantly elevated due to some other compounds.the levels of SGPT, SGOT, ALKP and total bilirubin, Siva Sakthi et al. [60] screened the pharmacologicalwhich indicated acute hepatocellular damage and biliary activity of the ethanol and ethyl acetate extract ofobstruction. Methanol extracts showed dose dependent Datura metel and Acalypha indica for its antifungaldecrease in the levels of SGPT, SGOT, ALKP and total activity against pathogenic fungi. Six different fungalbilirubin. Minimum effective dose of extracts was found isolates viz., Candida albicans, Candida glabrata,to be 100mg/ml body weight. Results obtained from Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillushistopathological studies also supported niger and Penicillium chrysogenum were tested for itshepatoprotective activity against aflatoxin induced antifungal activity. The collected leaf samples werehepatotoxicity. Thus the study demonstrates that powdered and the bioactive compounds were extracted byAchyranthes aspera possess anti-hepatotoxic effect using ethanol and ethyl acetate in a Soxhelet extractor.against aflatoxin. The antifungal activity was determined by using Well

Satish et al. [58] tested the aqueous extract of 52 diffusion method. Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts withplants from different families for their antifungal potential different concentrations (100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml and 300against eight important species of Aspergillus such mg/ml) were mixed with 1 ml of Dimethyl sulfoxideas Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus columnaris, (DMSO) and added into the well. The inhibitoryAspergillus flavipes, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus effect of ethanol extract was relatively high whenfumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochraceus and compared to ethyl acetate extract. The extract ofAspergillus tamarii which isolated from sorghum, maize Datura metel showed maximum zone of inhibitionand paddy seed samples. The test fungi were mainly against fungal pathogens when compared to Acalyphaassociated with seed biodeterioration during storage. indica.Among fifty-two plants tested, aqueous extract of Acacia Sekar et al. [61] screened the pharmacological activitynilotica, Achras zapota, Datura stramonium, Emblica of the ethanol and acetone extract of Phyllanthus amarus,officinalis, Eucalyptus globules, Lawsonia inermis, Acalypha and indica Datura metel for its antimicrobialMimusops elengi, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Polyalthia activity against selected pathogen. The antimicrobiallongifolia, Prosopis juliflora, Punica granatum and activity was determined by using Disc diffusion method.Sygigium cumini have recorded significant antifungal Ethanol and acetone extracts with different concentrationsactivity against one or the other Aspergillus species (100mg/ml, 200mg/ml and 300 mg/ml) were mixed with 1 mltested. Aspergillus flavus recorded high susceptibility of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The inhibitory effect ofand hence solvent extracts viz., petroleum ether, benzene, ethanol extract was relatively high when compared tochloroform, methanol and ethanol extracts of all the twelve acetone extract. The study of antimicrobial activity ofplants were tested for their antifungal activity. Among the herbal plant extract of Datura metel, Acalypha indica andsolvent extracts tested, methanol gave more effective than Phyllanthus amarus showed that the ethanol extractethanol, chloroform, benzene and petroleum ether, except shows promising antimicrobial activity against bacterialfor Polyalthia longifolia, where petroleum ether extract and fungal human pathogens when compared to acetonerecorded highly significant antifungal activity than other extract.solvent extracts.

Amer Jamil et al. [59] investigated the extracts of CONCLUSIONsome potential medicinal plants such as Hygrophilaauriculata, Abrus precatorius, Moringa oleifera, In conclusion, various studies on antimicrobialWithania somnifera, Croton tiglium, Solanum nigrum activity of herbal plant extracts showed that theand Psoralea corylifolia against pathogenic fungal various solvent extracts showed promising antimicrobialstrains of Aspergillus tamarii, Rhizopus solani, Mucor activity against bacterial and fungal human pathogens.mucedo and Aspergillus niger. After extraction the The results of various herbal researchers also indicatedextracts were purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation that scientific studies carried out on medicinal plantsfollowed by gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex having traditional claims of effectiveness might warrantG-100) by using Tris HCl as an extraction buffer. fruitful results. These plants could serve as useful sourceAntifungal activity of the extracts was determined by disc of new antimicrobial agents.

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